Malaysian Army

Malaysian Army
Tentera Darat Malaysia


Flag and Crest of the Malaysian Army
army.mod.gov.my
Active Since 1 March 1933, but started under Penang rifle volunteers in 1861
Country  Malaysia
Allegiance Supreme Head of Malaysia
Branch Malaysian Armed Forces
Type Army
Role Defence and Dominance of Malaysia's soil
Size 80,000[1] active personnel
50,000[1] reserve
Motto Gagah Setia (English: Strong and Loyal)
Colours       Red and       Gold
Anniversaries 1 March
Engagements World War II
1st Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
2nd Malayan Emergency (1968–1989)
Sarawak Communist Insurgency (1962–1990)
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
United Nations Operation in the Congo
Battle of Mogadishu
Kosovo War
United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group
2006 East Timorese Crisis (OA)
MALCON–UNIFIL
United Nations Protection Force
ISAF
Moro attacks on Sabah (2013 standoff)
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Chief of Army General Raja Mohamed Affandi Raja Mohamed Noor

The Malaysian Army (Malay: Tentera Darat Malaysia) is the land component of the Malaysian Armed Forces. Steeped in British Army traditions, the Malaysian Army does not carry the title ‘royal’ (diraja) as do the Royal Malaysian Air Force and the Royal Malaysian Navy. Instead, the title is bestowed on selected army corps and regiments who have been accorded the honour by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who is the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces.

History

Circa October 1941, Malay Regiment operatives at a bayonet practice before the Battle of Singapore.

The first military units in Malaysia can be traced back to the Penang Rifle Volunteers raised in 1861, and the Malay States Volunteer Rifles which existed from 1915 to 1936. The birth of the Malaysian Army came about when the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States passed the Malay Regiment Bill on 23 January 1933. This allowed the initial recruitment of 25 males for the First Experimental Malay Company on 1 March 1933. Major G. McI. S. Bruce of the Lincolnshire Regiment was the first Commanding Officer.

By 1 January 1935, the Experimental Company became The Malay Regiment with a complement of 150 men. A battalion was formed on 1 January 1938 and eventually a second battalion on 1 December 1941.

The 1st Bn Malay Regiment was famous for its defence of Opium Hill or Bukit Chandu in Singapore. The ‘Battle of Opium Hill’ on 14 February 1942 involved 42 soldiers commanded by Lt. Adnan Bin Saidi who defended their position against attack from the 18th Division of the Japanese Imperial Army under Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi. After World War II and during the Malayan Emergency, the number of battalions was increased to 7 in the early 50s.

The Kor Armor DiRaja (Royal Armoured Corps) can trace its roots to the formation on 1 September 1952 of the Federation Reconnaissance Squadron. It was later merged with the Federation Regiment to form the Federation Reconnaissance Corps. The name underwent a few transformations from the Malaysian Reconnaissance Corps (16 September 1967), Royal Malaysian Reconnaissance Corps (May 1979) to Royal Cavalry Corps (December 1979) and finally to Kor Armor DiRaja (Royal Armoured Corps) on 8 December 1986.

Organisation and structure

Malaysian Army major combat unit locations
Source: Jane's World Armies Issue 23, 2008
New Sabah Times, 2 March 2014[2]

The Malaysian Army is currently organised into five Divisions and are placed under the Field Army Headquarters. Three of which (the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions) are based on the Malaysian Peninsular, while the two (the 1st Division and 5th Divisions) are based on Malaysian Borneo. The Grup Gerak Khas (Special Forces group), 10th Parachute Brigade and the Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat (army aviation) are independent formations and directly subordinate to the Chief of the Army.

The Malaysian Army currently has 17 Corps or Regiments. These are grouped into 3 main components: the Combat Element, the Combat Support Element and the Support Elements.

