Longwave

The tuning dial on a 1940s radio, showing longwave wavelengths between 800 and 2000 metres, corresponding to frequencies between 375 and 150 kHz

In radio, longwave refers to parts of the radio spectrum with relatively long wavelengths – typically kilometer-sized or greater. The term is a historic one dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of long, medium and short wavelengths. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.

In contemporary usage, the term longwave is not defined precisely and its meaning varies across the world. The most common definition is the radio band with wavelengths greater than 1000 meters (frequencies less than 300 kHz),^[1][2][3] which would include the ITUs low frequency (LF) (30–300 kHz) and very low frequency (VLF) (3–30 kHz) bands, but sometimes part of the medium frequency (MF) band (300–3000 kHz) is included.^[4] In all cases it includes the entire LF band.

In Europe, Africa and large parts of Asia (ITU Region 1), where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz is used for AM broadcasting (in addition to the medium wave band), the term longwave usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band.

The Region 1 longwave broadcast band falls wholly within the low frequency band of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz). Broader definitions of longwave may extend below and/or above it. In the US, the Longwave Club of America is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band",^[5] i.e., all frequencies below 535 kHz. (Lower frequencies correspond to longer wavelengths.)

Non-broadcast use

Non-directional beacons

Non-directional beacons transmit continuously for the benefit of radio direction finders in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a callsign in Morse code. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190–1750 kHz. In North America they occupy 190–535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz.

Time signals

There are stations in the range 40–80 kHz that transmit time signals to radio clocks. For example:

• WWVB in Colorado on 60 kHz.
• DCF77 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 77.5 kHz.
• JJY in Japan on 40 & 60 kHz.
• 66.66 kHz in Taldom transmitter, Russia.
• BPC in Lintong/Pucheng, China 68,5 kHz.
• MSF time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from Anthorn in the UK

Radio controlled clocks receive their time calibrations signal with built-in longwave receivers. They use longwave, rather than shortwave or mediumwave, because the accuracy of the clocks is not affected by changes in the time signal's travel from the transmitter to the ionosphere and to the receiver; as longwave travels by groundwave, rather than skywave, the propagation time does not vary.

Military communication

The United Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with their submarines.

LowFER

In North America during the 1970s the frequencies 167, 179 and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived Public Emergency Radio of the United States. Nowadays the 160–190 kHz range is used in the United States for Part 15 LowFER amateur and experimental stations, and the 190–435 kHz band is used for navigational beacons.

Historic

Swedish station SAQ, located at the Varberg Radio Station facility in Grimeton, is the last remaining operational Alexanderson alternator transmitter. Although the station ended regular service in 1996, it has been maintained as a World Heritage Site and makes at least two demonstration transmissions yearly, on 17.2 kHz.^[6]

Broadcasting

Longwave is used for broadcasting only within ITU Region 1. The longwave broadcasters are located in west, north, central and southeast Europe, the former Soviet Union, Mongolia, Algeria and Morocco.

Typically, a larger area can be covered by a longwave broadcast transmitter than a medium-wave one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less attenuation due to limited ground conductivity at lower frequencies.^[7]

Carrier frequencies

Carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz ranging from 153 to 279 kHz, except for a station in Germany and five Mongolian transmitters.

Until the 1970s, some longwave stations in northern and eastern Europe and the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 433 kHz.^[8]

Some stations, for instance Droitwich in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an atomic clock. They can be therefore used as frequency standards. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for Radio Teleswitch Services.

In January 2014 Russia closed all of its LW transmitters except for one in Caucasus.^[9]

List of longwave broadcasting transmitters

List of stations currently operating:

