Makassar
| Makassar ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ Kota Makassar | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| City | |||
| City of Makassar | |||
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The Makassar seafront | |||
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| Nickname(s): "Kota Daeng" | |||
| Motto: Sekali Layar Terkembang Pantang Biduk Surut Ke Pantai | |||
  Makassar Location of Makassar in Sulawesi | |||
| Coordinates: 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E | |||
| Country |
 Indonesia | ||
| Province |
 South Sulawesi | ||
| Founded | 9 November 1607 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Ir. H. Mohammad Ramdhan Pomanto | ||
| • Deputy Mayor | Syamsu Rizal | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 175.77 km2 (67.87 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 2,473 km2 (955 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 0–25 m (0–82 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • City | 1,334,090 | ||
| • Density | 7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 2,525,048 | ||
| • Metro density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) | ||
| 2010 decennial census | |||
| Time zone | WITA (UTC+8) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+8) | ||
| Area code(s) | +62 411 | ||
| Website | www.visitmakassar.net | ||
Makassar (Buginese-Makassar language: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ) – sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara' – is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the largest city on Sulawesi Island in terms of population number and the sixth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.[1] From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
The city's area is 175.77 square kilometres (67.87 sq mi) and it had a population of around 1.334 million as of the 2010 Census.[2] Its official metropolitan area, known as Mamminasata, covers an area of 2,473 square kilometres (955 sq mi) and had a population of 1,334,090 at the 2010 Census.[3]
History
Before the sixteenth century the country was ruled by a king who had two sons. Then the East India trading company took over, killed the king, and exiled the two princes. One of them had a son and the family line continued until now. The family is now believed to be mostly in South Africa and some in England. Beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly over the city.[4]
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
Further, tolerant religious attitudes meant that even as Islam became the dominant faith in the region, Christians and others were still able to trade in the city. With these attractions, Makassar was a key center for Malays working in the spice trade, as well as a valuable base for European and Arab traders from much further afield.
The first European settlers were the Portuguese sailors. When the Portuguese reached Sulawesi in 1511, they found Makassar a thriving cosmopolitan entre-port where Chinese, Arabs, Indians, Siamese, Javanese, and Malays came to trade their manufactured metal goods and textiles for pearls, gold, copper, camphor and spices – nutmeg, cloves and mace imported from the interior and the neighbouring Spice Islands of Maluku. By the 16th century, Makassar had become Sulawesi's major port and centre of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them had a series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall which extended along the coast.[4] Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar.
The arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century, altered events dramatically. They finally replaced the Portuguese as colonial masters in 1667. Their first objective was to create a hegemony over the spice trade and their first move was to capture the fort of Makassar in 1667, which they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam. From this base they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa who was then forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Java War (1825–1830), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855.[5]
The character of this old trading centre changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of the Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls and later also the Chinese.
The town again became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia – the copra, rattan, pearls, trepang and sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as girl's hair dressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths placed at head rests of upholstered chairs).
Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the interior of the south through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity. By 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as "the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all the towns in the islands".
In World War II the Makassar area was defended by approximately 1000 men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army commanded by Colonel M. Vooren. He decided that he could not defend on the coast and was planning to fight a guerilla war inland. The Japanese landed near Makassar on 9 February 1942. The defenders retreated but were soon overtaken and captured.[6]
Following the Indonesian National Revolution in 1950, Makassar was the site of fighting between pro-Federalist forces under Captain Abdul Assiz and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono during the Makassar Uprising.[7] By the 1950s, the population had increased to such a degree that many of the historic sites gave way to modern development and today one needs to look very carefully to find the few remains of the city's once grand history.
Economy
The city is southern Sulawesi's primary port, with regular domestic and international shipping connections. It is nationally famous as an important port of call for the pinisi boats, sailing ships which are among the last in use for regular long-distance trade.
During the colonial era, the city was widely known as the namesake of Makassar oil, which it exported in great quantity. Makassar ebony is a warm black hue, streaked with tan or brown tones, and highly prized for use in making fine cabinetry and veneers.
Nowadays, as the largest city in Sulawesi Island and Eastern Indonesia, the city's economy depends highly on service sectors with approximately 70% from total share. Restaurant and hotel service are the largest contributor (29.14%), followed by transportation and communication (14.86%), trading (14.86), finance (10.58%). Industry follows behind service with 21.34%.[8]
Contact with Australia
Makassar is also a major fishing center in Sulawesi. One of its major industries is the trepang (sea cucumber) industry. Trepang fishing brought the Makassan people into contact with indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, long before European settlement (from 1788).
