MPEG-4 Part 3

MPEG-4 Part 3 or MPEG-4 Audio (formally ISO/IEC 14496-3) is the third part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 international standard developed by Moving Picture Experts Group.[1] It specifies audio coding methods. The first version of ISO/IEC 14496-3 was published in 1999.[2]

The MPEG-4 Part 3 consists of a variety of audio coding technologies - from lossy speech coding (HVXC, CELP), general audio coding (AAC, TwinVQ, BSAC), lossless audio compression (MPEG-4 SLS, Audio Lossless Coding, MPEG-4 DST), a Text-To-Speech Interface (TTSI), Structured Audio (using SAOL, SASL, MIDI) and many additional audio synthesis and coding techniques.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

MPEG-4 Audio does not target a single application such as real-time telephony or high-quality audio compression. It applies to every application which requires the use of advanced sound compression, synthesis, manipulation, or playback. MPEG-4 Audio is a new type of audio standard that integrates numerous different types of audio coding: natural sound and synthetic sound, low bitrate delivery and high-quality delivery, speech and music, complex soundtracks and simple ones, traditional content and interactive content.[7]

Versions

MPEG-4 Audio versions and editions[12]
Edition Release date Latest amendment Standard Description
First edition 1999 2001 ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999[2] also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 1"
2000 ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000[13] also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 2", an Amendment to first edition[7][8]
Second edition 2001 2005 ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001[14]
Third edition 2005 2008 ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005[15]
Fourth edition 2009 2010 and under development[12] ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009[1][16]

Subparts

MPEG-4 Part 3 contains following subparts:[16]

MPEG-4 Audio Object Types

MPEG-4 Audio includes a system for handling a diverse group of audio formats in a uniform manner. Each format is assigned a unique Audio Object Type to represent it.[17][18] Object Type is used to distinguish between different coding methods. It directly determines the MPEG-4 tool subset required to decode a specific object. The MPEG-4 profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports different list of object types.[18]

MPEG-4 Audio Object Types[7][9][17][19][20]
Object Type ID Audio Object Type First public release date Description
1 AAC Main 1999 contains AAC LC
2 AAC LC (Low Complexity) 1999 Used in the "AAC Profile". MPEG-4 AAC LC Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Low Complexity profile (LC) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).[4][21]
3 AAC SSR (Scalable Sample Rate) 1999 MPEG-4 AAC SSR Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).[4][21]
4 AAC LTP (Long Term Prediction) 1999 contains AAC LC
5 SBR (Spectral Band Replication) 2003[22] used with AAC LC in the "High Efficiency AAC Profile" (HE-AAC v1)
6 AAC Scalable 1999
7 TwinVQ 1999 audio coding at very low bitrates
8 CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) 1999 speech coding
9 HVXC (Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding) 1999 speech coding
10 (Reserved)
11 (Reserved)
12 TTSI (Text-To-Speech Interface) 1999
13 Main synthesis 1999 contains 'wavetable' sample-based synthesis[23] and Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects
14 'wavetable' sample-based synthesis 1999 based on SoundFont and DownLoadable Sounds,[23] contains General MIDI
15 General MIDI 1999
16 Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects 1999
17 ER AAC LC 2000 Error Resilient
18 (Reserved )
19 ER AAC LTP 2000 Error Resilient
20 ER AAC Scalable 2000 Error Resilient
21 ER TwinVQ 2000 Error Resilient
22 ER BSAC (Bit-Sliced Arithmetic Coding) 2000 It is also known as "Fine Granule Audio" or fine grain scalability tool. It is used in combination with the AAC coding tools and replaces the noiseless coding and the bitstream formatting of MPEG-4 Version 1 GA coder. Error Resilient
23 ER AAC LD (Low Delay) 2000 Error Resilient, used with CELP, ER CELP, HVXC, ER HVXC and TTSI in the "Low Delay Profile", (commonly used for real-time conversation applications)
24 ER CELP 2000 Error Resilient
25 ER HVXC 2000 Error Resilient
26 ER HILN (Harmonic and Individual Lines plus Noise) 2000 Error Resilient
27 ER Parametric 2000 Error Resilient
28 SSC (SinuSoidal Coding) 2004[24][25]
29 PS (Parametric Stereo) 2004[26] and 2006[26][27] used with AAC LC and SBR in the "HE-AAC v2 Profile". PS coding tool was defined in 2004 and Object Type defined in 2006.
30 MPEG Surround 2007[28] also known as MPEG Spatial Audio Coding (SAC), it is a type of spatial audio coding[29][30] (MPEG Surround was also defined in ISO/IEC 23003-1 in 2007[31])
31 (Reserved)
32 MPEG-1/2 Layer-1 2005[32]
33 MPEG-1/2 Layer-2 2005[32]
34 MPEG-1/2 Layer-3 2005[32] also known as "MP3onMP4"
35 DST (Direct Stream Transfer) 2005[33] lossless audio coding, used on Super Audio CD
36 ALS (Audio Lossless Coding) 2006[27] lossless audio coding
37 SLS (Scalable Lossless Coding) 2006[27] two-layer audio coding with lossless layer and lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC)
38 SLS non-core 2006 lossless audio coding without lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC)
39 ER AAC ELD (Enhanced Low Delay) 2008[34] Error Resilient
40 SMR (Symbolic Music Representation) Simple 2008 note: Symbolic Music Representation is also the MPEG-4 Part 23 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008)[35][36]
41 SMR Main 2008
42 USAC (Unified Speech and Audio Coding) (no SBR) 2012[37]
43 SAOC (Spatial Audio Object Coding) 2010[38][39] note: Spatial Audio Object Coding is also the MPEG-D Part 2 standard (ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010)[40]
44 LD MPEG Surround 2010[38][41] This object type conveys Low Delay MPEG Surround Coding side information (that was defined in MPEG-D Part 2 - ISO/IEC 23003-2[40]) in the MPEG-4 Audio framework.[42]
45 USAC[43] 2012[44] (it will be also defined in MPEG-D Part 3 - ISO/IEC 23003-3[45])

