List of state leaders in 1581
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This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1581.
Africa
- Ethiopian Empire – Sarsa Dengel (1563–1597)
- Kingdom of Kongo – Álvaro I, Manikongo (1568–1587)
- Sennar Sultanate – Dakin (1568–1585/6)
- Songhai Empire – Askia Daoud, Askia of the Songhai Empire (1549–1582)
Asia
- Ahmadnagar Sultanate – Murtaza Nizam Shah I (1565–1588)
- Arakkal kingdom – Ali Raja Ali, Raja of Arakkal (1545–1591)
- Bijapur Sultanate
- Sultan – Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627)
- Regent – Chand Bibi, 1580–1590
- Khanate of Khiva – Abdullah Khan II (1577–1598)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Wanli Emperor (1573–1620)
- Đại Việt – Lê Thế Tông (1573–1599)
- Đàng Ngoài – Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh lord (1570–1623)
- Đàng Trong – Nguyễn Hoàng, Nguyễn lord (1558–1613)
- Jaffna Kingdom – Periyapillai (1565–1582)
- Japan (Azuchi–Momoyama period)
- Monarch – Emperor Ōgimachi (1557–1586)
- de facto - Oda Nobunaga (1536–1598)
- Kantipur – Sadashiva Malla (1574–1583)
- Khanate of Khiva – Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602)
- Joseon (Korea) – Seonjo (1567–1608)
- Mughal Empire – Akbar (1556–1605)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Ei (1573–1586)
- Philippines (Las islas Filipinas)
- Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain (1580–1583)
- Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, Governor General and Captain General of the Philippines (1580–1583)
- Vijayanagara Empire – Sriranga Deva Raya (1572–1586)
Europe
- Kingdom of Denmark and Norway – Frederick II (1559–1588)
- Duchy of Schleswig – Adolf (1544–1586) and Frederick II (1559–1588) in condominial rule
- Kingdom of England – Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
- Kingdom of France – Henry III (1574–1589)
- Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II (1576–1612)
- Duchy of Bavaria – William V (1579–1597)
- Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen – Henry III (1567–1585)
- Duchy of Holstein – Adolf (1544–1586) and Frederick II (1559–1588) in condominial rule
- Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück – Henry II (1574–1585)
- Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn – Henry IV (1577–1585)
- Remiremont Abbey – Barbara of Salm
- Royal Hungary – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf I) (1576–1608)
- Kingdom of Navarre – Henry III (1572–1610)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Murad III (1574–1595)
- Papal States – Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Anna Jagiellon and Stephen Báthory, co-monarchs (1574–1586)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow – Ivan IV, the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow (1533–1547) then Tsar of Russia (1547–1584)
- Kingdom of Portugal – Philip II of Spain (as Philip I) (1556–1598)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James VI (1567–1625)
- Kingdom of Spain – Philip II (1556–1598)
- Kingdom of Sweden – John III (1568–1592)
- Union of Utrecht later United Provinces
- Estates of Duchy of Brabant, Flanders, Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- William the Silent, Prince of Orange, Leader of the resistance (1568–1584)
- Holland – Grand Pensionary Paulus Buys (1572–1584)
- Republic of Venice – Nicolò da Ponte, Doge of Venice (1578–1585)
Middle East and North Africa
- Morocco (Saadi dynasty) - Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi (1578–1603)
- Safavid Empire – Mohammad Khodabanda, Shah of Iran (1578–1587)