List of rulers of Damascus
This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.
- General context: History of Damascus.
Canaanite
- Uz ben Shem (c. 2500 BC)
- Biryawaza (14th century BC)
Aram Damascus
- Rezon I (c. 950 BC)
- Tabrimmon
- Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE-c. 865 BC)
- Hadadezer (c. 865 BC-c. 842 BC)
- Hazael (c. 842 BC-c. 804 BC)
- Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC)
- Tab-El (c. 770 BC)
- Rezon II (c. 740 BC-732 BC)
Period of non-independence
- to Assyria (732 BC-609 BC)
- Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)
- to Babylon (609 BC-539 BC)
- to Persia (539 BC-332 BC)
- to Macedon (332 BC-323 BC)
- to Antigonids (323 BC-301 BC)
- to Egypt (301 BC-198 BC)
- to Seleucids (198 BC-167 BC)
- to Ituraea (167 BC-110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
- to the Decapolis (110 BC-85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
- to Nabataea (85 BC-64 BC)
- to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC-635)
- to the Ghassanids (529-584; ?-635)
Umayyad dynasty
Rashidun emirs
- Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636)
- Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636-637)
- Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640)
- Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)
- Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661)
Umayyad dynasty ruling in Damascus
- Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680)
- Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683)
- Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684)
- Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685)
- Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)
- al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705-715
- Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715-717)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717-720 )
- Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720-724)
- Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724-743)
- al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743-744)
- Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)
- Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
- Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744-750)
Abbasid emirs
- Abdallah ibn Ali (750-754)
- Salih ibn Ali (754)
- Abd al-Bahhab ibn Ibrahim al-Abbasi (754-764)
- Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766-775)
- Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid (783-786)
- Ibrahim as-Salih (791-793)
- Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (793-794)
- Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (794-797)
- Ja'far ibn Yahya (797-803)
- Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (803-804)
- Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (806-808)
- Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (810-811)
- Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (811-815)
- Tahir ibn al-Husein (815-821)
- Abdallah ibn Tahir (821-822)
- Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (828-829)
- al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun (829-833)
- 'Ali ibn Ishaq (833-841)
- Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841-847)
- Malik ibn Sauq al-Taglibi (847-850)
- Ibrahim al-Muyad ibn Mutawakkil (850-855)
- al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856-861)
- 'Isa ibn Muhammad ibn al-Shayh (861-864)
- Amajur al-Turki (870-878)
- 'Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)
- to Tulunid Egypt (877-896)
- Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)
- al-Rashidi (928–931)
- Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)
- to Ikhshidid Egypt (935-969), except for:
- to Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)
- Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943-945)
- Sayf al-Dawla Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abu al-Shuja (briefly in 945 and 947)
Fatimid emirs
- Abu Ali Jafar ibn Fallah al-Katami (969-971)
- Qarmatian occupation of Damascus
- Zalim inbn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973-974)
- Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
- Rayn al-Muizzi (974)
- Alp Tegin al-Muizzi (974-977), chosen by the Damascenes
- Qassam al-Turab (977-983), chosen by the Damascenes
- Fatimid recovery of Damascus
- Bal Tegin al-Turki (983)
- Bakjur (983-991)
- Ya'qub al-Siqlabi (991)
- Magu Tegin (993-996)
- Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
- Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997-998)
- Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998-1000)
- Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)
- Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)
- Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)
- Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)
- Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)
- Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)
- Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)
- Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)
- Anushtegin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)
- Nasir ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Husein al-Hamdani (1041–1048)
- Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)
- Uddat ad-Dawlah Rifq al-Mustansiri (1049)
- Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)
- Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
- Nasir ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Husein al-Hamdani (1058–1060)
- Sebuq Tegin (1060)
- Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)
- Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
- Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
- Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)
- Badr al-Jamali (1063)
- Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)
- Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)
- Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)
- Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)
Seljuq emirs
- Abaaq al-Khwarazmi (1076–1079)
- Tutush I (1079–1095)
- Duqaq (1095–1104)
- Tutush II (1104)
- Muhi ad-Din Baqtash (1104)
Burid emirs
- Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin (1104–1128)
- Taj al-Muluk Buri (1128–1132)
- Shams al-Mulk Ismail (1132–1135)
- Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135–1139)
- Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139–1140)
- Mu'in ad-Din Unur (Regent, 1140–1149)
- Mujir ad-Din Abaq (1140–1154)
Zengid atabegs
- Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154–1174)
- As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (1174)
Ayyubid sultans
- Saladin (1174–1186)
- Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin
- Al-Adil I (1196–1218)
- Al-Mu'azzam (1218–1227)
- An-Nasir Dawud (1227–1229)
- Al-Ashraf (1229–1237)
- As-Salih Ismail (1237)
- Al-Kamil (1237–1238)
- Al-Adil II (1238–1239)
- As-Salih Ayyub (1239)
- As-Salih Ismail (1239–1245)
- As-Salih Ayyub (1245–1249)
- Turanshah (1249–1250)
- An-Nasir Yusuf (1250–1260)
Mameluk Bahrid emirs
- Sunkur al-Ashkar (1275–1280)
- Lajin al-Askhar (1280-?)