Audio Profiles

Hierarchical structure of AAC Profile, HE-AAC Profile and HE-AAC v2 Profile, and compatibility between them. The HE-AAC Profile decoder is fully capable of decoding any AAC Profile stream. Similarly the HE-AAC v2 decoder can handle all HE-AAC Profile streams as well as all AAC Profile streams. Based on the MPEG-4 Part 3 technical specification.[20]

The MPEG-4 Audio standard defines several profiles. These profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports different list of object types. Each profile may also have several levels, which limit some parameters of the tools present in a profile. These parameters usually are the sampling rate and the number of audio channels decoded at the same time.

MPEG-4 Audio Profiles[18][20]
Audio Profile Audio Object Types First public release date
AAC Profile AAC LC 2003
High Efficiency AAC Profile AAC LC, SBR 2003
HE-AAC v2 Profile AAC LC, SBR, PS 2006
Main Audio Profile AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, Main synthesis 1999
Scalable Audio Profile AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI 1999
Speech Audio Profile CELP, HVXC, TTSI 1999
Synthetic Audio Profile TTSI, Main synthesis 1999
High Quality Audio Profile AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, CELP, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER CELP 2000
Low Delay Audio Profile CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC 2000
Natural Audio Profile AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC, ER HILN, ER Parametric 2000
Mobile Audio Internetworking Profile ER AAC LC, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD 2000
HD-AAC Profile AAC LC, SLS[46] 2009[47]
ALS Simple Profile ALS 2010[39][48]

Audio storage and transport

Multiplex, storage and transmission formats for MPEG-4 Audio[16]
Standard Description
Multiplex ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 Multiplex scheme (M4Mux)[49]
Multiplex ISO/IEC 14496-3 Low Overhead Audio Transport Multiplex (LATM)
Storage ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative) Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF) - only for AAC
Storage ISO/IEC 14496-12 MPEG-4 file format (MP4) / ISO base media file format
Transmission ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative) Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) - only for AAC
Transmission ISO/IEC 14496-3 Low Overhead Audio Stream (LOAS), based on LATM

There is no standard for transport of elementary streams over a channel, because the broad range of MPEG-4 applications have delivery requirements that are too wide to easily characterize with a single solution.

The capabilities of a transport layer and the communication between transport, multiplex, and demultiplex functions are described in the Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) in ISO/IEC 14496-6.[16] A wide variety of delivery mechanisms exist below this interface, e.g., MPEG transport stream, Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), etc.

Transport in Real-time Transport Protocol is defined in RFC 3016 (RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams), RFC 3640 (RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams), RFC 4281 (The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types) and RFC 4337 (MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4).

LATM and LOAS were defined for natural audio applications, which do not require sophisticated object-based coding or other functions provided by MPEG-4 Systems.

Bifurcation in the AAC technical standard

Main article: Advanced Audio Coding

The Advanced Audio Coding in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) Subpart 4 was enhanced relative to the previous standard MPEG-2 Part 7 (Advanced Audio Coding), in order to provide better sound quality for a given encoding bitrate.

