Live coding

Example live coding performance
A Study in Keith is a musical live coding performance in Impromptu by Andrew Sorensen.

Live coding[1] (sometimes referred to as 'on-the-fly programming',[2] 'just in time programming' and related term 'live programming') is a programming practice centred upon the use of improvised interactive programming. Live coding is often used to create sound and image based digital media, and is particularly prevalent in computer music, combining algorithmic composition with improvisation.[3] Typically, the process of writing is made visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space, with ways of visualising the code an area of active research.[4] There are also approaches to human live coding in improvised dance.[5] Live coding techniques are also employed outside of performance, such as in producing sound for film[6] or audio/visual work for interactive art installations.[7]

Live coding is also an increasingly popular technique in programming-related lectures and conference presentations, and has been described as a "best practice" for computer science lectures by Mark Guzdial.[8]

Live coding techniques

A range of techniques have been developed and appropriated for the purposes of live coding.

Representation and manipulation of time

The pressures on time-based media and live interaction with code has led to a number of novel developments and uses in programming language design. The ChucK language introduced an approach to "strongly timed" programming in 2002, embedding precision timing into control flow, via straightforward syntax.

"Temporal recursion" was a term initially coined in relation to the Impromptu programming environment. Technical elements within a programming environment continue to locate compressors and recursion solutions, but timing had been a major issue. While the general form of a temporal recursion, being any asynchronous function recursion through time, is available to any event driven system, Impromptu has placed a special emphasis on this particular design pattern,[9] making it the centre piece of the concurrency architecture on that platform. Temporal recursion has since been implemented in the Fluxus environment, Overtone and the Extempore programming language.

Another functional approach to the representation of time is shown in the Tidal pattern DSL,[10] which represents patterns as combinators operating over functions of time, similar to techniques in functional reactive programming.[11]

Multi-user programming and shared memory

Multi-user programming has developed in the context of group music-making, through the long development of the Republic system developed and employed by members of the network band PowerBooks Unplugged.[12] Republic is built into the SuperCollider language, and allows participants to collaboratively write live code that is distributed across the network of computers. There are similar efforts in other languages, such as the distributed tuple space used in the Impromptu language.[13] Additionally Overtone, Impromptu and Extempore support multi-user sessions, in which any number of programmers can intervene across the network in a given runtime process.[14]

Organizations

TOPLAP (The (Temporary|Transnational|Terrestrial|Transdimensional) Organisation for the (Promotion|Proliferation|Permanence|Purity) of Live (Algorithm|Audio|Art|Artistic) Programming) is an informal organization formed in February 2004 to bring together the various communities that had formed around live coding environments.[15] The TOPLAP manifesto asserts several requirements for a TOPLAP compliant performance, in particular that performers' screens should be projected and not hidden. TOPLAP has had a number of international meetings, including the LOSS Livecode festival at Access Space in 2007, and in 2009 received organisational funding from the PRS Foundation for its UK activities.

Research

A number of research projects and research groups have been created to explore live coding, often taking interdisciplinary approachers bridging the humanities and sciences. First efforts to both develop live coding systems and embed the emerging field in the broader theoretical context happened in the research project Artistic Interactivity in Hybrid Networks from 2005 to 2008, funded by the German Research Foundation. Further, the Live Coding Research Network was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council for two years from January 2014, supporting a range of activities including a range of symposia and an international conference.

Notable bands

Notable live coding environments

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Collins, N., McLean, A., Rohrhuber, J. & Ward, A. (2003), "Live Coding in Laptop Performance", Organised Sound 8(3): 321–30. doi:10.1017/S135577180300030X
  2. ↑ Wang G. & Cook P. (2004) "On-the-fly Programming: Using Code as an Expressive Musical Instrument", In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME) (New York: NIME, 2004).
  3. ↑ Collins, N. (2003) "Generative Music and Laptop Performance", Contemporary Music Review 22(4):67–79.
  4. ↑ McLean, A., Griffiths, D., Collins, N., and Wiggins, G. (2010). Visualisation of live code. In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts London 2010.
  5. ↑ "Tech Know: Programming, meet music". BBC News. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  6. ↑ Rohrhuber, Julian (2008). Artificial, Natural, Historical in Transdisciplinary Digital Art. Sound, Vision and the New Screen (PDF). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 60–70.
  7. ↑ "Communion by Universal Everything and Field.io: interview". Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  8. ↑ Guzdial, Mark. "What students get wrong when building computational physics models in Python: Cabellero thesis part 2". Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  9. ↑ Sorensen, A & Gardner, H (2010) "Programming With Time: Cyberphysical Programming In Impromptu, In proceedings of the ACM Splash Conference 2010"
  10. ↑ McLean, Alex (2014). "Making programming languages to dance to: Live Coding with Tidal". In proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Functional Art, Music, Modelling and Design. Gothenburg.
  11. ↑ McLean, Alex. "Tidal homepage".
  12. ↑ Rohrhuber, J., A. de Campo, R. Wieser, J.-K. van Kampen, E. Ho, and H. Hölzl (2007). Purloined letters and distributed persons. In Music in the Global Village Conference 2007.
  13. ↑ Sorensen, A. (2010). A distributed memory for networked livecoding performance. In Proceedings of International Computer Music Conference 2010.
  14. ↑ Sorensen, A. (2005). Impromptu : an interactive programming environment for composition and performance, In proceedings of the Australasian Computer Music Conference 2005
  15. ↑ Ward, A., Rohrhuber, J., Olofsson, F., McLean, A., Griffiths, D., Collins, N., and Alexander, A. (2004). Live algorithm programming and a temporary organisation for its promotion. In Goriunova, O. and Shulgin, A., editors, read_me - Software Art and Cultures.

External links

Further reading