List of unsolved problems in chemistry
Unsolved problems in chemistry tend to be questions of the kind "Can we make X chemical compound?", "Can we analyse it?", "Can we purify it?" and are commonly solved rather quickly, but may just as well require considerable efforts to be solved. However, there are also some questions with deeper implications. This article tends to deal with the areas that are the center of new scientific research in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem.
Physical chemistry problems
- What are the electronic structures of high temperature superconductors at various points on their phase diagrams?
- Can the transition temperature of high temperature superconductors be brought up to room temperature?
- Is Feynmanium the last chemical element that can physically exist? That is, what are the chemical consequences of having an element with an atomic number above 137, whose 1s electrons must travel faster than the speed of light?[1]
- How can electromagnetic energy (photons) be efficiently converted to chemical energy? For instance, water be efficiently split to hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy?[2][3]
- What is the structure of water, and how do water molecules form their transient networks of hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules in bulk water.[4]
Organic chemistry problems
- Is an abiologic origin of chirality as is found in (2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropanal (D-glyceraldehyde), and also in amino acids, sugars, etc., possible?[4]
- Why are accelerated kinetics observed for some organic reactions at the water-organic interface?[5]
- What is the origin of the energy barrier to bond rotation (e.g., in ethane), simple steric hindrance, hyperconjugation, or another explanation?
- What is the origin of the alpha effect, that is, that nucleophiles with an electronegative atom with lone pairs adjacent to the nucleophilic center are particularly reactive?
- What is the nature of strong gold-chalcogens in thiols and other organochalgogens (i.e., sulfur and higher chalcogen-containing organic compounds)?[6]
In addition to these, it is noteworthy that many mechanisms proposed for catalytic processes are poorly understood and often fail to explain all relevant phenomena.
Biochemistry problems
- Better-than perfect enzymes: Why do some enzymes exhibit faster-than-diffusion kinetics?[7] See Enzyme kinetics.
- Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?[4][8]
- RNA folding problem: Is it possible to accurately predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polyribonucleic acid sequence based on its sequence and environment?
- What are the chemical origins of life? How did non-living chemical compounds generate self-replicating, complex life forms?
- Protein design: Is it possible to design highly active enzymes de novo for any desired reaction?[9]
- Biosynthesis: Can desired molecules, natural products or otherwise, be produced in high yield through biosynthetic pathway manipulation?[10]
References
- ↑ The problem may actually occur at approximately Element 173, given the finite extension of nuclear-charge distribution. See the article on Extension of the periodic table beyond the seventh period, and the article section Relativistic effects of Atomic orbital.
- ↑ Duffie, John A. (August 2006). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. Wiley-Interscience. p. 928. ISBN 978-0-471-69867-8.
- ↑ Brabec, Christoph; Vladimir Dyakonov; Jürgen Parisi; Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci (March 2006). Organic Photovoltaics: Concepts and Realization. Springer. p. 300. ISBN 978-3-540-00405-9.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "So much more to know". Science 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524.
- ↑ S. Narayan, J. Muldoon, M.G. Finn, V.V. Fokin, H.C. Kolb, K.B. Sharpless,2005, "On Water: Unique Reactivity of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspension," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 21:3157, see [onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200462883/full]. accessed 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Fredrik von Kieseritzky, 2013, "What is the true nature of gold-sulfur bonds?", see , accessed 15 December 2014.
- ↑ Hsieh M, Brenowitz M (August 1997). "Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (35): 22092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22092. PMID 9268351.
- ↑ King, Jonathan (2007). "MIT OpenCourseWare - 7.88J / 5.48J / 7.24J / 10.543J Protein Folding Problem, Fall 2007 Lecture Notes - 1". MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
- ↑ http://depts.washington.edu/bakerpg/drupal/node/465
- ↑ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7411/full/nature11478.html
External links
- "First 25 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter-century". Science 309 (125th Anniversary). 1 July 2005.
- "So much more to know — Next 100 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter-century". Science 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524.
- Unsolved Problems in Nanotechnology: Chemical Processing by Self-Assembly - Matthew Tirrell - Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara
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