It is assumed that any Part 3 and Part 7 differences will be ironed out by the ISO standards body in the near future to avoid the possibility of future bitstream incompatibilities. At present there are no known player or codec incompatibilities due to the newness of the standard.

The MPEG-2 Part 7 standard (Advanced Audio Coding) was first published in 1997 and offers three default profiles:[50][51] Low Complexity profile (LC), Main profile and Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR).

The MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4 (General Audio Coding) combined the profiles from MPEG-2 Part 7 with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) and defined them as Audio Object Types (AAC LC, AAC Main, AAC SSR).[4]

HE-AAC

High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding is an extension of AAC LC using spectral band replication (SBR), and Parametric Stereo (PS). It is designed to increase coding efficiency at low bitrates by using partial parametric representation of audio.

AAC-SSR

AAC Scalable Sample Rate was introduced by Sony to the MPEG-2 Part 7 and MPEG-4 Part 3 standards. It was first published in ISO/IEC 13818-7, Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) in 1997.[50][51] The audio signal is first split into 4 bands using a 4 band polyphase quadrature filter bank. Then these 4 bands are further split using MDCTs with a size k of 32 or 256 samples. This is similar to normal AAC LC which uses MDCTs with a size k of 128 or 1024 directly on the audio signal.

The advantage of this technique is that short block switching can be done separately for every PQF band. So high frequencies can be encoded using a short block to enhance temporal resolution, low frequencies can be still encoded with high spectral resolution. However, due to aliasing between the 4 PQF bands coding efficiencies around (1,2,3) * fs/8 is worse than normal MPEG-4 AAC LC.

MPEG-4 AAC-SSR is very similar to ATRAC and ATRAC-3.

Why AAC-SSR was introduced

The idea behind AAC-SSR was not only the advantage listed above, but also the possibility of reducing the data rate by removing 1, 2 or 3 of the upper PQF bands. A very simple bitstream splitter can remove these bands and thus reduce the bitrate and sample rate.

Example:

Note: although possible, the resulting quality is much worse than typical for this bitrate. So for normal 64 kbit/s AAC LC a bandwidth of 14–16 kHz is achieved by using intensity stereo and reduced NMRs. This degrades audible quality less than transmitting 6 kHz bandwidth with perfect quality.

BSAC

Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding is an MPEG-4 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3 subpart 4) for scalable audio coding. BSAC uses an alternative noiseless coding to AAC, with the rest of the processing being identical to AAC. This support for scalability allows for nearly transparent sound quality at 64 kbit/s and graceful degradation at lower bit rates. BSAC coding is best performed in the range of 40 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s, though it operates in the range of 16 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s. The AAC-BSAC codec is used in Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) applications.