10 Paratrooper Brigade commando forces with ATMP (All Terrain Mobility Platform) during a parade

Rank Structure

The Malaysian Army uses a rank structure inherited from the British Army. the Malaysian Army rank structure has 17 levels from Private (Prebet) to General (Jeneral). These ranks are divided into 2 groups - Officer (Pegawai) and Other Ranks (Lain-Lain Pangkat) which includes the Non-Commissioned Officer (Pegawai Tanpa Tauliah) ranks.

Officers

Officers are sub-divided into 3 groups:-

Senior Officers This group consists of officers holding the ranks of Lieutenant Colonel (Leftenan Kolonel), Colonel (Kolonel), Brigadier General (Brigedier Jeneral), Major General (Mejar Jeneral), Lieutenant General (Leftenan Jeneral) and General (Jeneral)

Field Officers Field Officers are officers holding the rank of Major (Mejar)

Junior Officers This group consists of Second Lieutenant (Leftenan Muda), Lieutenant (Leftenan) and Captain (Kapten) grade officers.

Other Ranks This group begins at Private (Prebet) and works its way up to Warrant Officer I (Pegawai Waran I). This is further subdivided into 3 groups:

Senior NCO (PTT Kanan) This group includes NCOs holding the rank of Sergeant (Sarjan), Staff Sergeant (Staff Sarjan), Warrant Officer II (Pegawai Waran II) and Warrant Officer I (Pegawai Waran I).

Junior NCO (PTT Rendah) This group includes NCOs holding the rank of Lance Corporal (Lans Koperal) and Corporal (Koperal).

Private (Prebet) Private soldiers in the Malaysian Army do not wear any rank devices on their uniform. There are no distinctions made between junior or senior Privates.

Corps and regiments

Malaysian Army Agusta A-109E LUH, armed with 20mm gun and rockets for area suppression

Combat element

Malaysian Army PT 91M MBT on display

This is the most senior regiment of the Malaysian Army. Its ranks are recruited from amongst the Malay population. The Regiment has 25 battalions. The 1st Battalion, the most senior in the Regiment, currently undertakes ceremonial and Royal Guard duties. The remainder are configured as 20 Standard Infantry Battalions, two Mechanised Infantry Battalions and two Parachute Infantry Battalions. The regiment uses rifle green berets except two battalions that wear maroon berets. See 17 RAMD Para Weblog The 19th Bn Royal Malay Regiment (Mech) was involved in the rescue of US Rangers and Delta Force operatives in Somalia during the Battle of Mogadishu. The unit of 32 Radpanzer Condor APCs and 113 men from MALBATT 1 went in with the United States 10th Mountain Division to rescue the trapped Rangers. Four APCs were immobilised and were destroyed by US helicopter gunships. 19 Royal Malay Regiment suffered 1 soldier killed in action (KIA), PFC Mat Aznan Awang while 8 others were wounded in action (WIA). Pfc Mat Aznan Awang was later promoted posthumously to Corporal and was awarded with Pingat Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa, the nation's highest gallantry award. In total, 7 officers and 26 NCOs were awarded various medals for their valour during the operation, the highest number of men recommended for medals in a single unit in a single operation.

ACV 300 Adnan on display

This is a multi-racial unit organised along similar lines to the Rejimen Askar Melayu DiRaja. There are currently 10 battalions within this regiment. The Regiment traces its roots to the Sarawak Rangers and the Sarawak Constabulary, famed jungle trackers who had a deadly reputation during the Malayan Emergency and during the Communist Party of Malaya’s insurgency in Malaysia. The 8th Bn Royal Ranger Regiment (8 Renjer) was the first infantry battalion in the Malaysian Army to undergo conversion into an airborne battalion. The unit is currently assigned to the elite 10 Brigade (Para). The Malaysian Army's most decorated soldier, WOI (Rtd) Kanang anak Langkau was a Regimental Sergeant Major of 8 Ranger.

