Mahāvastu


Early
Buddhism
Scriptures

Gandhāran texts
Āgamas
Pāli Canon

Councils

1st Council
2nd Council
3rd Council
4th Council

Schools

First Sangha
└ Mahāsāṃghika
　├ Ekavyāvahārika
　├ Lokottaravāda
　├ Bahuśrutīya
　├ Prajñaptivāda
　└ Caitika
└ Sthaviras
　├ Mahīśāsaka
　├ Dharmaguptaka
　├ Kāśyapīya
　├ Sarvāstivāda
　└ Vibhajyavāda
　　└ Theravāda

The Mahāvastu (Sanskrit for "Great Event" or "Great Story") is a text of the Lokottaravāda school of Early Buddhism. It describes itself as being a historical preface to the Buddhist monastic codes (vinaya). Over half of the text is composed of Jātaka and Avadāna tales, accounts of the earlier lives of the Buddha and other bodhisattvas.[1][2]

The Mahāvastu contains prose and verse written in mixed Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit.[3][4] It is believed to have been composed between the 2nd century BCE and 4th century CE.[2][5]

Pali Canon parallels

The Mahāvastu's Jataka tales are similar to those of the Pali Canon although significant differences exist in terms of the tales' details. Other parts of the Mahāvastu have more direct parallels in the Pali Canon including from the Digha Nikaya (DN 19, Mahāgovinda Sutta), the Majjhima Nikaya (MN 26, Ariyapariyesana Sutta; and, MN 36, Mahasaccaka Sutta), the Khuddakapātha, the Dhammapada (ch. 8, Sahassa Vagga; and, ch. 25, Bhikkhu Vagga), the Sutta Nipata (Sn 1.3, Khaggavisāṇa Sutta; Sn 3.1, Pabbajjā Sutta; and, Sn 3.2, Padhāna Sutta), the Vimanavatthu and the Buddhavaṃsa.[1][6]

Mahayana themes

The Mahāvastu is considered a primary source for the notion of a transcendent (lokottara) Buddha, common to all Mahāsāṃghika schools. According to the Mahāvastu, over the course of many lives, the once-human-born Buddha developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine or bathing although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience; and, the ability to "suppress karma."[7]

English translations

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Law (1930), p. iv.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mahāvastu" (2008).
  3. ↑ Jones (1949), pp. x–xi.
  4. ↑ Law (1930), "Introduction."
  5. ↑ Jones (1949), p. xi, writes: ""... the Mahāvastu is not the composition of a single author written in a well-defined period of time. Rather, it is a compilation which may have been begun in the second century B.C., but which was not completed until the third or fourth century A.D."
  6. ↑ Regarding the Dhammapada parallels, see Ānandajoti (2007), "Introduction," where Ānandajoti writes:
    Of the incomplete parallels, two chapters from yet another Dharmapada have been preserved in the Mahāvastu, one of the earliest of the Sanskritised Prakrit texts; one of the chapters is named as the Sahasravarga, and appears to be the whole of the chapter; the other is a selection that comes from an unnamed Bhikṣuvarga.
    From "Ancient Buddhist Texts". See also; ch. 8, "Sahassavagga", and ch. 25, "Bhikkhuvagga"
  7. ↑ Williams (1989/2007), pp. 18–19.

Sources