- Akush Beg (c. 1290s)
- Izz ad-Din Ayback (?-1296)
- Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)
- Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1312)
- Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz as-Nasiri (1312–1340)
- Yilbugha al-Nasiri (1340–1350)
- Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
- Tash Timur (c. 1380)
- Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?-1393)
- Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)
- Sudun (1399–1400)
- occupied by Timur (1400–1401)
- Taghribirdi al-Zahiri (1401-?)
- Kijmas (c. 1470s)
- Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)
- Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)
- Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)
Ottoman walis
- Yunus Pasha (c. 1516)
- Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)
- Aiyaz Pasha (1521–1522)
- Ferhad Pasha (1522–1523)
- Hurram Pasha (1523–1525)
- Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525–1526)
- Lutf Pasha (1526–1528)
- Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528–1531)
- Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531–1534)
- Lutf Pasha (1534–1535)
- Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)
- Mohammad Kuzal Pasha (1536–1537)
- Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537–1538)
- Ahmed Pasha I (1538–1539)
- Qese Husrau Pasha (1539–1541)
- Isa Pasha (1541–1543)
- Piri Pasha (1543–1545)
- Hadim Sinan Pasha (1545–1550)
- Piri Pasha (1550–1551)
- Mohammad Pasha Bartaki (1551–1552)
- Şemsi Pasha (1552–1555)
- Hizr Pasha (1555–1561)
- Ali Pasha Lankun (1561–1563)
- Khusrau Pasha I (1563)
- Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563–1569)
- Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)
- Ali Pasha Lankun (1569–1570)
- Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570–1571)
- Lala Jafar Pasha (1574–1575)
- Murad Pasha (1575–1577)
- Hasan Pasha I (1577–1581)
- Bahram Pasha (1581–1582)
- Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić (1582–1583)
- Hasan Pasha I (1583)
- Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)
- Hasan Pasha I (1585–1586)
- Uways Pasha (1586–1587)
- Mohammas Pasha Farhad (1587–1588)
- Uways Pasha (1588–1589)
- Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589–1590)
- Koca Sinan Pasha (1590)
- Hasan Pasha I (1590–1591)
- Mustafa Pasha I (1591–1592)
- Khalil Pasha (1592–1593)
- Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593–1594)
- Hasan Pasha I (1594)
- Murad Pasha (1594–1595)
- Khusrau Pasha II (1595–1596)
- Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596–1597)
- Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597–1598)
- Ahmed Pasha II (1598)
- Ahmed Pasha III (1598)
- Khusrau Pasha II (1599)
- Emir Mehmed Pasha (1599–1600)
- Othman Pasha (1601–1603)
- Farhad Pasha Bustanji (1603–1604)
- Mustafa Pasha II (1604–1607)
- Mahmud Pasha (1607–1608)
- Sufi Sinan Pasha (1608–1609)
- Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609–1615)
- Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615–1617)
- Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618–1619)
- Mustafa Pasha III (1619–1620)
- Sulayman Pasha I (1620–1621)
- Murtaza Pasha Bustanji (1621–1622)
- Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622–1623)
- Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623–1624)
- Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624–1625)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625–1626)
- Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626–1628)
- Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628–1629)
- Mustafa Pasha IV (1629–1630)
- Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630–1631)
- Ilyas Pasha (1632–1633)
- Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633–1635)
- Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635–1636)
- Dervish Mehmed Pasha I (1636–1638)
- Mustafa Pasha IV (1638–1639)
- Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639–1640)
- Mehmed Pasha I (1640–1641)
- Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641–1642)
- Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642–1643)
- Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (1643)
- Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643–1644)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644–1645)
- Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)
- Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645–1646)
- Gürcê Mehmed (1646)
- Silahdar Yusuf Pasha (1646–1647)
- Sufi Murteza Pasha (1647)
- Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648)
- Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1649)
- Mehmed Pasha II (1649–1650)
- Silahdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)
- Sivaslı Mustafa Pasha (1650)
- Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1650–1652)
- Defterzade Mehmed Pasha (1653–1655)
- Kara Murat Pasha (1655; died before taking office)
- Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1656)
- Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1659–1661)
- Sulayman Pasha II (1661–1663)
- Ribleli Mustafa Pasha (1663–1665)
- Salih Pasha I (1665–1666)
- Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666–1667)
- Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667–1669)
- Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan (1669–1671)
- Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671–1672)
- Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672–1673)
- Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673–1674)
- Qer Husein Pasha (1674–1675)
- Ibrahim Pasha II (1675–1676)
- Bosniak Osman Pasha (1676–1679)
- Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679–1683)
- Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)
- Bosniak Osman Pasha (1684–1685)
- Kaplan Pasha (1686–1687)
- Arab Salih Pasha (1687–1688)
- Hamza Pasha (1688–1689)
- Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1690)