This is a newly created regiment from the 300 series Territorial Army units in charge of the border. The Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak announced on 1 July 2006 the formation of a new regiment specifically for border patrol. Members of the regiment will be taken from various regiments and corps, most notably from the Rejimen Askar Wataniah. It is believed that the army will form about 2 to 3 brigades of this new regiment.[3][4] The new regiment was officially raised on 9 February 2008 by Najib Tun Razak at Tanah Merah, Kelantan.[5]

Combat Support element

Support elements

Special Forces

Air unit

Reserves

Strength

Malaysian Army Condor APC
Malaysian Army reservists at the range.

The personnel strength of the Malaysian Army is approximately 80,000 personnel in the Active Army,[6] 50,000 in the Active Reserve[6] and 26,600 active and 244,700 reservists[6] in the Paramilitary.

The Malaysian Army consists of 4 infantry divisions, 9 infantry brigades, 1 special forces brigade, 1 airborne brigade and 1 mechanised brigade,[6] composed of:

The territorial army includes:

Equipment

Infantry Weapons

Photo Model Type Caliber Origin Notes
Handgun
Glock Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum  Austria Issued to all infantry units as part of the Future Soldier programme.[8]
Browning HP Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum  Belgium Standard issue sidearms for all army personnels and special forces
HK P9S Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum  Germany Standard issue sidearms for all army personnels
Beretta 92 Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum  Italy Standard issue sidearms for all army personnels as well as 10 Paratrooper Brigade and GGK.
SIG Sauer P226 Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum   Switzerland In service with 10 Paratrooper Brigade and GGK
Vektor SP1 Semi-Automatic Pistol 9x19mm Parabellum  South Africa In service with GGK[9]
Shotgun
Remington 870 Shotgun 12 gauge  United States In service with 10 Paratrooper Brigade and GGK[9]
Franchi SPAS-12 Shotgun 12 gauge  Italy In service with GGK[9]
Submachinegun
Heckler & Koch MP5 Submachinegun 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany Standard army submachine gun.[10] Also used by 10 Paratrooper Brigade and GGK
Assault rifle
M4 Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO  United States
 Malaysia 		Made under license by SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd.[11] Used along with Steyr AUG as standard service rifle. Under production.
Steyr AUG Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Austria
 Malaysia 		Made under license by SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd. Standard issue. Malaysia decided to withdraw production of the rifle.
M16 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  United States In service with reserve forces.
CAR-15 Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO  United States In service with 10 Paratrooper Brigade.
L1A1 SLR Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  United Kingdom/ Belgium In service with territorial army and 10 Paratrooper Brigade.
HK33 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  West Germany
 Malaysia		 In service with 10 Paratrooper Brigade.
SG 552/553 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   Switzerland In service with Royal Intelligence Corps and GGK.
Sniper Rifle
Barrett M95 Anti-materiel Rifle .50 BMG  United States In service with GGK[9]
Accuracy International Arctic Warfare Sniper Rifle .308 Winchester  United Kingdom
SR-25 Sniper Rifle 7.62 NATO  United States
TRG-22 Sniper Rifle .308 Winchester  Finland In service with GGK[9]
Machine Gun
FN Minimi Light machine gun 5.56x45mm NATO  Belgium Standard issue LMG
HK21 General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  West Germany Standard issue GPMG
M2 Browning Heavy machine gun 12.7×99mm NATO  United States Standard issue HMG
M60 General purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  United States In service with GGK[12]
M240 General-purpose machine guns 7.62×51mm NATO  Belgium
RPD machine gun Light machine gun 7.62x39mm M43  Soviet Union In service with GGK
Grenade Launcher
Mk 19 Automatic grenade launcher 40mm grenade  United States
Milkor MGL Grenade launcher 40mm grenade  South Africa Standard issue grenade launcher
M203 Grenade launcher 40mm grenade  United States Attached to M4 and M16.
Mortar
2B14 Podnos Mortar 81mm mortar  Soviet Union
L16 81mm mortar Mortar 81mm mortar  United Kingdom
Recoilless rifle
AT4 Recoilless 84mm  Sweden In service with GGK
Carl Gustav recoilless rifle Recoilless 84mm  Sweden
M40 recoilless rifle Recoilless rifle 105mm  United States