^{[10] [11] [12] [13]}

Freq. kHz	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power kW	Coordinates	Remarks
153	Radio Antena Satelor	Romania	Brașov	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts with a height of 250 metres.	200	45°45′22.27″N 25°36′26.77″E / 45.7561861°N 25.6074361°E / 45.7561861; 25.6074361 (Bod Transmitter, Mast 1) ; 45°45′13.16″N 25°36′25.15″E / 45.7536556°N 25.6069861°E / 45.7536556; 25.6069861 (Bod Transmitter, Mast 2)
	NRK P1	Norway	Ingøy	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 362 m height, fed at the top, ex-Omega equipment.	100	71°4′17″N 24°5′14″E / 71.07139°N 24.08722°E / 71.07139; 24.08722 (Ingøy longwave transmitter)	The transmitter is important for the fishing fleet in the Barents Sea.
162	France Inter	France	Allouis	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 350 m, fed on the top.	1000/2000	47°10′10.45″N 2°12′16.75″E / 47.1695694°N 2.2046528°E / 47.1695694; 2.2046528 (Allouis transmitter, Mast 1) ; 47°10′25.34″N 2°12′16.81″E / 47.1737056°N 2.2046694°E / 47.1737056; 2.2046694 (Allouis transmitter, Mast 2)	Time signal phase-modulated.
164	MNB Radio 1	Mongolia	Ulan Bator (Khonkhor)	259 metres high cable-stayed steel truss mast.[14]	500	47°47′54.67″N 107°11′14.7″E / 47.7985194°N 107.187417°E / 47.7985194; 107.187417 (Ulan-Bator transmitter)	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC.
171	Médi 1	Morocco	Nador	Directional aerial consisting of three guyed steel lattice masts, 380 metres tall.	1600	35°02′50.65″N 2°55′22.81″W / 35.0474028°N 2.9230028°W / 35.0474028; -2.9230028 (Nador transmitter, Mast 1); 35°02′30.27″N 2°55′16.16″W / 35.0417417°N 2.9211556°W / 35.0417417; -2.9211556 (Nador transmitter, Mast 2) ; 35°02′9.89″N 2°55′9.52″W / 35.0360806°N 2.9193111°W / 35.0360806; -2.9193111 (Nador transmitter, Mast 2)
183	Europe 1	Germany	Felsberg-Berus	Directional aerial, four ground insulated steel lattice masts. Heights of 270 m, 276 m, 280 m and 282 m. Spare aerial: two ground insulated steel lattice masts of 234 m height.	2000	Main antenna: 49°17′4.2″N 6°40′57.73″E / 49.284500°N 6.6827028°E / 49.284500; 6.6827028 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 1) ; 49°16′55.86″N 6°40′46.16″E / 49.2821833°N 6.6794889°E / 49.2821833; 6.6794889 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 2) ; 49°16′47.55″N 6°40′34.48″E / 49.2798750°N 6.6762444°E / 49.2798750; 6.6762444 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 3) ; 49°16′39.18″N 6°40′22.72″E / 49.2775500°N 6.6729778°E / 49.2775500; 6.6729778 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 4), Spare antenna: 49°17′8.93″N 6°39′31.71″E / 49.2858139°N 6.6588083°E / 49.2858139; 6.6588083 (Europe 1 transmitter, backup antenna, mast 1) ; 49°17′1.54″N 6°39′23.6″E / 49.2837611°N 6.656556°E / 49.2837611; 6.656556 (Europe 1 transmitter, backup antenna, mast 2)	French language channel. The most powerful longwave transmitter in Germany; DRM test after 00:00 UTC.
