Love and Freindship

Love and Freindship [sic] is a juvenile story by Jane Austen, dated 1790. From the age of eleven until she was eighteen, Jane Austen wrote her tales in three notebooks. The notebooks still exist – one in the Bodleian Library; the other two in the British Museum. They include among others Love and Freindship, written when Jane was fourteen, and The History of England, when she was fifteen.

Written in epistolary form, like her later unpublished novella, Lady Susan, Love and Freindship is thought to be one of the tales she wrote for the amusement of her family; it was dedicated to her cousin Eliza de Feuillide, "La Comtesse de Feuillide". The instalments, written as letters from the heroine Laura, to Marianne, the daughter of her friend Isabel, may have come about as nightly readings by the young Jane in the Austen home. Love and Freindship (the misspelling is one of many in the story) is clearly a parody of romantic novels Austen read as a child. This is clear even from the subtitle, "Deceived in Freindship and Betrayed in Love", which completely undercuts the title.

In form, it resembles a fairy tale as much as anything else, featuring wild coincidences and turns of fortune, but Austen is determined to lampoon the conventions of romantic stories, right down to the utter failure of romantic fainting spells, which always turn out badly for the female characters.

In this story one can see the development of Austen's sharp wit and disdain for romantic sensibility, so characteristic of her later novels.

Synopsis

Letter The First

From Isabel to Laura

The first letter presents the reader with a glimpse into the life of Laura from Isabel's perspective. Isabel asks Laura to tell the "misfortunes and adventures" of her life to Isabel's daughter Marianne (Austen 516). Isabel argues that because Laura is turning fifty-five, she is past the danger of "disagreeable lovers" and "obstinate fathers" (Austen 516). This initial letter sets up the rest of Austen's narrative through Laura's letters to Marianne.

Letter The Second

Laura to Isabel

The second letter consists of a reply from Laura to Isabel. Laura initially disagrees with Isabel's assessment that she is safe from "misfortunes" simply because of her advanced age (Austen 516). Laura agrees to write to Marianne and detail her life experiences to "satisfy the curiosity of Marianne" and to teach her useful lessons (Poplawski 183). The useful lessons are lessons learned from the misfortunes caused by "disagreeable lovers" and "obstinate fathers" (Poplawski 183). Poplawski highlights the importance of the relationship between females and their lovers and also between females and their fathers as a means through which Austen is able to criticise stereotypical female behaviours. As seen throughout the work, these two relationships are constantly criticised by satirical anecdotes. Janetta's relationship with her father and also with her lover, Capitan M’Kenzie in the twelfth letter provides a good example of the way Austen mocks the fickleness of familial ties and romantic relationships.

Letter The Third

Laura to Marianne

Laura's narrative to Marianne begins in the third letter and continues through the fifteenth letter. In the thirteenth letter, Laura gives a brief overview of the origins of her parents, her birth in Spain, and her education in a convent in France. At eighteen, Laura returns to her parents’ home in Wales. Laura pauses to describe herself at this age. She emphasises her "accomplishments" which during this time period would have been things that made a woman a better companion for her future husband (Austen 516). Laura ends the letter by posing the idea that her misfortunes in life “do not make less impression… than they ever did,” but that her accomplishments have begun to fade (Austen 517). The uncertainty of Laura's memory causes Austen's work to resemble a fairytale in that that both Austen's work and fairytales have similar qualities of ambiguity.

Letter The Fourth

Laura to Marianne

It is in the fourth letter that Austen reveals to her audience the connection between Laura and Isabel. Laura tells Marianne in the fourth letter that Isabel was one of her few neighbours in Wales and that Isabel resided in the neighbourhood because of "indigent circumstances" and "economic motives" (Austen 517). Laura depicts Isabel as having less accomplishments and beauty than herself, but being better travelled. Isabel warns Laura of the "insipid vanities and idle dissipations" of London, Bath and Southampton, while at the same time instilling Laura with the desire to explore the world (Austen 517).

Letter The Fifth

Laura to Marianne

In the fifth letter, Laura recalls a night in December when a strange man and his servant, who were lost, stopped at her home in need of shelter. Upon hearing a knock at their door, Laura and her family converse about the character of the knock and the knocker's intention. Laura depicts her initial attraction to the young gentleman, claiming him to be the "most beauteous and amiable youth" she had ever seen (Austen 518). Austen's character Laura's instant and "undying attachment" to the stranger mocks the romantic notion of friendship as an overused cliché (Deresiewicz 103). Deresiewicz brings to light Austen's satirical view of love and friendship by illuminating the idea that romantic notions of these themes are oversimplified and stereotypical.

Letter The Sixth

Laura to Marianne

The sixth letter consists of a dialogue in which the stranger, named Lindsay, tells Laura and her family about his experiences prior to arriving at their house. Coming from an aristocratic family, Lindsay, referred to as Edward, describes his father as "seduced by the false glare of fortune and the deluding pomp of title" (Austen 518). His father wanted Lindsay to marry Lady Dorothea but Edward refused because he did not want to oblige his father. Thus Edward embarked on a journey to his aunt's house but, having gone in the wrong direction, ended up at Laura's house instead. The letter ends with the hasty marriage of Edward and Laura performed by her father which mocks the sensibility of Austen's characters (Sahney 130). Sahney's analysis shows how Austen's views of sensibility differed from those of the romantic novels she has likely read in youth. While sensibility may have been a value that was pushed upon women of Austen's time period, Sahney makes the point that Austen's use of exaggerated hasty decision making in her novels shows Austen's understanding of the romantic notion of sensibility as a myth.

