MV Liemba

Graf von Götzen redirects here. For the German explorer and governor, see Gustav Adolf von Götzen
MV Liemba
Career (German Empire)
Name: Graf von Goetzen
Namesake: Gustav Adolf von Götzen
Owner: Imperial German Navy
Builder: Meyer Werft
Laid down: 1913
Launched: 5 February 1915
In service: 9 June 1915
Fate: Scuttled on 26 July 1916
Career (Tanganyika Territory)
Renamed: MV Liemba
Reinstated: 16 May 1927
Career (Tanzania)
Name: MV Liemba
Operator: Marine Services Company Limited
Homeport: Kigoma, Tanzania
Status: in active service, as of 2015
General characteristics
Displacement:1,575 t
Length:71.4 m (234.25 ft)
Beam:9.9 m (32.48 ft)
Draught:3 m (9.84 ft)
Installed power:Steam 500 ihp (370 kW)
Diesel 1,240 hp (920 kW)
Propulsion:Triple-expansion steam engine, (until 1970, replaced with Diesel): 2 screws
Speed:11 knots (20 km/h)
Armament:(removed 1916)

1 x 10.5cm gun
1 x 8.8cm gun

2 x 37 mm revolver guns

The MV Liemba, formerly the Graf Goetzen or Graf von Goetzen,[lower-alpha 1] is a passenger and cargo ferry that runs along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The Marine Services Company Limited of Tanzania[2] sails her, with numerous stops to pick up and set down passengers, between the ports of Kigoma, Tanzania, and Mpulungu, Zambia.

Graf von Goetzen was built in 1913 in Germany, and was one of three vessels the German Empire used to control Lake Tanganyika during the early part of the First World War. Her captain had her scuttled on 26 July 1916 in Katabe Bay during the German retreat from Kigoma. In 1924, a British Royal Navy salvage team raised her and in 1927 she returned to service as the Liemba. Liemba is the last vessel of the German Imperial Navy still actively sailing anywhere in the world.

Liemba was the inspiration for the German gunboat Luisa in C. S. Forester's 1935 novel The African Queen, and John Huston's subsequent film version. Giles Foden retold the story.[1] The ship featured in the 1992 BBC Television travel series Pole to Pole and Michael Palin stayed in one of her cabins. Breadbox Productions in the US released a feature documentary film on the ship Liemba, narrated by Chiwoniso Maraire, in 2010.

History

Early history

Model in Hamburg of Goetzen as originally built

The Meyer-Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, built Goetzen in 1913 and named her after Count Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen, the former governor of German East Africa.[3][4][5][6] Goetzen was designed to serve as a passenger and cargo ferry in conjunction with the Ostafrikanische Eisenbahngesellschaft (East African Railway Company).

After preliminary assembly Goetzen was taken apart and shipped in 5000 boxes loaded on three cargo vessels to Dar es Salaam in German East Africa (modern day Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania)).[7] From there the trains of the Mittellandbahn ("Central Line") carried the boxes to Kigoma. She was rebuilt there in 1914 and launched on 5 February 1915.

Originally the ship had seven first class cabins (single bed & sofa bed) and five second class cabins (double bed), as well as first and second class dining and smoking rooms.[8]

The machinery consisted at first of two round boilers for steam for the two triple expansion engines with a power rating of 250 ihp. She also had a carbonic ice and cooling unit in an insulated cold storage with a capacity of three kilograms of ice per hour, and a lighting and a ventilation system. The ship was designed for a crew of 64 men (60 men and four officers).[9]

First World War

SS Goetzen 1915

During World War I the Germans converted Goetzen to an auxiliary warship under the name SMS Goetzen. They gave her a 10.5 cm gun from the light cruiser SMS Königsberg, a ship no longer operational and which her crew later scuttled in the mouth of the Rufiji River. She also received an 8.8 cm gun, one of two that Königsberg had brought out from Germany to arm auxiliary cruisers should the opportunity arise. Lastly, the survey ship SMS Möwe contributed two 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver guns to Goetzen's armament.[10]

The Germans appointed Oberleutnant zur See Siebel captain of Goetzen. Under his command Goetzen initially gave the Germans complete supremacy on Lake Tanganyika. She ferried cargo and personnel across the lake, and provided a base from which to launch surprise attacks on Allied troops. It therefore became essential for the Allied forces to gain control of the lake themselves.