C. C. MacKnight in his 1976 work entitled Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia has shown that they began frequenting the north of Australia some time around 1700 in search of trepang (sea-slug, sea cucumber, Beche-de-mer) an edible Holothurian. They left their waters during the Northwest Monsoon in December or January for what is now Arnhem Land, Marege or Marega and to the Kimberley region or Kayu Djawa. They returned home with the South-east Trades in April.[9]
A fleet of between 24 and 26 Macassan prahus was seen in 1803 by the French explorers under Nicolas Baudin on the Holothuria Banks in the Timor Sea. In February 1803, Matthew Flinders in the Investigator met six prahus with 20–25 men each on board and was told that there were 60 prahus then on the north Australian coast. They were fishing for trepang and appeared to have only a small compass as a navigation aid. In June 1818 Macassan trepang fishing was noted by Phillip Parker King in the vicinity of Port Essington in the Arafura Sea. In 1865 R.J. Sholl, then Government Resident for the British settlement at Camden Sound (near Augustus Island in the Kimberley region) observed seven 'Macassan' prahus with around 300 men on board. He believed that they made kidnapping raids and ranged as far south as Roebuck Bay (later Broome) where 'quite a fleet' was seen around 1866. Sholl believed that they did not venture south into other areas such as Nickol Bay (where the European pearling industry commenced around 1865) due to the absence of trepang in those waters. The Macassan voyages appear to have ceased sometime in the late nineteenth century and their place was taken by other sailors operating from elsewhere in the Indonesian Archipelago.[10]
Transportation
Makassar has a public transportation system called 'pete-pete'. A pete-pete (known elsewhere in Indonesia as angkot) is a mini-bus that has been modified to carry passengers. The route of Makassar's pete-petes is denoted by the letter on the windshield. Makassar is famous for their "becak" (pedicab) which is smaller than the "becak" in the island of Java. In Makassar, people who drive pedicab are called Daeng. In addition to "becak" and "pete-pete", the city has a government-run bus system, and taxis.
The city of Makassar, its outlying districts, and the South Sulawesi Province are served by Hasanuddin International Airport. The airport is located outside the Makassar city administration area, being situated in the nearby Maros Regency.
In January 2012 it was announced that due to limited capacity of the current dock at Soekarno-Hatta sea port, it will be expanded to 150x30 square meters to overcome queueing of at least two ships every day.[11]
A 35-kilometer monorail in the areas of Makassar, Maros Regency, Sungguminasa (Gowa Regency), and Takalar Regency (the Mamminasata region) will be realised in 2014 with cost predicted Rp.4 trillion ($468 million). The memorandum of understanding has been signed in 25 July 2011 by Makassar city, Maros Regency and Gowa Regency.[12][13]
Population
Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, populated mostly by Makassarese and Buginese. The rest comes from Toraja, Mandar, Buton, Chinese, Javanese, and so on. Current population of Makassar is approximately 1.5 million with a Metropolitan population of 2.2 million.
| Year | 1971 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population |  434,766 |
708,465 |
944,372 |
1,130,384 |
1,253,656 |
1,272,349 |
1,338,663 |
1,645,216 |
The city is divided into fourteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.[14]
| Name | Population Census 2010 |
|---|---|
| Mariso | 56,313 |
| Mamajang | 59,133 |
| Tamalate | 169,890 |
| Rappocini | 151,357 |
| Makassar | 81,901 |
| Ujung Padang | 27,206 |
| Wajo | 29,670 |
| Bontoala | 54,268 |
| Ujung Tanah | 46,771 |
| Tallo | 133,815 |
| Panukkukang | 141,524 |
| Manggala | 117,303 |
| Biring Kanaya | 167,843 |
| Tamalanrea | 101,669 |
Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Am". (Tropical Monsoon Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Makassar is 81.5 °F (27.5 °C). The warmest month, on average, is October with an average temperature of 82.7 °F (28.2 °C). The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of 80.3 °F (26.8 °C).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Makassar is 121.5" (3086.1 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is January with 28.9" (734.1 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of 0.6" (15.2 mm). In terms of liquid precipitation, there are an average of 187.0 days of rain, with the most rain occurring in January with 27.0 days of rain, and the least rain occurring in August with 2.0 days of rain.
| Climate data for Makassar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.7 (87.3) |
31 (87.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32 (89.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.54 (90.57) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23 (73.4) |
22.46 (72.44) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 734 (28.9) |
533 (20.98) |
391 (15.39) |
235 (9.25) |
127 (5) |
66 (2.6) |
48 (1.89) |
15 (0.59) |
83 (3.27) |
83 (3.27) |
273 (10.75) |
549 (21.61) |
3,137 (123.5) |
| Source: Weatherbase[15] | |||||||||||||
Main sights
Makassar is home to several prominent landmarks including:
- the 16th century Dutch fort Fort Rotterdam
- the Trans Studio Makassar—the third largest indoor theme park in the world
- the Karebosi Link—the first underground shopping center in Indonesia
- the floating mosque located at Losari Beach.
