Lycian language

Lycian
๐Š—๐Š•๐Š๐ŠŽ๐Š†๐Š๐Š† Trmฬƒmili

Xanthos stele with Lycian inscriptions
Native to Lycia, Lycaonia
Region Southwestern Anatolia
Era 500 โ€“ ca. 200 BCE[1]
Lycian script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 xlc
Linguist list
 xlc
Glottolog lyci1241[2]

The Lycian language (๐Š—๐Š•๐Š๐ŠŽ๐Š†๐Š๐Š† Trmฬƒmili)[3] was the language of the ancient Lycians of the region known as Lycia in Anatolia (present day Turkey), during the Iron Age.

The speakers

Lycia covered the region lying between the modern cities of Antalya and Fethiye in southern Turkey, and especially the mountainous headland between Fethiye Bay and the Gulf of Antalya. The Lukka, as they were referred to in ancient Egyptian sources which mentions them among the Sea Peoples, probably also inhabited the region called Lycaonia, located along the next headland to the east, also mountainous, between the modern cities of Antalya and Mersin.

The language

Their language, Lycian, was an Indo-European language, one in the Luwian subgroup of Anatolian languages. The Luwian subgroup comprised also cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian, Carian, Sidetic and Pisidic.[4] All but Luwian were spoken only in the Iron Age, after roughly 1000 BC; thus neither the Lukka of the time of the Sea Peoples nor the Lycians cited among the allies of the Trojans during the Trojan War could have spoken any Lycian. Luwian language, on the other hand, extended back into the Late Bronze Age and preceded the fall of the Hittite Empire. This language vanished at about the time of the Neo-Hittite states in southern Anatolia (and Syria); thus, the Iron Age members of the subgroup are localized daughter languages of Luwian. Whether the Lukka people always resided in southern Anatolia or whether they always spoke Luwian are different topics. Lycian became extinct around the beginning of the first century BC, having been replaced by the Ancient Greek language.

The language is known from a few fairly extensive inscriptions. From them scholars have identified at least two dialects. One is considered standard Lycian, also termed Lycian A; the other, which is attested on side D of the Xanthos stele, is termed Lycian B or Milyan, separated by its grammatical particularities. Lycian had its own alphabet, which was closely related to the Greek alphabet but included at least one character borrowed from Carian, as well as characters proper to the language. The words were often, but not always, separated by two points.

Endonym

An inscription in Lycian in example

A few etymological studies of the Lycian language endonym are present. These are:[3]

Sources

Lycian is known from these sources:[7][8]

The inscriptional material covers a time span of about 170 years, between 500-330 BC.[11]

Description

A number of principal features help identify Lycian as being in the Luwian group:[12]

Notes

  1. โ†‘ Lycian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. โ†‘ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrรถm, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Lycian". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. โ†‘ 3.0 3.1 Bryce (1986) page 30.
  4. โ†‘ Adiego (2007) page 763.
  5. โ†‘ Strabo 7.7.1, 13.1.59.
  6. โ†‘ Strabo 14.1.3, 14.2.18.
  7. โ†‘ Adiego (2007) page 764.
  8. โ†‘ Bryce (1986) page 42.
  9. โ†‘ Bryce (1986) page 50.
  10. โ†‘ Bryce (1986) pages 51โ€“52.
  11. โ†‘ Bryce (1986) page 54.
  12. โ†‘ Adiego (2007) page 765.
  13. โ†‘ "*ekwo-". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Retrieved 2008-03-18.

See also

External links

References

  • Adiego, I.J.; Chris Markham, Translator (2007). "Greek and Lycian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria. A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0-521-83307-8. . Translator Chris Markham.
  • Bryce, Trevor R. (1986). The Lycians - Volume I: The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-023-1.