German gun crew manning Graf von Goetzen's 105 mm gun
HMS Fifi formerly the "Kingani"
Plat of the "Hedwig von Wissmann"

Geoffrey Spicer-Simson and the Royal Navy succeeded in the monumental task of bringing two armed motor boats, Mimi and Toutou, from England and via the Belgian Congo to the lake by rail, road and river. The British then launched their two boats at Albertville (Kalemie) on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. The two boats waited until December 1915, then mounted a surprise attack on the Germans, capturing the gunboat Kingani – renamed HMS Fifi. They sank a second German vessel, the Hedwig von Wissman, in February 1916; this left Götzen as the only German vessel remaining on the lake.

As a result of their strengthened position on the lake, the Allies advanced towards Kigoma by land, and the Belgians established an airbase on the western shore at Albertville. From there on 10 June 1916 they used Short Admiralty Type 827 planes for a bombing raid on Goetzen as she sat in the harbour of Kigoma.[11] It is not clear whether the bombs hit Goetzen (the Belgians claimed to have hit her but the Germans denied it), but she remained in the harbour. The Germans had already removed most of her guns in the beginning of May as they needed them elsewhere. At the time of the air raid Goetzen had only one 37 mm Hotchkiss left, which she used as an anti-aircraft gun.[12]

The war on the lake had reached a stalemate by this stage, with both sides declining to mount attacks. However, the war on land was progressing, largely to the advantage of the Allies, who cut off the railway link in July 1916 and threatened to isolate Kigoma completely. This led the German naval commander on the lake, Gustav Zimmer, to abandon the town and head south. In order to avoid the ship falling into Allied hands, General Lettow-Vorbeck ordered that Goetzen be scuttled. The task was given to the three engineers from Meyer Werft who had travelled with the disassembled ship to Lake Tanganyika in order to supervise its re-assembly. The engineers decided on their own that they would try to facilitate a later salvage;[3] they loaded the ship with sand and covered all engines with a thick layer of grease before sinking her carefully on 26 July, in a depth of 20 m near the banks of the Katabe Bay (Belgian designation: Baie de l’éléphant; British designation: Bangwe Bay) at the position 4°54′5″S 29°36′12″E / 4.90139°S 29.60333°E.[13]

Salvage and recommissioning

Johann Ludwig Wall, a Swede working for the Belgians, salvaged the ship in 1918.[14] He initially had divers remove large quantities of material. Then he filled the holds with empty barrels and passed cables under the ship to two 375t barges that the "Compagnie des Chemins de fer du Congo Supérieur aux Grands Lacs Africains" had purpose-built for the task and positioned on each side of the wreck.[15] By the end of June 1919, the Belgians had succeeded in lifting the ship up to her gunwales by winding in the cables.[16] Then in mid-September the Belgians floated the semi-submerged vessel to Kigoma. There she settled in water 6–7 meters deep.[17] The water was shallow enough that her superstructure extended above the surface of the lake. Early in 1920, a storm[18] moved the vessel, sinking her at Point Lusana in 4°52′15″S 29°37′21″E / 4.87083°S 29.62250°E. The photos of Kigoma Bay that Homer L. Shantz made in mid-February 1920 show no sign of the ship.[19]

In 1921 the British took control of Kigoma. They then took until 16 March 1924 to raise the ship again.[20] The British found that the engines and boilers were still usable and so they decided to rehabilitate the ship.

On 16 May 1927 the ship went back into service under the name Liemba.[21] Mary Katherine Scott, the wife of the Chief Secretary and acting governor Sir John Scott, launched Liemba for the Tanganyika Railways and Port Service.[22]

The pure conversion costs amounted to about £30,000 sterling. Salvage had cost £20,000, and infrastructure £28,000.[23] The Germans had spent the equivalent of just £36,000 to construct her.

