M3 Amphibious Rig

M3 Amphibious Rig
M3 of the German Army
Type	Amphibious Bridging Vehicle
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	1999^[1]
Used by	See Operators
Wars	2003 invasion of Iraq
Production history
Designer	Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern (now General Dynamics European Land Combat Systems)
Designed	1982-1990s
Manufacturer	General Dynamics European Land Combat Systems
Unit cost	US$3.5 million (approx)
Produced	1994-present^[2]
Specifications
Weight	26 tonnes^[1]
Length	13.03 m (513 in)^[3]
Width	3.35 m (132 in) (side pontoons folded), 6.57 m (259 in) (side pontoons unfolded)^[3]
Height	3.97 m (156 in)^[3]
Crew	3

Engine	Diesel 298kW^[3]
Operational range	750 km (470 mi) (internal fuel)^[3]
Speed	80 km/h (50 mph) (on land), 14 km/h (8.7 mph) (on water)^[3]

The M3 Amphibious Rig is a self-propelled amphibious bridging vehicle that is used for the projection of tanks and other vehicles across water obstacles.

Development and service

Originally developed by the German firm Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern^[1] (EWK, since 2002 acquired by General Dynamics European Land Systems), it succeeded the conceptually similar M2 made by the same company. Like its predecessor, the M3 traverses roads on its four wheels, deploying two large aluminium pontoons for buoyancy on water.

Development of the M3 began in 1982, with the final prototype being delivered 10 years later in 1992.^[2] A first order of 64 serial vehicles was made in 1994,^[2] and it entered service with the German and British armies^[1] in 1996. Since then, the M3 has also been adopted by the armies of the Republic of China (Taiwan)^[1] and Singapore.^[4]

An upgraded version, known in some circles as the M3G, is in service with the ROC and Singapore armies. This version features an armoured cabin, NBC protection, an air conditioning system and a special tropical kit.^[1]

Operating concept

The M3 is self-deployable by road, operating as a 4x4 wheeled vehicle with a maximum road speed of 80 km/h. It is driven into the water for amphibious operation, for which it deploys two large aluminium pontoons, unfolding them along the length of its hull. In water, the M3 is propelled and steered by 2 fully traversable pump jets at speeds of up to 14 km/h.^[3]

Multiple rigs may be joined by long connectors called "ramps", 4 of which are carried on each vehicle, to form a bridge across a water obstacle. 8 M3 Rigs will bridge a 100m water gap this way, and can be traversed by vehicles up to and including the heaviest 60+ ton main battle tank like the Leopard 2A6 and Challenger 2. Alternatively, just 2 Rigs may be joined to create a ferry capable of carrying a similar load across much wider water gaps. 3 Rigs joined together may carry up to the equivalent of 2 such MBTs.^[3]

Combat history

Operation Telic

The M3 Amphibious Bridging Vehicle saw its first combat actions in Operation Telic, Britain's military operations in the Iraq War (until withdrawal in 2011). From 25 March 2003, 412 Troop(V),23 Amphibious Engineer Squadron, of 28 Engineer Regiment of the Royal Engineers ferried elements of 3 Commando Brigade across the Shatt Al-Basrah waterway,^[5] enabling their continued advance on the Iraqi city of Basra.^[6] A subsequent riverine crossing at the Rumaila oil fields was also undertaken by the M3. This action transported three AS90 self-propelled howitzers in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade of the British Army.^[5]