189	RÚV Rás 1/RÚV Rás 2	Iceland	Gufuskalar near Hellissandur	Slight oval bi-directivity aerial, top loaded parallel connected triangular loops, mast as a common member, all guys insulated except two radiating diametrically opposed grounded top guys, loops closed by copper straps in the ground from two conducting guy grounding points to base of the guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 412m.	300	64°54′26″N 23°55′19.5″W / 64.90722°N 23.922083°W / 64.90722; -23.922083 (Hellissandur Longwave Mast)
198	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom	Droitwich (SFN)	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground with a height of 213 metres.	500	52°17′46.9″N 2°6′24.32″W / 52.296361°N 2.1067556°W / 52.296361; -2.1067556 (Droitwich Mast 1) ; 52°17′40.4″N 2°6′20.62″W / 52.294556°N 2.1057278°W / 52.294556; -2.1057278 (Droitwich Mast 2)	All three transmitters carry Radio teleswitch PSK data. Droitwich relays BBC World Service from 01:00 to 05:20 UTC.
			Burghead (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 154 m.	50	57°41′57.9″N 3°28′4.78″W / 57.699417°N 3.4679944°W / 57.699417; -3.4679944 (Burghead Transmitter, Main Mast)
			Westerglen (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 152 m.		55°58′33″N 3°48′58.8″W / 55.97583°N 3.816333°W / 55.97583; -3.816333 (Westerglen Mast)
207	RÚV Rás 1/RÚV Rás 2	Iceland	Eiðar near Egilsstaðir	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 221 m.	100	65°22′22.93″N 14°20′27.29″W / 65.3730361°N 14.3409139°W / 65.3730361; -14.3409139 (Eiðar Longwave Mast)
	RTM A	Morocco	Azilal Demnate	304.8 metres tall guyed mast	400
209	MNB Radio 1	Mongolia	Choibalsan	Cable-stayed steel truss mast, height: 275.84 metres	75	48°00′17.27″N 114°27′17.6″E / 48.0047972°N 114.454889°E / 48.0047972; 114.454889 (Choibalsan transmitter)	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC.
			Dalanzadgad			43°31′54.43″N 104°24′41.4″E / 43.5317861°N 104.411500°E / 43.5317861; 104.411500 (Dalanzadgad transmitter)	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC.
			Olgii	Omnidirectional antenna, 352.5 metres high guyed mast	30	48°57′24.52″N 89°58′13.15″E / 48.9568111°N 89.9703194°E / 48.9568111; 89.9703194 (Olgii transmitter)	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC.
216	Radio Monte Carlo	Monaco	Roumoules	Directional aerial, 3 300 metre high guyed steel lattice masts, 330 metre high guyed steel lattice mast as backup aerial.	700/1400	43°47′41.45″N 6°8′48.41″E / 43.7948472°N 6.1467806°E / 43.7948472; 6.1467806 (Roumoules Longwave Transmitter, Mast 1) ; 43°47′34.56″N 6°8′59.09″E / 43.7929333°N 6.1497472°E / 43.7929333; 6.1497472 (Roumoules Longwave Transmitter, Mast 2); 43°47′27.7″N 6°9′9.85″E / 43.791028°N 6.1527361°E / 43.791028; 6.1527361 (Roumoules Longwave Transmitter, Mast 3), Backup antenna: 43°47′36.29″N 6°9′30.61″E / 43.7934139°N 6.1585028°E / 43.7934139; 6.1585028 (Roumoules transmitter, longwave backup mast)	Transmitter located in France. In operation from 5:30 to 23:00 CET.
225	Polskie Radio 1	Poland	Solec Kujawski	Directional aerial, 2 guyed radio masts fed on the top, heights 330 m and 289 m.	1000	53°1′21.01″N 18°15′32.63″E / 53.0225028°N 18.2590639°E / 53.0225028; 18.2590639 (Solec Kujawski transmitter, 330 metres tall mast) 53°1′12.83″N 18°15′44.06″E / 53.0202306°N 18.2622389°E / 53.0202306; 18.2622389 (Solec Kujawski transmitter, 289 metres tall mast)	Earlier Konstantynów was used ( 52°22′3.91″N 19°48′7.04″E / 52.3677528°N 19.8019556°E / 52.3677528; 19.8019556 (Konstantynów Radio Mast ( destroyed)) )