Licensing

In 2002, the MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee selected the Via Licensing Corporation as the Licensing Administrator for the MPEG-4 Audio patent pool.[3][52][53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ISO (2009). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ISO (1999). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Business Wire (2002-12-02). "MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee Selects Via Licensing Corporation as Administrator; MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee Finalizing Terms for Audio Profile Licensing.". The Free Library. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Karlheinz Brandenburg, Oliver Kunz, Akihiko Sugiyama. "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding - Audio profiles and levels". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  5. ↑ Karlheinz Brandenburg, Oliver Kunz, Akihiko Sugiyama. "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding - scalability in MPEG-4 natural audio". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  6. ↑ D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998). "MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-4". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (July 1999), ISO/IEC 14496-3:/Amd.1 - Final Committee Draft - MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (PDF), retrieved 2009-10-07
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Heiko Purnhagen (1999-06-07), An Overview of MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (PDF), Heiko Purnhagen, retrieved 2009-10-07
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Heiko Purnhagen (2001-06-01). "The MPEG-4 Audio Standard: Overview and Applications". Heiko Purnhagen. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  10. ↑ Heiko Purnhagen (2001-11-07). "The MPEG Audio Web Page - MPEG-4 Audio (ISO/IEC 14496-3)". Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  11. ↑ Rob Koenen, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (March 2002). "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 MPEG. "MPEG standards - Full list of standards developed or under development". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  13. ↑ ISO (2000). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000 - Audio extensions". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  14. ↑ ISO (2001). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  15. ↑ ISO (2005). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 ISO/IEC (2009-09-01), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio (PDF), IEC, retrieved 2009-10-07
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 MultimediaWiki (2009). "MPEG-4 Audio". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Bernhard Grill, Stefan Geyersberger, Johannes Hilpert, Bodo Teichmann (July 2004), Implementation of MPEG-4 Audio Components on various Platforms (PDF), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, retrieved 2009-10-09
  19. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2203 (March 1998). "MPEG-4 Audio (Final Committee Draft 14496-3)". Heiko Purnhagen. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N7016 (2005-01-11), Text of ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/FPDAM 4, Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions (DOC), retrieved 2009-10-09
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Karlheinz Brandenburg, Oliver Kunz, Akihiko Sugiyama (1999). "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding - General Audio Coding (AAC based)". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  22. ↑ ISO (2003). "Bandwidth extension, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Scheirer, Eric D. (MIT Media Lab); Lee (Joint E-Mu/Creative Technology Center) (1998). "Algorithmic and Wavetable Synthesis in the MPEG-4 Multimedia Standard". Audio Engineering Society Convention 105, 1998. 2.2 Wavetable synthesis with SASBF: The SASBF wavetable-bank format had a somewhat complex history of development. The original specification was contributed by E-Mu Systems and was based on their “SoundFont” format [15]. After integration of this component in the MPEG-4 reference software was complete, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) approached MPEG requesting that MPEG-4 SASBF be compatible with their “Downloaded Sounds” format [13]. E-Mu agreed that this compatibility was desirable, and so a new format was negotiated and designed collaboratively by all parties.
  24. ↑ ISO (2004). "Parametric coding for high-quality audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  25. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2003-07-25). "Text of ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/FPDAM2 (Parametric Audio) - N5713" (DOC). Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 3GPP (2004-09-30). "3GPP TS 26.401 V6.0.0 (2004-09), General Audio Codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus General Audio Codec; General Description (Release 6)" (DOC). 3GPP. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 ISO (2006). "Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  28. ↑ ISO (2007). "BSAC extensions and transport of MPEG Surround, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 5:2007". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  29. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (July 2005). "Tutorial on MPEG Surround Audio Coding". Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  30. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (July 2005). "Tutorial on MPEG Surround Audio Coding". archive.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  31. ↑ ISO (2007-01-29). "ISO/IEC 23003-1:2007 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 1: MPEG Surround". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 ISO (2005). "MPEG-1/2 audio in MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 3:2005". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  33. ↑ ISO (2005). "Lossless coding of oversampled audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 6:2005". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  34. ↑ ISO (2008). "Enhanced low delay AAC, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 9:2008". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  35. ↑ ISO (2008). "ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008, Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 23: Symbolic Music Representation". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  36. ↑ ISO (2008). "Symbolic Music Representation conformance, ISO/IEC 14496-4:2004/Amd 29:2008". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  37. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (April 2009). "89th WG11 meeting notice - Work plan and time line". Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 ISO (2009). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 2:2010, ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2009-07-03), ISO/IEC 14496-3:200X/PDAM 2 – ALS Simple Profile and Transport of SAOC , N10826 (DOC), retrieved 2009-10-13
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 ISO (2010). "ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 2: Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC)". ISO. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  41. ↑ AES Convention Paper 8099 - A new parametric stereo and Multi Channel Extension for MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC (AAC-ELD), retrieved 2011-07-18
  42. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (October 2009), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/FPDAM 2 – ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC , N11032 (DOC), retrieved 2009-12-30
  43. ↑ "Unified Speech and Audio Coding". Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  44. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/PDAM 3 - Transport of unified speech and audio coding (USAC)". 2011-06-30. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  45. ↑ "ISO/IEC DIS 23003-3 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 3: Unified speech and audio coding". 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
  46. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2008-10-17), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/PDAM 10:200X HD-AAC profile, MPEG2008/N10188 (DOC), retrieved 2009-10-19
  47. ↑ ISO (2009-09-11). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 1:2009 - HD-AAC profile and MPEG Surround signaling". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
  48. ↑ ISO (2009-10-08). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 2:2010 - ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
  49. ↑ ISO (2004-11-15), ISO/IEC 14496-1, Third edition 2004-11-15, Part 1: Systems (PDF), ISO, retrieved 2009-10-14
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 ISO (2004-10-15), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) (PDF), p. 32, retrieved 2009-10-19
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 ISO (1997). "ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information -- Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  52. ↑ Business Wire (2009-01-05). "Via Licensing Announces MPEG-4 SLS Patent Pool License". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  53. ↑ Via Licensing Corporation (2009-05-12). "Via Licensing Announces the Availability of an MPEG-4 SLS Joint Patent Licensing Program". Business Wire. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

External links