Portable Missiles

Photo Model Type Caliber Origin Notes
Anti-tank
Baktar-Shikan Anti-tank guided missile 120mm HEAT  Pakistan
9K115-2 Metis-M Anti-tank guided missile 130mm HEAT  Russia
ERYX Anti-tank guided missile 137mm HEAT  France Used by 10 Paratrooper Brigade.
C90-CR (M3) Rocket propelled grenade 90mm HEAT  Spain
M72 LAW Rocket propelled grenade 66mm HEAT  United States
RPG-7 Rocket propelled grenade 40mm HEAT  Soviet Union
Anti-aircraft missile
Starburst MANPAD 152mm fragmentation explosive  United Kingdom
FN-6 MANPAD 72mm explosive  China
9K38 Igla MANPAD 72mm explosive  Soviet Union
Anza MANPAD 72mm explosive  Pakistan

Tanks

Picture Vehicle Origin Type Inventory Notes
PT-91M Pendekar  Poland Main Battle Tank 48[13] Armed with 125 mm 2A46MS main gun.
FV101 Scorpion  United Kingdom Light tank 26[6] Armed with Cockerill 90mm main gun.

Armoured Vehicles

Picture Vehicle Origin Type Inventory Notes
ACV 300 Adnan  Malaysia
 Turkey		 Armoured combat vehicle 267[14] Includes ambulance, ARV, command post vehicle and 81mm & 120mm mortar carrier versions. 259 ACV-300 and 8 ACV-S.
Built locally by DefTech.
K-200 KIFV  Republic of Korea Armoured combat vehicle 103[7] Malaysian Army operates the upgraded variant (K200A1)[15]
Alvis Stormer  United Kingdom Armoured combat vehicle 25[16] 12 units has a 20mm autocannon while others equipped with the TH-1 turret[17]
Bandvagn 206  Sweden Armoured all-terrain carrier 80[16] Armoured utility vehicles with various functions[18]
AV8 Gempita (8x8)  Malaysia
 Turkey 		Multi-purpose armoured vehicle 257[19] First 12 units delivered in December 2014.
Built locally by DefTech.[20][21]
SIBMAS (6x6)  Belgium Armoured fire support vehicle 186[6] 162 units armed with Cockerill 90mm main gun and 24 recovery vehicle units.
To be replaced by DefTech AV8.[22]
Condor APC (4x4)  Germany Armoured personnel carrier 315[7] Originally 460 units. Some were lost in the Battle of Mogadishu (1993) and others were used for peacekeeping missions in various countries.
To be replaced by DefTech AV8.[23][24]
URO VAMTAC  Spain Multi-purpose armoured vehicle 85[25] Multi-purpose armoured vehicle that strongly similar to U.S made Humvee. Mostly equipped with Mk 19 40mm AGL and M2 Browning HMG.[26] 25 units are as Igla anti-air missile launcher platform.[27]

Air Defence Systems

Photo Model Origin Type Quantity Notes
Surface-to-air missile
 Rapier (missile)  United Kingdom SHORAD 15 Jernas variant.
 Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon   Switzerland 35mm anti-aircraft artillery 28[7]
Bofors 40 mm gun  Sweden 40mm anti-aircraft artillery 36[7]

Artillery

Photo Model Origin Type Quantity Notes
Artillery
 Astros II MLRS  Brazil 300mm multiple launch rocket system 54[28][29] Originally 36 units.[29] Another 18 units were ordered in 2012 for a total of 54 units.[29]
 Denel G5 howitzer  South Africa 155mm towed artillery 22[7]
VSEL FH-70  European Union 155mm towed artillery 12[7]
OTO Melara Mod 56  Italy 105 mm towed artillery 110[7][30]
M102 howitzer  United States 105 mm towed artillery 40[30]