227	MNB Radio 1	Mongolia	Altai	Cable-stayed steel truss mast.	75	46°19′25.52″N 96°15′31.2″E / 46.3237556°N 96.258667°E / 46.3237556; 96.258667 (Altai transmitter)	Broadcasts from 21:00 to 14:00 UTC.
234	RTL	Luxembourg	Beidweiler	Directional aerial, 3 guyed grounded steel lattice masts, 290 m high, with vertical cage aerials.	1500/2000	49°43′42.57″N 6°19′4.29″E / 49.7284917°N 6.3178583°E / 49.7284917; 6.3178583 (Beidweiler Radio Mast) ; 49°43′49.2″N 6°19′15.02″E / 49.730333°N 6.3208389°E / 49.730333; 6.3208389 (Beidweiler Radio Mast) ; 49°43′55.81″N 6°19′25.67″E / 49.7321694°N 6.3237972°E / 49.7321694; 6.3237972 (Beidweiler Radio Mast)	Spare transmitter site Junglinster ( 49°43′0.35″N 6°15′28.9″E / 49.7167639°N 6.258028°E / 49.7167639; 6.258028 (Junglinster Radio Tower) ; 49°43′6.56″N 6°15′40.27″E / 49.7184889°N 6.2611861°E / 49.7184889; 6.2611861 (Junglinster Radio Tower) ; 49°43′12.75″N 6°15′51.44″E / 49.7202083°N 6.2642889°E / 49.7202083; 6.2642889 (Junglinster Radio Tower) )
243	DR P1/DR P2	Denmark	Kalundborg	Semi-directional Alexanderson antenna 153/333 degrees, two grounded 118 m steel lattice radiating towers with interconnecting top wire capacitance.	50	55°40′39.27″N 11°4′8.6″E / 55.6775750°N 11.069056°E / 55.6775750; 11.069056 (Kalundborg Transmitter Longwave Tower 1) ; 55°40′32.91″N 11°4′14.33″E / 55.6758083°N 11.0706472°E / 55.6758083; 11.0706472 (Kalundborg Transmitter Longwave Tower 2)	Transmitting in time slots only.
252	Chaîne 3	Algeria	Tipaza	Omnidirectional aerial, single guyed lattice steel mast, height 355 m.	750/1500	36°33′58.14″N 2°28′50.3″E / 36.5661500°N 2.480639°E / 36.5661500; 2.480639 (Tipaza Longwave transmitter)	French language channel; during night-time half transmitter power.
	RTÉ Radio 1	Ireland	Clarkstown	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, insulated against ground, height 248 m.	100/300	53°27′46″N 6°40′39″W / 53.46278°N 6.67750°W / 53.46278; -6.67750 (Clarkstown longwave mast)	The only AM transmitter for RTÉ Radio 1. Power is decreased at night to 100 kW. Transmitter will cease broadcasting on May 1st 2017.[15]
270	Czech Radio 1	Czech Republic	Topolná	Directional aerial (maximum of radiation in East-West direction), two grounded 257 m high guyed steel lattice mast with cage aerials.	50	49°7′32.88″N 17°30′45.97″E / 49.1258000°N 17.5127694°E / 49.1258000; 17.5127694 (Topolná transmitter, Mast 1) ; 49°7′18.85″N 17°30′41.78″E / 49.1219028°N 17.5116056°E / 49.1219028; 17.5116056 (Topolná transmitter, Mast 2)	Broadcast from Monday to Friday 5:00-24:00 CET and 6:00-24:00 CET at weekends.
279	Belaruskaje Radyjo 1	Belarus	Sasnovy		500	53°24′31″N 28°31′57″E / 53.40861°N 28.53250°E / 53.40861; 28.53250 (Sasnovy transmitter)
	Turkmen Radio 1	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat (Kartamak)	Cable-stayed steel truss mast	150	37°51′14.89″N 58°21′57.99″E / 37.8541361°N 58.3661083°E / 37.8541361; 58.3661083 (Ashgabat transmitter)