1927 to 1948

In 1941, following the death of Lord Baden-Powell on 7 January 1941, his widow, [Olave, Lady Baden-Powell] sailed in the Liemba from Northern Rhodesia Northwards.[24]

1948 to 1952

The Liemba returned to service in 1952 after a two year break.[25]

Since 1952

The Liemba has been operating almost non-stop since 1927. In 1948 the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) took over running the ferry, allowing it to link services with the Central Line from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam. From 1976 till 1979 the ship was overhauled. At this time twin diesel engines replaced the original steam engines. The driving force behind this renovation was Patrick "Paddy" Dougherty. He was born on 18 March 1918 in Downpatrick and did an apprenticeship at Harland & Wolff in Belfast. Subsequently, he served during the Second World War in the Royal Navy and became a ship's engineer. In the sixties and seventies, he worked for the EAR&H in Kisumu, Kenya as first engineer, and later as chief engineer on the ferries of Lake Victoria. After the renovation of the Liemba he left Tanzania.[26]

In 1977 the EAR&H was dissolved and the new Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) took over operation of Liemba. In 1993 the TRC gave Liemba an overhaul managed by the Danish shipyard OSK ShipTech A/S, sponsored by the Danish International Development Agency. The rebuild included the deck house, the electronic system, and the pipes, renovation of the cabins of the passengers and crew, new MAN engines of 460 kW each from MAN, installation of a hydraulic crane on the foredeck, and conversion of the rear cargo hull into a passenger room (capacity increase to 600 passengers.[27]). To improve safety Liemba received a double bottom in the area of the forward cargo compartment. The ship was re-measured and the Danish engineers found that Liemba was 71.40 m long and 10 m wide.[28] With the new machines, the ship can achieve a speed of 11 knots.[29] Liemba now has ten first-class passenger cabins (double bed) and two VIP cabins. Eighteen second-class cabins (six double and twelve quad-beds) are also available.[30]

In 1997 the UNHCR used Liemba and MV Mwongozo to repatriate more than 75,000 refugees who had fled Zaire during the First Congo War, following the overthrow of longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Liemba made a total of 22 trips between Kigoma and Uvira during this five month operation.[31]

In 1997 TRC's inland shipping division became a separate company, the Marine Services Company Ltd.[32]

Renovation or replacement?

In 2011, TRC wrote to the Federal Government of Germany, requesting assistance in either renovating or replacing the vessel. The German authorities undertook a study that it is thought concluded that it would be cheaper to build a new ship than renovate Liemba. The final request for financial help fell between the governments of Lower Saxony, where the ship was built, and the federal government in Berlin, with the then President of Germany Christian Wulff stating that the vessel had a "singular history" and performed an "indispensable service" to the people of East Africa.[33]

The African Queen

The original version of The African Queen, written by C. S. Forester and serialised in the News Chronicle in 1934, was very different from the one associated with the film. In this Rose and Allnut are planning to attack a German cruiser named Dortmund (loosely based on the SMS Königsberg), with the launch sailing down the river to attack it in the river delta.

In the book the German gunboat Königin Luise (referred to by hero Charlie Allnutt as the Louisa) is based on the Kingani, a German gunboat sunk on Lake Tanganyika and to a certain extent the events portrayed in the film are based on the dramatic naval operation carried out by the Royal Navy, but the events described in the book bear little resemblance to the true historical events.[1](p266)

The book was subsequently made into the 1951 classic film The African Queen, starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. The steam-tug Buganda on Lake Victoria, which was used for the long shots, played the gunboat used in the filming. The film brought a certain notoriety to the Goetzen or Liemba. Near the end of the film, like its real life counterpart, Luisa ended up at the bottom of Lake Tanganyika, in this case following a collision with the torpedo-rigged bow of the partially submerged African Queen.

Ferry operation

Liemba runs once every two weeks in each direction, running from Kigoma to Mpulungu Wednesday to Friday, and back again from Friday to Sunday. Accommodation ranges from 1st class (luxury cabin) to 3rd class (seating only).