Utility Vehicles

Picture Vehicle Origin Type Notes
WZT-4  Poland Armoured Recorvery Vehicle
MID-M  Poland Engineering Tank
IVECO M4010  Italy Field Ambulance
Land Rover Defender  United Kingdom Multi-purpose vehicle
Mercedes-Benz G-Class  Germany Multi-purpose/light assault vehicle GD290
All Terrain Mobility Platform  United Kingdom Air-mobile vehicle Used by 10 Paratrooper Brigade
PMC Leguan PMC Leguan  Poland Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge
SJ-09 SJ-09  Poland Training Tank
Handalan HICOM Handalan I/II  Malaysia Troop carrier truck 2260 units delivered
AV-VBL AV-VBL  Brazil Artillery command vehicle Command vehicle of Astros II MLRS
IVECO M4012 IVECO M4012  Italy Satellite Communication Vehicle
KAMAZ 43253 KAMAZ 43253  Russia Troop carrier truck

Army Air Wing

Aircraft Photo Role Versions Inventory Notes
Agusta A109 Multi-purpose helicopter A109LOH[31] 10 Used for observation. A109LOH version armed with 20mm gun and/or rockets for area suppression missions[32] One lost to crash.
Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King Transport helicopter, SAR S61A-4 Nuri 12[33] 12 transferred from Royal Malaysian Air Force. Armed with 12.7mm HMG

Present Development

Since the recovery from the 1997 economic crisis, MA, along with other branches of the MAF, has regained momentum in its modernising programs. The first major procurement was to set a milestone by building its first ever main battle tank regiment. MA received delivery of 48 PT-91M main battle tanks and other tank-based equipment, like ARV WZT-4 from Poland, fully completed contract of sale in March 2010. Despite adding some 28 units of South African G5 Mk III 155 mm howitzers, another major procurement was 18 units of Astros MLRS from Brazil, which delivery was completed in 2006. A second batch of 18 MRLS was ordered in 2007.[34] MA is also rapidly mechanising its current inventory - 211 Adnan IFVs (Infantry Fighting Vehicle) were acquired by the army in 2004. Following a more recent procurement of the Pakistani Bakhtar-Shikan Anti-armor missile launcher, these were installed on the Adnans.

MA is now shifting its emphasis on enhancing its air wing. In September 2006, MA received its 11th and last Agusta-Westland A109H Light Utility Helicopter. These helicopters are to initially complement, and ultimately replace, the ageing SA316B Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters. Six of them were to be installed with light arms and to be tasked to a scout observation unit; a sample was shown in LIMA 07. The configuration of the remainder is unclear. Furthermore, the army will also receive S61A-4 Nuri multipurpose helicopters after they are retired from RMAF; these will form the backbone of the army’s very first air transport units - 881 and 882 squadrons of the army air wing.

In the same year, at the biannual Defence Services Asia (DSA) 2006, Malaysia announced that the US made M4 Carbine service rifle will replace the Austrian-made Steyr AUG service rifle for all three Malaysian Armed Forces services. The army will receive the new weapon soon.

There is also a requirement for an upgrade to the current air defence network. However, a dispute between the army and the air force on whether to introduce a mid-range SAM system had led to the procurement being put on hold. According to a recent interview of the army’s chief of staff, Ismail bin Haji Jamaluddin, the army has no intention of taking over the mid-range air defence role.

Future Soldier System

The Malaysian Army currently has a soldier modernisation programme called the Future Soldier System. Under the FSS, The Malaysian Army plans to equip all soldiers with Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as Kevlar helmets, Kevlar vests, Oakley goggles and ear protection equipment. The programme also includes arming all the standard issue M4 carbines with SOPMOD kits, as well as equipping soldiers with a Glock series pistol.[35][36]

