List of state leaders in 1659

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1659.

Africa

• Kingdom of Bamum – Ngouloure (1629–1672)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Houegbadja (1645–1685)
• Ethiopian Empire – Fasilides (1632–1667)

Asia

• China
  • Qing dynasty – Shunzhi Emperor (1644–1661)
  • Southern Ming – Prince of Gui (1646–1662)
• Empire of Japan –
  • Monarch – Go-Sai (1655–1663)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651–1680)
  • Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shitsu (1648–1668)
• Joseon (Korea) –
  1. Hyojong (1649–1659)
  2. Hyeonjong (1659–1674)
• Mughal Empire – Aurangzeb (1658–1707)

Europe

• Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Frederick III (1648–1670)
• Commonwealth of England – Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1658–1659)
• Kingdom of France – Louis XIV (1643–1715)
• Holy Roman Empire – Leopold I (1658–1705)
• Moldavia –
  1. George Gica, Voivode of Moldavia (1658–1659)
  2. Constantin Șerban, Voivode of Moldavia (1659)
  3. Ştefăniţă Lupu, Voivode of Moldavia (1659–1661)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan- Mehmed IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Grand Vizier - Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)
• Papal States – Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (1648–1668)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Afonso VI (1656–1667)
• Republic of Venice –
  1. Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (1658–1659)
  2. Domenico Contarini, Doge of Venice (1659–1674)
• Tsardom of Russia – Aleksey I (1645–1676)
• Duchy of Savoy – Charles Emmanuel II (1638–1675)
• Scotland – Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1658–1659)
• Kingdom of Spain – Philip IV (1621–1665)
• Kingdom of Sweden – Charles X Gustav (1654–1660)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany – Ferdinando II de' Medici (1621–1670)
• United Provinces
  • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
  • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)
    • Willem Frederik, Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen (1640–1664)
• Wallachia –
  1. Mihnea III, Voivode of Wallachia (1658–1659)
  2. George Ghica, Voivode of Wallachia (1659–1660)