List of stations that have closed or are otherwise inactive:

Freq. kHz	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power kW	Coordinates	Remarks
153
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Donebach	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 363 m high, fed at the top	500	49°33′40.25″N 9°10′22.76″E / 49.5611806°N 9.1729889°E / 49.5611806; 9.1729889 (Donebach transmitter, Mast 1) ; 49°33′33.53″N 9°10′50.82″E / 49.5593139°N 9.1807833°E / 49.5593139; 9.1807833 (Donebach transmitter, Mast 2)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat		650		closed
	YuFM	Russia	Taldom transmitter	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	300	56°45′30.04″N 37°37′12.17″E / 56.7583444°N 37.6200472°E / 56.7583444; 37.6200472 (Taldom longwave transmitter, 153 kHz-mast)	closed
	Radio Rossii		Popova near Komsomolsk-na-Amure		1200	50°39′16.75″N 136°54′46.9″E / 50.6546528°N 136.913028°E / 50.6546528; 136.913028 (Popova longwave transmitter)	closed
	Chaîne 1	Algeria	Kenadsa		2000		inactive
162	TRT Radyo 4	Turkey	Agri	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 250 m	1000	39°46′23.11″N 43°02′14.55″E / 39.7730861°N 43.0373750°E / 39.7730861; 43.0373750 (Agri transmitter, Mast 1) ; 39°46′25.86″N 43°02′33.32″E / 39.7738500°N 43.0425889°E / 39.7738500; 43.0425889 (Agri transmitter, Mast 2)	inactive
	Radio Tashkent 1	Uzbekistan	Tashkent		150		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Norilsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 205 m high antenna	150	69°22′46″N 87°6′26″E / 69.37944°N 87.10722°E / 69.37944; 87.10722 (Norilsk transmitter) ?	closed
	Radio Yuldash, Radio Rossii		Ufa			54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E / 54.7721472°N 56.0047278°E / 54.7721472; 56.0047278 (Ufa Radio Majak transmitter)	closed
171
		Netherlands	Lopik		500		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Bolshakovo near Kaliningrad	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	54°54′42.62″N 21°43′2.32″E / 54.9118389°N 21.7173111°E / 54.9118389; 21.7173111 (Bolshakovo longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio Ukraine 1	Ukraine	Krasne near Lwów	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150/75	49°54′12.85″N 24°41′15.22″E / 49.9035694°N 24.6875611°E / 49.9035694; 24.6875611 (Krasne longwave transmitter)	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduga	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	250	55°29′16″N 83°41′28″E / 55.48778°N 83.69111°E / 55.48778; 83.69111 (Raduga longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Murmansk	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	69°00′59.07″N 32°55′57.17″E / 69.0164083°N 32.9325472°E / 69.0164083; 32.9325472 (Murmansk longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Noginsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 242 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°50′0.89″N 38°20′35.18″E / 55.8335806°N 38.3431056°E / 55.8335806; 38.3431056 (Noginsk longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Ezhva near Syktyvkar	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	61°49′09.34″N 50°41′26.42″E / 61.8192611°N 50.6906722°E / 61.8192611; 50.6906722 (Zelenets longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Tulagino near Yakutsk	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 6 ring masts	150	62°14′15.01″N 129°48′10.4″E / 62.2375028°N 129.802889°E / 62.2375028; 129.802889 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, central mast) ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′0.85″E / 62.2396722°N 129.8002361°E / 62.2396722; 129.8002361 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast) ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°47′51.2″E / 62.2375167°N 129.797556°E / 62.2375167; 129.797556 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast) ; 62°14′7.27″N 129°48′0.82″E / 62.2353528°N 129.8002278°E / 62.2353528; 129.8002278 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast) ; 62°14′7.31″N 129°48′20″E / 62.2353639°N 129.80556°E / 62.2353639; 129.80556 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast) ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°48′29.7″E / 62.2375167°N 129.808250°E / 62.2375167; 129.808250 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast) ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′20″E / 62.2396722°N 129.80556°E / 62.2396722; 129.80556 (Syrdakh longwave transmitter, ring mast)	closed
