M982 Excalibur

M982 Excalibur

Type	Guided artillery shell
Place of origin	Sweden/USA
Service history
Used by	Sweden, U.S. Army, Canada
Production history
Manufacturer	BAE Systems AB/Raytheon
Unit cost	US$53,620^[1] (Increment Ib)
Specifications
Weight	48 kg (106 lb) ^[2]
Length	99.6 cm (39.20 in)
Diameter	155 mm

Caliber	155 mm
Effective firing range	Increment Ia-1: 23 kilometres (14 mi) Increment Ia-2: 40 km (25 mi)^[3]
Warhead	PBXN-9

Guidance system	GPS plus inertial navigation

The M982 Excalibur (previously XM982) is a 155mm extended range guided artillery shell developed by Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems AB. It is a GPS-guided munition capable of being used in close support situations within 150 metres (490 ft) of friendly troops.

Description

Excalibur was developed as a longer-ranged alternative to conventional artillery shells, with GPS guidance for improved accuracy.^[4] Excalibur has a range of approximately 40 to 57 kilometres (25 to 35 mi) depending on configuration, with a circular error probable (CEP) of around 5 metres (16 ft) to 20 metres (66 ft).^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The extended range is achieved through the use of folding glide fins, which allow the projectile to glide from the top of a ballistic arc towards the target.

The munition was co-developed by United States-based Raytheon Missile Systems (guidance system) and the Swedish BAE Systems Bofors (body, base, ballistics and payload).^[4] Excalibur is used to minimize collateral damage, for targets beyond the range of standard munitions, for precise firing within 150 metres (490 ft) of friendly troops, or when firing in a straight line from the launching cannon is limited by terrain.^[4]^[10]

Initial combat experience with Excalibur in Iraq in the summer of 2007 was highly successful, with 92% of rounds falling within 4 metres (13 ft) of the target. Its performance was so impressive that the U.S. Army planned to increase production to 150 rounds per month from the previous 18 rounds per month.^[11]^[12] In 2012, Excalibur rounds reached new record ranges in combat of 36 kilometers.^[13]

Excalibur is compatible with the British AS-90 SPG, Swedish Archer Artillery System, South African G6 howitzer and the United States M109A6 Paladin self-propelled 155 mm howitzer, M198 howitzer, M777 Lightweight Howitzer, and the German Panzerhaubitze 2000.^[14]

Variants

There are three versions of the system. Initial development effort was towards Increment I; Milestone C decisions will be made on Increment II and III in FY2013 with a demonstration of those capabilities by 2020.^[3]

Increment I has a unitary penetrating warhead for use against stationary targets.
- Increment Ia-1: Accelerated development, reduced range round. Entered service in 2007.^[15] (XM982)^[16]
- Increment Ia-2: Extended range round with resistance to GPS jamming. (M982)^[16]
- Increment Ib: Full capability, reduced cost, mass-production round. (M982A1)^[16]
  - Excalibur S: In June 2013, Raytheon initiated an internally funded program to upgrade the Excalibur Ib with a semi-active laser targeting (warfare) capability. The SAL seeker will allow the shell to attack moving targets, attack targets that have re-positioned after firing, and change the impact point to avoid collateral damage.^[17] However, it requires an external target laser designator.
  - Excalibur N5: Version of the Excalibur S downsized into a 127 mm (5.0 in) shell to give naval guns mounted on destroyers and cruisers the ability to fire extended range guided projectiles.^[18]

Increment II "Smart" projectile for moving and time-sensitive targets.^[3] May carry either 65 DPICM or two SADARM submunitions.^[4]

Increment III "Discriminating" projectile "to search, detect, and selectively engage individual vehicles by distinguishing specific target characteristics".^[3]

History

First operational use of M982 Excalibur, against a suspected insurgent safe house north of Baghdad on 5 May 2007.

US Army artillerymen preparing a M982 Excalibur round for firing in Afghanistan, 2008.

