List of psychoactive plants

Salvia divinorum, a dissociative hallucinogenic sage

A list of plants that are used as hallucinogens. Some of them have been used for thousands of years for religious purposes. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain.

Cannabis

Cannabis plant
Main article: Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychoactive substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, tryptamine, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a dissociative drug. Cannabis plants tend to vary, with different strains producing dynamic balances of psychoactive cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) that cause different strains to produce markedly different effects, popular strains often being hybrids of both Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. Some universities and research firms currently study the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating (or outright prohibiting) the sale and use of medical cannabis to treat pain, insomnia, and stimulate appetite.

Tryptamines

DMT Molecule in 2D
DMT Molecule in 3D

Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable.

Acanthaceae

Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material

Aceraceae

Aizoaceae

Apocynaceae

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[44] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[44] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark,[44] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,[44] Bufotenin, plant,[44] beans,[43] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit,[44] beans,[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[44][47]

Caesalpinioideae subfamily

Malpighiaceae

Myristicaceae

Ochnaceae

Ochnaceae

Poaceae (Gramineae)

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.[68]

Polygonaceae

Punicaceae

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae[76][77]

Urticaceae

Phenethylamines

Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) - Alkaloid Content (Dried)

Beta-carbolines

Harmaline, a Beta-carboline

Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.

Apocynaceae

Bignoniaceae

Calycanthaceae

Chenopodiaceae

Combretaceae

Cyperaceae

Elaeagnaceae

Gramineae

Lauraceae

Leguminosae

Loganiaceae

Malpighiaceae

Myristicaceae

Ochnaceae

Palmae

Papaveraceae

Passifloraceae

Polygonaceae

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Sapotaceae

Simaroubaceae

Solanaceae

Symplocaceae

Tiliaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Plants containing other psychoactive substances

Acoraceae:

Salvinorin A

Salvia divinorum

Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[97]
Cathinone

Catha edulis

Khat[98]
Unknown

Foeniculum vulgare

Unknown
Unknown

Justicia pectoralis

Unknown
Pukateine

Laurelia novae-zelandiae

Pukateine
Thujone

Artemisia vulgaris

Thujone
Damianin

Turnera diffusa

Damianin
unknown

Magnolia virginiana

The leaves or bark have been placed in cupped hands over the nose and inhaled as a mild hallucinogen
Bulbocapnine

Corydalis solida, Corydalis cava

Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine
Kavalactones

Piper methysticum

Kavalactones
Lagochilin

Lagochilus inebrians

Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant.
Unknown

Tagetes lucida

Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin
Lactucarium

Lactuca virosa

Lactucarium
Glaucine

Glaucium flavum

Glaucine
Muscarinic

Galbulimima belgraveana

Galbulimima belgraveana is rich in alkaloids and twenty-eight alkaloids have been isolated. Himbacine, himbeline, himandravine, himgravine, himbosine, himandridine, himandrine, G.B. 1, G. B. 2, G. B. 3, G. B. 4, G. B. 5, G. B. 6, G. B. 7, G. B. 8, G. B. 9, G. B. 10, G. B. 11, G. B. 12, himgaline, himbadine, G. B. 13, himgrine, G. B. 14, G. B. 15, G. B. 16, G. B. 17 and G. B. 18.
Unknown

Zornia latifolia

Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute.
Unknown

Argemone mexicana

Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute.
Ergine

Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose)

Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.
Ibogaine

Tabernanthe iboga

Ibogaine in root bark[99]
Ibogaine

Tabernanthe orientalis

Ibogaine in root leaves[99]
Ibogaine

Tabernanthe pubescens

Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[99]
Ibogaine

Tabernaemontana sp.

Ibogaine[99]
Ibogaine

Trachelospermum jasminoides

Ibogaine[100]
Aporphine

Nymphaea caerulea

Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.

These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.

Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.

Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.

Leonurine

Leonotis leonurus

Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Leonurine

Leonotis nepetifolia

Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
Active Chemical Unknown

Calea zacatechichi

Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent. Its psychedelic properties do not become apparent until the user is asleep.
Unknown

Silene capensis

Produces vivid dreams after smoking.

Convolvulaceae:

Ipomoea tricolor & Ipomoea violacea
D-lysergic acid amide and lysergic acid amides in the seeds; up to 0.12% total[101]
Rivea corymbosa
Seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[102]
Some Mirabilis sp. (Actually in Nyctaginaceae family)
LSA

Apocynaceae family:

Aquifoliaceae family:

Euphorbiaceae family:

Loganaceae family:

Lythraceae family:

See also

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Bibliography

External links