177	Deutschlandradio Kultur	Germany	Zehlendorf near Oranienburg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial mounted on 359.7 m high guyed mast, triangle aerial on 3 150 m high guyed steel lattice masts	500	52°47′41.87″N 13°23′9.5″E / 52.7949639°N 13.385972°E / 52.7949639; 13.385972 (Zehlendorf Longwave Mast)	closed
180	TRT Radyo 2	Turkey	Polatli	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed latice steel mast	1200	39°45′22.46″N 32°25′6.24″E / 39.7562389°N 32.4184000°E / 39.7562389; 32.4184000 (Polatli Longwave Mast)	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yelizovo near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	53°11′4.92″N 158°24′2.24″E / 53.1847000°N 158.4006222°E / 53.1847000; 158.4006222 (Yelizovo Longwave Mast)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, 200 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E / 51.839583°N 113.735806°E / 51.839583; 113.735806 (Chita Longwave Mast)	inactive
	Kazakh Radio 1	Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		250		closed
	Radio Mayak	Kazakhstan	Aktyubinsk		150		closed
		Kazakhstan	Chimkent		50		closed
189	Rai Radio 1	Italy	Caltanissetta	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 282 m	10	37°29′53.05″N 14°04′04.08″E / 37.4980694°N 14.0678000°E / 37.4980694; 14.0678000 (Caltanissetta transmitter)	closed
	Sveriges Radio P1	Sweden	Orlunda		300	58°25′37″N 14°58′38″E / 58.42694°N 14.97722°E / 58.42694; 14.97722 (Orlunda radio transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kostantinogradovka near Blagoveshchensk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	50°30′23.58″N 128°18′32.9″E / 50.5065500°N 128.309139°E / 50.5065500; 128.309139 (Blagoveschensk transmitter)	closed
	Sakartvelos Radio	Georgia	Dusheti		250	42°03′1.76″N 44°40′37.56″E / 42.0504889°N 44.6771000°E / 42.0504889; 44.6771000 (Dusheti transmitter)	inactive
198
	Polskie Radio Parlament/Radio Polonia	Poland	Raszyn	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, 335 m high	200	52°4′21.72″N 20°53′2.15″E / 52.0727000°N 20.8839306°E / 52.0727000; 20.8839306 (Raszyn Radio Mast)	closed[16]
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Saint Petersburg - Olgino	Omnidirectional aerial, 205 m high guyed steel lattice mast	150	59°59′30.01″N 30°07′38.81″E / 59.9916694°N 30.1274472°E / 59.9916694; 30.1274472 (Olgino Radio Mast)	inactive
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Angarsk	Before 2001: T-antenna spun between 2 205 m tall guyed steel lattice mast	250	52°31′51.95″N 103°52′9.46″E / 52.5310972°N 103.8692944°E / 52.5310972; 103.8692944 (Angarsk Radio Mast), possibly 52°26′10.17″N 103°41′1.05″E / 52.4361583°N 103.6836250°E / 52.4361583; 103.6836250 (Irkutsk Radio Mast)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Avsyunino	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°35′13.75″N 39°09′57.84″E / 55.5871528°N 39.1660667°E / 55.5871528; 39.1660667 (Avsyunino Radio Mast)	inactive
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Ufa		150	54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E / 54.7721472°N 56.0047278°E / 54.7721472; 56.0047278 (Ufa Radio Majak transmitter)	closed
		Kyrgyzstan	Krasnaya Rechka near Bishkek		150	42°52′51.9″N 74°59′43.79″E / 42.881083°N 74.9954972°E / 42.881083; 74.9954972 (Krasnorechenka transmitter)	closed
207
	RNE Radio 5	Spain	Logroño	Directional antenna, 300 metres tall.	>100		closed
	Radio Ukraine 1	Ukraine	Brovary	Omnidirectional antenna, 259.6 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	50°29′48.8″N 30°48′9.2″E / 50.496889°N 30.802556°E / 50.496889; 30.802556 (Brovary Longwave Mast)	closed
	Jordan Radio	Jordan	Al Karanah		?	31°45′55.47″N 36°28′44.97″E / 31.7654083°N 36.4791583°E / 31.7654083; 36.4791583 (Al Karanah Longwave Mast) ; 31°45′29.66″N 36°28′59.11″E / 31.7582389°N 36.4830861°E / 31.7582389; 36.4830861 (Al Karanah Longwave Mast)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Tynda	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 244 m	150	55°05′19.31″N 124°43′9.7″E / 55.0886972°N 124.719361°E / 55.0886972; 124.719361 (Tynda Longwave Mast)	closed
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Aholming	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 265 m high, fed at the top	500	48°43′50.55″N 12°55′47.04″E / 48.7307083°N 12.9297333°E / 48.7307083; 12.9297333 (Aholming transmitter, Mast 1) ; 48°43′38.46″N 12°56′2.06″E / 48.7273500°N 12.9339056°E / 48.7273500; 12.9339056 (Aholming transmitter, Mast 2)	closed
216
	NRK P1	Norway	Lambertseter near Oslo		200		closed