Sapura, a Malaysian electronics company, is offering their SAKTI soldier system concept via work in three areas: Head Sub-System (HSS), Body Sub-System (BSS) and Weapon Sub-System (WSS). The HSS consists of a Helmet–Mounted Micro Camera and night vision capability with a data output, helmet-mounted display and earpiece and microphone; the WSS consists of a the Rifle Control Unit consisting of a five-button wireless controller for one handed use with key features including push to talk for the radio, switching the HMD on and off, turning the HMD brightness up and down as well as video transmission to friendly forces. The BSS consists of a controller system, energy unit with a power pack for the communication interface, micro-camera and HMD with a single polymer lithium ion battery for up to ten hours of operation; a communications interface for secure IP based radio which from the image is a Thales St@rmille radio and finally a navigation unit with a display for blue force tracking and situational awareness, colour digital mapping and terrain and urban profile analysis. The system displayed is visually similar to the Kord Defence SmartGrip RIC developed in partnership with Thales Australia.[37]

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Malaysian Armed Forces". GlobalSecurity.org.
  2. ↑ "Tentera Darat pertingkat kesiagaan pertahan dua wilayah secara serentak" (in Malay). New Sabah Times. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  3. ↑ "Kerajaan Cadang Wujud Rejimen Pengurusan Sempadan". bernama.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  4. ↑ "Tentera Darat Malaysia (Broken link as of 16 Nov 2007)". army.mod.gov.my. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  5. ↑ Hamzah h.d (4 August 2008). "PENGISTIHARAN REJIMEN SEMPADAN - KOR BARU TENTERA DARAT YANG KE 16". Majalah Perajurit Edisi Mac 2008 (Kuala Lumpur: J2k, Minda Pertahanan, Min-Def Blogspot). Retrieved 8 April 2010
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 IISS (2012), p. 264
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 IISS (2012), p. 265
  8. ↑ "Malaysian Defence". malaysiandefence.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "GGK’s Long Guns and an RIV too – edited". malaysiandefence.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "Ops Daulat Ground Operation, Lahad Datu Crisis picture gallery". malaysiamilitarypower.blogspot.com.au. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  11. ↑ "Malaysia’s SME Ordnance M4 Carbine - The Firearm Blog". The Firearm Blog. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Malaysian Special Forces". Tactical Life. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  13. ↑ "PT-91 Twardy Main Battle Tank - Army Technology". army-technology.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  14. ↑ http://disarmament.un.org/UN_REGISTER.nsf/5cb8afbbb6536a298525647d00612b14/e367a49fd5109d0185256ec1005047b6?OpenDocument
  15. ↑ John Pike. "K-200 Korean Infantry Fighting Vehicle". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Malaysia Army Weapon Systems Handbook. International Business Publications USA. 2007. p. 172. ISBN 9781433061806. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Alvis Stormer APC Including Starstreak AA - TankNutDave". TankNutDave. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "Protected Blog". malaysiaflyingherald.wordpress.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  19. ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". defense-studies.blogspot.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  20. ↑ "PARSing Statements: Malaysia’s New Wheeled APCs". Defense Industry Daily. 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "Malaysian Army Receives 12 Units of AV8 IFV-25 From Deftech". defense-studies.blogspot.com. 6 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  22. ↑ "Protected Blog". malaysiaflyingherald.wordpress.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "Protected Blog". malaysiaflyingherald.wordpress.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  24. ↑ "VAB vs Anoa = Condor!". malaysiandefence.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  25. ↑ "URO VAMTAC High Mobility Tactical Vehicle - Army Technology". army-technology.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  26. ↑ "Protected Blog". malaysiaflyingherald.wordpress.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  27. ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". defense-studies.blogspot.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  28. ↑ "Kosmo! Online - Negara". kosmo.com.my. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Astross II: Kuasa membunuh digeruni musuh". utusan.com.my. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "SIPRI arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Information generated in 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ↑ "AgustaWestland Hands Over The First Malaysian A109LOH - AgustaWestland". agustawestland.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  32. ↑ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  33. ↑ http://m.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?hl=Army+gets+first+batch+of+Nuris+&sec=news&id=%7BA1291037-29D3-4AA8-A50B-FB8473EBA8E0%7D
  34. ↑ "Astros II Artillery Saturation Rocket System - Army Technology". army-technology.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  35. ↑ "MalaysianDefence". Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "MalaysianDefence". Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "SolderMod". Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Works cited

External links

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