In addition
- the Bantimurung - Bulusaraung National Park well-known karst area, famous for the remarkable collection of butterflies in the local area, is nearby to Makassar (around 40 km to the north).
Universities
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Traditional food
Makassar has several famous traditional foods. The most famous is Coto Makassar. It is a stew made from the mixture of nuts, spices and selection of offal which may include beef brain, tongue and intestine. Konro rib dish is also popular traditional food in Makassar. Both Coto Makassar and Konro are usually eaten with Burasa or Ketupat, a glutinous rice cake.
In addition, Makassar is the home of Pisang Epe (pressed banana), as well as Pisang Ijo (green banana). Pisang Epe is a banana which is pressed, grilled, and covered with palm sugar sauce and sometimes eaten with Durian. Many street vendors sell Pisang Epe, especially around the area of Losari beach. Pisang Ijo is a banana covered with green colored flours, coconut milk, and syrup. Pisang Ijo is sometimes served iced, and often eaten on Ramadan.
Metropolitan region
The metropolitan area of Makassar (Mamminasata) extends over 46 administrative districts (kecamatan), consisting of all 14 districts within the city, all 9 districts of Takalar Regency, 11 (out of 18) districts of Gowa Regency and 12 (out of 14) districts of Maros Regency.
- Makassar City – 14 kecamatan, consisting of Tamalanrea, Biring Kanaya, Manggala, Panakkukang, Tallo, Ujung Tanah, Bontoala, Wajo, Ujung Pandang, Makassar, Rappocini, Tamalate, Mamajang and Mariso;
- Takalar Regency – 9 kecamatan, consisting of Mangara Bombang, Mappakasunggu, Sanrobone, Polombangkeng Selatan, Pattallassang, Polombangkeng Utara, Galesong Selatan, Galesong and Galesong Utara;
- Gowa Regency – 11 kecamatan, consisting of Somba Opu, Bontomarannu, Pallangga, Bajeng, Bajeng Barat, Barombong, Manuju, Pattallassang, Parangloe, Bontonompo and Bontonompo Selatan; and
- Maros Regency – 12 kecamatan, consisting of Maros Baru, Turikale, Marusu, Mandai, Moncongloe, Bontoa, Lau, Tanralili, Tompo Bulu, Bantimurung, Simbang and Cenrana.
This official area covers 2,473 km2 and had a population of 2,225,048 at the 2010 Census.
See also
References
- ↑ Ministry of Internal Affairs: Registration Book for Area Code and Data of 2013
- ↑ Andi Hajramurni: "Autonomy Watch: Makassar grows with waterfront city concept", The Jakarta Post, 13 June 2011
- ↑ 2010 Census of Indonesia.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Andaya, Leonard. "Makasar's Moment of Glory." Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History. Vol. 3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay and T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2001. 58–59.
- ↑ Carey, Peter. "Dipanagara and the Java War." Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History. Vol. 3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay and T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2001. 112-13.
- ↑ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The capture of Makassar, February 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
- ↑ Westerling (1952), p. 210
- ↑ "Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Makassar Membaik". Makassarterkini.com. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ↑ MacKnight
- ↑ Sholl, Robert J. (26 July 1865). "Camden Harbour". The Inquirer & Commercial News. p. 3. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ↑ "Pelindo IV needs Rp 150b to expand Soekarno-Hatta seaport". 12 January 2012.
- ↑ "Mamminasata Railway Realised in 2015". Indii.co.id. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ↑ "Makassar, neighbors to commence monorail construction next year". The Jakarta Post. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ↑ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ↑ "Weatherbase: Makassar Indonesia Records and Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makassar. |
- L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942".
- MacKnight, C.C., Voyage to Marege. Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia, Melbourne University Press, 1976.
- Reid, Anthony. 1999. Charting the shape of early modern Southeast Asia. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 9747551063. pp. 100–154.
- McCarthy, M., 2000, Indonesian divers in Australian waters. The Great Circle, vol. 20, No.2:120–137.
- Turner, S. 2003: Indonesia’s Small Entrepreneurs: Trading on the Margins. London, RoutledgeCurzon [ISBN 070071569X] 288pp. Hardback.
- Turner, S. 2007: Small-Scale Enterprise Livelihoods and Social Capital in Eastern Indonesia: Ethnic Embeddedness and Exclusion. Professional Geographer. 59 (4), 407–20.
- Pinisi at Poatere Harbour, 2012. Photographs by Peter Loud
- Indonesia Official Tourism Website
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