	Azerbaijan Radio	Azerbaijan	Baku		500		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Krasnoyarsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 210 m tall	150	56°02′02.97″N 92°45′32.31″E / 56.0341583°N 92.7589750°E / 56.0341583; 92.7589750 (Krasnoyarsk Longwave Transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Atamanovka	Directional antenna	150	51°50′02″N 113°43′10″E / 51.83389°N 113.71944°E / 51.83389; 113.71944 (Atamanovka Longwave Transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Birobidzhan	2 guyed masts, 260 m high	30	48°44′19.37″N 132°48′3.95″E / 48.7387139°N 132.8010972°E / 48.7387139; 132.8010972 (Birobidzhan Longwave Transmitter) ; 48°44′14.71″N 132°48′32.6″E / 48.7374194°N 132.809056°E / 48.7374194; 132.809056 (Birobidzhan Longwave Transmitter)	closed
225	TRT GAP	Turkey	Van	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed lattice steel mast	600	38°35′11.47″N 43°15′59.17″E / 38.5865194°N 43.2664361°E / 38.5865194; 43.2664361 (Van transmitter)	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Surgut	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	61°23′35″N 72°53′20″E / 61.39306°N 72.88889°E / 61.39306; 72.88889 (Surgut transmitter)	closed
234
	Radio Moldova	Moldova	Grigoriopol		1000		closed
		Libya	Yafran near Tripoli		1000		closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Krasny Bor transmitter near Sankt-Peterburg	Omnidirectional aerial, 271.5 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	1200	59°39′12.32″N 30°41′50.12″E / 59.6534222°N 30.6972556°E / 59.6534222; 30.6972556 (Krasny Bor transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Koskovo near Murmansk	Omnidirectional aerial, 210 m tall guyed mast	250	64°21′35.83″N 41°23′4.01″E / 64.3599528°N 41.3844472°E / 64.3599528; 41.3844472 (Koskovo transmitter)	inactive
	Radio 1	Russia	Novosemeykino near Samara	Four 205 metres tall towers insulated against ground arranged in a square	2000	53°22′59.44″N 50°20′13.84″E / 53.3831778°N 50.3371778°E / 53.3831778; 50.3371778 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′59.53″N 50°20′19.23″E / 53.3832028°N 50.3386750°E / 53.3832028; 50.3386750 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′56.2″N 50°20′13.94″E / 53.382278°N 50.3372056°E / 53.382278; 50.3372056 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′56.31″N 50°20′19.32″E / 53.3823083°N 50.3387000°E / 53.3823083; 50.3387000 (Novosemeykino transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduzhnyy near Magadan	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	59°42′51.14″N 150°11′29.9″E / 59.7142056°N 150.191639°E / 59.7142056; 150.191639 (Raduzhnyy transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Odinsk near Irkutsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	52°24′57.43″N 103°42′0.29″E / 52.4159528°N 103.7000806°E / 52.4159528; 103.7000806 (Odinsk transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Koskovo near Arkhangelsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	64°21′50.92″N 41°24′41.8″E / 64.3641444°N 41.411611°E / 64.3641444; 41.411611 (Koskovo transmitter)	closed
243	TRT Radyo 4	Turkey	Erzurum	Omnidirectional antenna, 185 m high guyed lattice steel mast	200	39°59′53.59″N 41°06′40.95″E / 39.9982194°N 41.1113750°E / 39.9982194; 41.1113750 (Erzurum Transmitter)	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Razdolnoye near Ussuriysk	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	43°32′18″N 131°55′46″E / 43.53833°N 131.92944°E / 43.53833; 131.92944 (Razdoly'ne Transmitter)	closed
	Kazakh Radio 1	Kazakhstan	Karaganda	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 254 m height	1000	49°47′32.45″N 73°01′40.15″E / 49.7923472°N 73.0278194°E / 49.7923472; 73.0278194 (Karaganda Transmitter)	closed
	Kazakh Radio 2	Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		1000		closed
252
	Yle Radio 1	Finland	Lahti		200	60°58′48″N 25°38′39″E / 60.980137°N 25.644195°E / 60.980137; 25.644195 (Lahti longwave transmitter), 60°58′43″N 25°38′57″E / 60.978747°N 25.649155°E / 60.978747; 25.649155 (Lahti longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kazan	Omnidirectional aerial, 152 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	100	55°49′6.3″N 49°10′24.64″E / 55.818417°N 49.1735111°E / 55.818417; 49.1735111 (Kazan longwave mast)	closed