Letter The Seventh

Laura to Marianne

In the seventh letter, Laura and Edward travel to his aunt's house in Middlesex. Edward's marriage to Laura is a surprise to his aunt and also to Edward's sister Augusta. Laura notes the "disagreeable coldness and forbidding reserve" with which Augusta greets her (Austen 519). Laura overhears a conversation between Augusta and Edward in which Augusta expresses concern about Edward's "imprudent" marriage and consequentially, their father's reaction (Austen 520). A discourse ensues in which Edward and Augusta work out just how many years Edward has been defying his father. It is through Edward and Augusta's dialogue that Austen is able to question the motives of romantic sentimentality (Southam 26). Lady Dorothea briefly visits and Laura does not take kindly to her.

Letter The Eighth

Laura to Marianne, in continuation

After Lady Dorothea leaves, Sir Edward unexpectedly visits. Knowing Sir Edward came to admonish Edward for his marriage to Laura, Edward, “with heroic fortitude,” defends his marriage (Austen 521). Edward says it is his, "greatest boast" to have displeased his father. Again Austen mocks the romantic motives of Edward and Laura's marriage (Austen 521). At once Edward and Laura take Sir Edwards carriage and travel to the home of Edward's friend Augustus who is married to Sophia. Upon meeting Sophia, Laura praises Sophia's, “sensibility and feeling,” as positive characteristics of her mind (Austen 521). The two women "instantly" vow to be friends forever and share their deepest secrets (Austen 521). Edward and Augustus create and "affecting scene" when they meet causing both Sophia and Laura to faint 'alternately' on the couch (Austen 521). By using the words 'instantly' and ‘alternately,’ Austen shows her mastery of language and the ability of these words to serve as adverbs and also to function satirically (Lambdin 185–186).

Letter The Ninth

From the same to the same

Laura and Edward receive a letter from Philippa saying that Sir Edward and Augusta went back to Bedfordshire abruptly after the married couple departed. Philippa also desires to see Edward and Laura again and asks them to return after their visit with Augustus and Sophia. A few weeks later Philippa is married to a fortune-hunter and Laura and Edward remark at the imprudence and insensibility of her decision. Laura recounts how perfect and happy their stay was with Sophia and Augustus until Augustus is arrested for unpaid debts. Augustus and Sophia had also defied their parents and Augustus had run out of the money he had taken from his father escritoire when he left to marry Sophia. Laura describes Augustus's arrest as "treachery" and "barbarity" (Austen 522). With Augustus facing an execution in the House, Laura, Edward, and Sophia do the only thing they can do. They sigh and faint on the sofa. The theme of rebellion and revolution reappears throughout Austen's work and can be considered conventional (Copeland 92).

Letter The Tenth

Laura in continuation

After Laura, Sophia and Edward recover, Edward sets off to town to see his imprisoned friend. Laura and Sophia have a "mature deliberation" and decide to leave the house before the Officers of Justice take possession (Austen 523). They wait for Edward who doesn’t return. After fainting, Laura decides to take Sophia and set out for London to see Augustus. Once in London, Laura asks every person they pass “If they had seen…Edward,” but can get no replies since the carriage they are riding in is moving too quickly (Austen 523). Sophia tells Laura that seeing Augustus in distress would “overpower [her] sensibility,” especially since hearing of his misfortune is already shocking (Austen 523). So Laura and Sophia resolve to return to the country. Laura then tells Marianne that her mind never wandered to thoughts of her parents, who she forgot to mention had died two weeks after she left their cottage.

Letter The Eleventh

Laura in continuation

Sophia and Laura decide to travel to Scotland to stay with a relation of Sophia's. At first they are hesitant because Laura isn't sure that the horses will be able to make the journey; the postilion (or driver) agrees. They resolve to change horses at the next town and continue the journey. At an inn a few miles from Sophia's relation, they decide to stop. Not wanting to intrude and arrive unannounced, the women write an elegant letter detailing their misfortunes and desire to stay with the relative. As soon as they send the letter, they begin to step into their own carriage to follow right behind it. At that moment, another coach arrives and an elderly gentleman emerges and goes into the inn. Laura is overwhelmed with the feeling that this person is her grandfather so she throws herself to her knees in front of him and begs him to acknowledge their relation. He exclaims that she is in fact his granddaughter.[1] Sophia then enters and the elderly man exclaims that Sophia is also his granddaughter descended from another of his daughters. As they are all hugging, a young man appears and the elderly man, Lord St. Clair, claims he is also one of his grandchildren. Another youth comes into the room and exclaims that he is the grandchild of Lord St. Clair's fourth daughter. Lord St. Clair writes each of the four grandchildren banknotes and immediately leaves.