- Murtaza Pasha (1690–1691)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691–1692)
- Çelebi Ismail Pasha (1692–1693)
- Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693–1694)
- Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695–1696)
- Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696–1697)
- Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697–1698)
- Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)
- Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)
- Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)
- Salih Agha (1702)
- Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bajram (1702–1703)
- Pasha-ojlu (1703)
- Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)
- Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703–1704)
- Mustafa Pasha V (1704)
- Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704–1705)
- Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bajram (1705–1706)
- Pasha-ojlu (1706)
- Baltaci Süleyman Pasha (1706–1707)
- Yusuf Pasha Qubtan Helvaci (1707)
- Halebli Hüseyin Pasha (1707)
- Osmanzade Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini (1708–1714)
- Cerkes Mehmed Pasha the Circassian (1714)
- Mehmed Pasha III (1714)
- Topal Yusuf Pasha (1715)
- Moralı Ibrahim Pasha (1716)
- Recep Pasha (1716)
- Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1716–1717)
- Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1717–1718)
- Recep Pasha (1718)
- Abu Tawq Matuqzade Osman Pasha (1718)
- Küçük Osman Pasha (1719–1720)
- Ali Pasha Maqtulojlu (1720–1723)
- Abu Tawq Matuqzade Osman Pasha (1723–1725)
- Azamzade Ismail Pasha (1725–1730)
- Osman Aça (1730)
- Qara Süleyman Aça (acting) (1730)
- Aidinli Abdallah Pasha (1730–1731)
- vacant (1731–1734)
- Azamzade Süleyman Pasha (1734–1738)
- Hüsein Pasha II (1738)
- Muhassıl Osman Pasha (1739–1740)
- Abdi Pashazade Ali Pasha (1740)
- Azamzade Süleyman Pasha (1741–1743)
- Azamzade Esad Pasha (1743–1757)
- Mekkizade Hüseyin Pasha (1757)
- Ishalyq Mehmed Pasha (1759–1760)
- Uthman Pasha al-Kurzi (1760–1771)
- Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1772)
- Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanci (1772–1773)
- Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (1773–1783)
- Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha (1783)
- Osmanzade Dervish Pasha (1783–1784)
- Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1784–1786)
- Hüseyin Pasha Battal (1786–1787)
- Abdi Pasha (1787–1788)
- Ibrahim Pasha al-Halabi (1788–1789)
- vacant (1789–1790)
- Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1790–1795)
- Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1795–1798)
- Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1798–1799)
- Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1799–1803)
- Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1803–1804)
- Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1804-807)
- Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)
- Süleyman Pasha Silahdar (1810–1818)
- Salih Pasha II (1818)
- Abdallah Pasha II (1819–1821)
- Dervish Mehmd Pasha II (1821–1822)
- Mustafa Pasha IV (1822–1826)
- vacant (1826–1828)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828–1831)
- Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Paşa (1831–1832)
- to Egypt, autonomous from the Ottoman Empire
- Ahmed Bey (1831–1832)
- Ibrahim Pasha IV (1832)
- Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1832–1838)
- vacant (1838–1840)
- Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840–1841)
- Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841–1844)
- Mehmed Namık Pasha (1845–1846)
- Riza Pasha (1845–1846)
- Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)
- Namiq Pasha (1848)
- Mehmed Namık Pasha (1848–1850)
- Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850–1852)
- Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1852)
- Açaf Pasha (1852–1854)
- Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854–1855)
- Mehmed Namık Pasha (1855)
- Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1855–1857)
- Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1857)
- Ali Pasha II (1858)
- Mu'amer Pasha (1860)
- Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)
- Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)
- Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861–1862)
- Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)
- Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864–1865)
- Reshid Pasha (1865–1871)
- Subhi Pasha (1871–1873)
- Sherif Mehmed Re'uf Pasha (1873–1874)
- Esad Pasha (1874–1875)
- Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)
- Ahmed Pasha V (1876–1877)
- Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)
- Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha (1878–1879)
- Hamdi Pasha (1880–1885)
- Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)
- Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888–1889)
- Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889–1891)
- Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)
- Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892–1894)
- Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)
- Hasan Pasha II (1896–1897)
- Nazim Pasha (1897–1906)
- Shukri Pasha (1906–1909)
- Ismail Fazil Bey (1909–1911)
- Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911–1912)
- Kiazim Pasha (1912–1913)
- Arif Bey (1913)
- Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)
- Jamal Pasha (1915)
- Azmi Pasha (1915–1916)
- Tahsin Bey (1916–1918)
- Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)
- Shukri Pasha (October 1–2, 1918)
Hashemite kingdom
- Faisal (1918–1920)
Capital of Syria
Main article: List of Presidents of Syria
- to France (1920–1946)
- Republic of Syria (1946–1958)
- United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
- Republic of Syria (1961–present)
See also
External links
- Syria and Damascus from Hostkingdom.net
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