261	Radioropa Info	Germany	Burg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial on 324 m high guyed, grounded steel lattice mast, 210 m high steel tube mast, insulated against ground	200	52°17′12.93″N 11°53′50.52″E / 52.2869250°N 11.8973667°E / 52.2869250; 11.8973667 (Burg transmitter, main mast)	inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Taldom	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 5 ring masts, height of central mast 275 m	2500	56°43′59.86″N 37°39′47.51″E / 56.7332944°N 37.6631972°E / 56.7332944; 37.6631972 (Taldom transmitter, Central Mast) ; 56°44′10.32″N 37°39′46.53″E / 56.7362000°N 37.6629250°E / 56.7362000; 37.6629250 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°44′2.54″N 37°39′29.17″E / 56.7340389°N 37.6581028°E / 56.7340389; 37.6581028 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°43′51.09″N 37°39′37.2″E / 56.7308583°N 37.660333°E / 56.7308583; 37.660333 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°43′51.76″N 37°39′59.6″E / 56.7310444°N 37.666556°E / 56.7310444; 37.666556 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°44′3.64″N 37°40′5.34″E / 56.7343444°N 37.6681500°E / 56.7343444; 37.6681500 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 260 m high	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E / 51.839583°N 113.735806°E / 51.839583; 113.735806 (Chita Longwave Mast)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Tyumen	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	150		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vorkuta	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	50		closed
	Radio Horizont	Bulgaria	Vakarel	One of the few Blaw-Knox Towers in Europe, 215 m high	75	42°34′35.18″N 23°41′55.52″E / 42.5764389°N 23.6987556°E / 42.5764389; 23.6987556 (Vakarel Transmitter)	closed
270
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Orenburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 137 m height	25	51°46′44.37″N 55°06′23.01″E / 51.7789917°N 55.1063917°E / 51.7789917; 55.1063917 (Orenburg transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Khabarovsk	2 guyed steel lattice masts, height: 164 m	150	48°30′43.48″N 135°07′02.24″E / 48.5120778°N 135.1172889°E / 48.5120778; 135.1172889 (Chabarovsk transmitter) ; 48°30′48.75″N 135°07′18.15″E / 48.5135417°N 135.1217083°E / 48.5135417; 135.1217083 (Chabarovsk transmitter)	closed
279
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Gorno-Altaisk	Omnidirectional antenna, 143m high guyed lattice steel mast	50	51°58′1.12″N 85°54′54.68″E / 51.9669778°N 85.9151889°E / 51.9669778; 85.9151889 (Gorno-Altaisk transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Selenginsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 260 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna (ARRT-antenna)	150	52°02′17.52″N 106°56′25.6″E / 52.0382000°N 106.940444°E / 52.0382000; 106.940444 (Selenginsk transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vestochka near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 258 m high	1000	46°50′35″N 142°53′44″E / 46.84306°N 142.89556°E / 46.84306; 142.89556 (Vestochka transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yekaterinburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 256 m height, fed at the top	150	56°53′22.46″N 60°41′30.22″E / 56.8895722°N 60.6917278°E / 56.8895722; 60.6917278 (Yekaterinburg longwave transmitter)	closed

Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of longwave broadcasting stations

See also

• Low frequency: for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz)
• Electromagnetic spectrum: Very low frequency, Shortwave, Ground wave, Skywave, Medium wave
• Radio broadcasting: AM broadcasting, BBC Radio 4, BBC Light Programme, Radio clock, Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française, Warsaw radio mast, Digital Radio Mondiale, International broadcasting,
• Shipping: Global navigation satellite system, Navigation, Shipping Forecast
• Lists: Index of wave articles
• Other: 1 kilometre, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fail-safe, WGU-20

Notes and references

External links

• Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page.
• The Medium Wave Circle - The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts
• Medium Wave News - Published regularly since 1954
• Euro-African Medium Wave Guide
• Longwave Club of America
• How to receive DRM from Kalundborg longwave station
• Reception of long wave and very long wave with ferrite antennas 5-50 kHz
• Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M.; Herold, K. (2000). "8.2 Langwellenrundfunk". Langwelle und Längstwelle (in German). Meckenheim: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 116–131. ISBN 3-89632-043-2. 
• Busch, Heinrich (2001-11-14). "Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin LZ127".  (German)
• European and Asian Longwave Stations - Medium Wave Radio
• List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites

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