There are docks at Kigoma, Mpulungu and Kasanga but at all other stops passengers must travel between ship and shore by way of a smaller boat. Notable stops along the route include: Lagosa (for Mahale Mountains National Park), Karema (for Mpanda) and Kipili or Kasanga (for Sumbawanga).

Notes

  1. ↑ Some sources use the alternative forms Graf Götzen or Graf Goetzen, or the short form Götzen or an equivalent. Sources using von in the name, e.g. Graf von Götzen, include Giles Foden's Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika,[1] Bryan Perrett's Gunboat! Small Ships at War, H. P. Willmott's The Last Century of Sea Power and Peter Shankland's The Phantom Flotilla, among others.

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Foden, Giles (2005). Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle of Lake Tanganyika. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-100984-1. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help);
  2. ↑ "MV. Liemba". Vessels. Marine Services Company Limited. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Meyer Werft
  4. ↑ spiegel.de (German)
  5. ↑ Die Welt (German)
  6. ↑ Die Zeit (German)
  7. ↑ Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung v. 18. und 21. February 1914 (German)
  8. ↑ Passagier- und Frachtdampfer für den Tanganjika-See von Werftbesitzer Franz Jos. Meyer in: Werft, Reederei, Hafen 1922, 99(German)
  9. ↑ Evaluation of Ship Plan in Werft, Reederei, Hafen 1922, 99
  10. ↑ Aßmann: Der Krieg zur See 1914–1918, Bd. 7, P. 176 f.(German)
  11. ↑ Aimé Behaeghe First Pilot in Central Africa in Cross&Cocade 2008 Vol. 39, Nr. 1 (PDF; 12.9 MB); The Times vom 16. Juni 1916, P. 8
  12. ↑ Aßmann P. 258, 260
  13. ↑ Leconte: Les ancêtres de notre Force Navale. S. 331; Moulaert: La campagne du Tanganika. S. 119
  14. ↑ Institute Royal Colonial Belge Biography Coloniale Belge Tome II, 1951, col. 966-969; Wall (PDF; 159 kB)
  15. ↑ Tribune Congolese, 19 September 1919. p. 1; Chalux: Un an au Congo Belge S. 545 f.
  16. ↑ Alexander Barns The wonderland of the Eastern Congo p. 14.
  17. ↑ Tribune Congolese, 19 September 1919, p. 1; Moulaert, p. 119, footnote 1.
  18. ↑ Patrick Deville, Equatoria, p. 246.
  19. ↑ ; ; ; ; – retrieved 2 October 2013.
  20. ↑ East African Railways and Harbours Magazine vol. 2-8, April 1956, p. 257.
  21. ↑ The word Liemba means "lake" in the dialect of the Kirungu, who lived in the area of Kasanga at the southwest end Lake Tanganyika, probably a word from the Fipa language. East African Railways and Harbours Magazine Vol. 2-8, April 1956, S. 257 (PDF); The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 vol 1
  22. ↑ Hill: Permanent Way vol. 2, p. 95.
  23. ↑ Cane p. 31.
  24. ↑ "Window on my Heart" by Olave Lady Baden-Powell with Mary Drewery; page 196
  25. ↑ http://energeticproductions.com/EARandH/Vol0104.pdf
  26. ↑ He went on to work for FAO in Bangladesh and Mozambique. He died on 12 January 2010 in Belfast and was buried in Downpatrick. (Information provided by his daughter, Barbara Dougherty.)
  27. ↑ Information from OSK Ship Tech from 4 January 2014
  28. ↑ (PDF; 148 kB)
  29. ↑ Paulus, Wackenberg Von Goetzen bis Liemba P. 84 (German)
  30. ↑ Evaluation of the emergency plan of the Liemba, see Paulus, Wackenberg, image Part II, P. 5
  31. ↑ Tanzania Daily News from 12 Juni 2011
  32. ↑ "Home". Marine Services Company Limited. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  33. ↑ "Hope yet for African Queen gunboat on Lake Tanganyika". BBC News. 29 August 2011.