Letter The Twelfth

Laura in continuation

After Lord St. Clair leaves, Laura and Sophia faint. When they wake up, both of the male grandchildren are gone and so are Sophia and Laura's banknotes. Sophia's cousin, Macdonald, who they first perceive as amiable and sympathetic, offers to take them to Macdonald-Hall. They ride with Macdonald's daughter Janetta who is to be wed to Graham, a man Macdonald has chosen, once they return to Macdonald-Hall. Laura and Sophia see through Macdonald's character and no longer perceive him as well disposed. Laura and Sophia decide Graham is not fit to marry Janetta because Graham has no soul, hasn’t read The Sorrows of Werter, and does not have auburn hair (Austen 525). Laura and Sophia ask Janetta if she has ever felt affection for Graham or any other man and soon convince Janetta of her love for a man named Captain M’Kenzie. After analysing Captain M’Kenzie's actions concerning Janetta, Laura and Sophia declare that he must be in love with Janetta despite overwhelming evidence. They conclude to write Captain M’Kenzie a letter encouraging him to confess his attachment to Janetta and secretly marry her. Captain M’Kenzie replies that it was only modesty which kept him from acting sooner and thus Janetta and M’Kenzie leave for Gretna-Green to celebrate their nuptials. Austen's continuous ridicule of love at first sight expresses scepticism about the spontaneous feelings and the truth or lack of truth which those feelings possess (Walder 229).

Letter The Thirteenth

Laura in continuation

In this letter, Sophia finds banknotes in a private drawer in Macdonald's library. Laura and Sophia plan to take a banknote or two each time they pass through the room because it would be "proper treatment for so vile a wretch" (Austen 527). However, on the day that Janetta escapes, Sophia is caught by Macdonald in the act of stealing his money. Macdonald verbally reprimands Sophia and in response she informs him of Janetta's elopement as revenge. Laura enters into the library and both women are offended by Macdonald's “ill-grounded” accusations (Austen 527). Macdonald tells the women they must leave in half an hour and Laura and Sophia agree to do just that. The women leave. After walking a mile or so, they settle next to stream to rest. While sitting, Sophia distresses over the situation Augustus was in when they left. On the road near where they are sitting, an accident causes a gentleman's phaeton to overturn. Laura and Sophia rush to help and discover it is Edward and Augustus on the ground bleeding. Sophia faints and Laura shrieks and runs mad. After more than an hour, Edward regains consciousness and Laura asks what has happened since Augustus was taken to jail. Edward says he will, but then, after a deep sigh, dies. The women again go mad and a while latter finally walk to a white cottage. A widow leads them into her house where Sophia and Laura meet her daughter Bridget.

Letter The Fourteenth

Laura in continuation

The morning after, Sophia complains of severe pain in her limbs. Gradually, the pain got worse and it turned into a "galloping consumption" or tuberculosis (Austen 530). As Sophia dies, she tells Laura that she dies a, “martyr to [her] grief for the loss of Augustus” (Austen 531). Sophia dies, and Laura takes to walking out of the village. She gets into a stagecoach which she determines to take to Edinburgh. As it is dark when she gets into the carriage, Laura does not know who she rides with and becomes upset that the travellers in the carriage have not spoken to her. At daylight, she realises she is travelling with Sir Edward, Augusta, Lady Dorothea, Philippa, Philander and Gustavus. After Laura tells that Edward is dead, Augusta realises she is the heiress of Sir Edward's fortunes.

Letter The Fifteenth

Laura in continuation

The stagecoach stops so the travellers can eat breakfast. Laura seeks out Philander and Gustavus to eat breakfast and talk with, but does not ask about the banknotes that disappeared in their presence. At fifteen, Philander and Gustavus took nine hundred pounds and ran away. They divided the money into nice parcels to be spent on various things. They went to London and spent the money in seven weeks. They joined a stage and began performing in plays. Philander and Gustavus went to their grandfather for money and left once they had obtained the banknotes. The journey continues to Edinburgh. Sir Edward decides to give Laura four hundred pounds a years because she is the widow of his son. Laura moves to the Highlands of Scotland and lives in "melancholy solitude" mourning the death of her family, husband, and friend (Austen 534). Augusta marries Graham. Sir Edward marries Lady Dorothea in hopes of gaining her estate. Philander and Gustavus moved to Covent Garden and perform under the names Lewis and Quick. Philippa's husband continues to drive the stagecoach from Edinburgh to Sterling.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a close reading of Austen's work allows the reader to understand and appreciate Austen's method of pointing out the flaws of previous romantic views of love and friendship through satirical representations of anecdotes within the story. To offer an evaluation of the work as a whole, it is evident that Austen weaves a multitude of wild coincidences and effectively causes the reader to enter into discourse with Austen's work on the notion of romantic sensibilities.

References

  1. ↑ This mocks the plot device of instinctive recognition of unknown relatives, found in many novels of the later 18th century, such as Sophia Briscoe's Miss Melmoth; or the New Clarissa. Quoted in Ruth Perry: Novel Relations. The Transformation of Kinship in English Literature, 1748–1818 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 400.

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