Excalibur started as a development program in 1992.^[19] The Operational Requirements Document (ORD) of May 1997 called for 200,000 rounds of an unguided munition with increased range at an estimated cost of $4,000/round,^[19] and Texas Instruments (now part of Raytheon) was awarded the initial EMD contract on 23 January 1998.^[19] In November 2001 the volume was cut to 76,677 rounds and soon after this was further reduced to 61,483,^[19] but the developers were encouraged by the Indian experience of using Russian Krasnopol guided shells against Pakistani bunkers in the Kargil War of 1999.^[20] In March 2004 the program was merged with a Swedish/U.S. program to create Trajectory Correctable Munitions, reflected in a new ORD in September 2004 which removed the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition "cluster bomb" variant in favor of the discriminating munition variant.^[19] Later that year the U.S. Army reduced its planned order to 30,000 rounds.^[19] Low-rate production of 500 rounds was approved in May 2005 and Raytheon was awarded a contract to produce 165 rounds in June 2005,^[19] worth $22.1 million.^[21] In September of that year, the round was successfully demonstrated at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.^[22] Raytheon was awarded a $42.7 million contract for production of 335 Excalibur projectiles and related test articles and services in June 2006 for that fiscal year.^[23]

In August 2006, technical problems relating to environmental sensitivity and GPS signal lock were discovered, pushing the expected in-service date to spring 2007.^[15]^[24] Testing in September demonstrated an actual average CEP of 5m or better.^[25]

Increment Ia-1 completed testing in early 2007 and in April that year the U.S. Army approved an Urgent Material Release to allow deployment to Iraq.^[3] The Excalibur was first operationally fired in Iraq in May 2007.^[26] Increment Ia-2 achieved a 40 km range in a live-fire demonstration in April 2007 and in July the Army Acquisition Executive approved the Milestone C decision for Ia-2 to enter low-rate production.^[3]

In September 2008 both Raytheon and Alliant Techsystems were awarded competitive development contracts for Increment Ib mass production,^[19] but Raytheon secured the final manufacturing contract in August 2010.^[27] Test firings of Increment Ia-1 rounds in March 2009 revealed that the Honeywell inertial measurement unit was not up to standard, and it was replaced by a unit from Atlantic Inertial Systems.^[19] In April 2010 the U.S. Army's planned order was cut further, from 30,000 rounds to 6,264, which increased the unit cost sufficiently that it triggered an investigation under the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment.^[19] Normally a Nunn-McCurdy breach signals a program in trouble, but a 2012 RAND report concluded that the cost increases were caused by the cuts in procurement numbers, which in turn resulted from the improved accuracy of modern artillery, fewer shells were needed.^[19]

The munition was developed with US$55.1 million in financial assistance from Sweden, which expected to receive service rounds in 2010. The Australian Army ordered US$40 million of Excalibur rounds in October 2007, an order revised in April 2008 to an estimated US$58 million.^[28]^[29] In 2008 unit cost was US$85,000.^[30] In FY2013 the U.S. Army would request 2287 Increment Ib rounds at a cost of US$122.629 million, or US$53,620/unit, but some of this funding may have been denied.^[1]

In February 2012, a US Marine Corps M777 howitzer in Helmand province, Afghanistan, was used to fire a single Excalibur round that killed a group of insurgents at a Marine record range of 36 kilometres (22 mi).^[31]

In December 2012, Raytheon received a $56.6 million contract for low-rate initial production of Excalibur Ib projectiles.^[32] On 10 September 2013, Raytheon received a $54 million contract for a second lot of Excalibur Ib artillery rounds. The Excalibur Ib has improved reliability and lower unit cost than the previous Excalibur Ia-1 and Ia-2. At the time of the award, over 690 Excalibur projectiles had been fired in theater.^[33] In February 2014, the U.S. Army and Raytheon fired 30 Excalibur Ib shells at test targets to confirm the performance and reliability of the configuration before full-rate production. Projectiles were fired from Paladin and M777 howitzers at ranges from 7 to 38 km (4.3 to 23.6 mi). Each shell hit within an average of 1.6 meters from the target. One Excalibur projectile can accurately hit an intended target that would require the use of between 10 to 50 unguided artillery rounds.^[34] On 3 April 2014, the last Excalibur Ia projectile was assembled, signaling the transition to Increment Ib focus. Over 6,500 Ia shells were delivered to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps as well as several international customers.^[35] Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) for the Excalibur Ib was completed in May 2014, moving the projectile closer to full-rate production. Testing of the Excalibur Ib averaged a miss distance of less than 2 m (6.6 ft).^[36] On 31 July 2014, Raytheon received a $52 million contract to begin full-rate production of the Excalibur Ib shell.^[37]

In June 2014, Raytheon successfully test-fired its Excalibur S shell with a dual-mode GPS/SAL guidance system. The variant incorporates a laser spot tracker (LST) into the Excalibur Ib shell. The test was to validate the LST's ability to survive being fired from a howitzer and was initialized with GPS coordinates, then a laser designator guided the round to the target.^[38]