List of primates by population

This is a list of primate species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all primates have had their numbers quantified.

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Hainan black crested gibbon Nomascus hainanus 20[1]CR[1] Steady[1] The population was estimated at over 2000 in the late 1950s.[1]
Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus 35 – 37[2]CR[2] Decrease[2] Previously thought to be possibly extinct. Numbers may be higher.[2]
Greater bamboo lemurProlemur simus 100 – 160[3]CR Decrease
Blond capuchin Cebus flavius 180[4]CR[4] Decrease[4] Estimate is for mature individuals only.[4]
Sarawak surili Presbytis chrysomelas 200 – 500[5]CR[5] Decrease[5]
Perrier's sifaka Propithecus perrieri 230[6]CR[6] Decrease[6] One of the 25 most endangered primates.[6]
Silky sifaka Propithecus candidus 250[7]EN[7] Decrease[7] Estimate is believed to be a maximum.[7]
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus 250[8]CR[8] Decrease[8]
Barbara Brown's titi Callicebus barbarabrownae 260[9]CR[9] Decrease[9] Minimum estimation.[9]
Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri 260 – 330[10]CR[10] Decrease[10]
Superagui lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara 400[11]CR[11] Decrease[11] Maximum estimate.[11]
Kashmir gray langur Semnopithecus ajax 500[12]EN[12] Decrease[12] Maximum estimate; 250 mature.[12]
Coimbra Filho's titi Callicebus coimbrai 500 – 1000[13]EN[13] Decrease[13]
Gray-shanked douc Pygathrix cinerea 550 – 700[14]CR[14] Decrease[14]
Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala 569[15]EN[15] Decrease[15] While one source gives a minimum estimate of 569, another claims adult species number less than 250.[15]
Gray snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus brelichi 750[16]EN[16] Decrease[16]
White-headed langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus 764 – 864[17]CR[17] Decrease[17]
Northern muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus 855[18]CR[18] Decrease[18] Minimum estimate.[18]
Black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus 1000[19]EN[19] Decrease[19]
Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia 1000[20]EN[20] Steady[20] Minimum estimate; wild only.[20] In addition to these, there are about 450 golden lion tamarins in 150 zoos around the world.[21]
Tana River mangabey Cercocebus galeritus 1000 – 1200[22]EN[22] Decrease[22]
Kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji 1117[23]CR[23] Decrease[23]
Sanje mangabey Cercocebus sanjei 1300[24]EN[24] Decrease[24] Estimate is likely a maximum.[24]
Southern muriqui Brachyteles arachnoides 1300[25]EN[25] Decrease[25]
Black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor 1300 – 2000[26]CR[26] Decrease[26]
Siau Island tarsier Tarsius tumpara 1358 – 12 470[27]CR[27] Decrease[27] Amongst the world's top 25 most endangered primates.[27]
Red slender loris Loris tardigradus 1500[28]EN[28] Decrease[28]
Sangihe Tarsier Tarsius sangirensis 1505 – 2795[29]EN[29] Decrease[29] Population estimates are considered inconclusive.[29]
Zanzibar red colobus Procolobus kirkii 2000[30]EN[30] Decrease[30] Maximum estimate.[30]
Black snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti 2000[31]EN[31] Decrease[31] Maximum estimate; less than 1000 mature organisms.[31]
Pagai Island macaque Macaca pagensis 2100 – 3700[32]CR[32] Decrease[32] Numbered 15 000 in 1980.[32]
Javan surili Presbytis comata 2285 – 2500[33]EN[33] Decrease[33]
Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur Hapalemur alaotrensis 2500[34]CR[34] Decrease[34] Estimates were for 2002 and showed a decline of over 50% in under a ten years.[34]
Moor macaque Macaca maura 3000 – 5000[35]EN[35] Decrease[35]
Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus 4000[36]EN[36] Decrease[36] Estimate is a maximum.[36]
Silvery gibbon Hylobates moloch 4000 – 4500[37]EN[37] Decrease[37]
Gee's golden langur Trachypithecus geei 5500[38]EN[38] Decrease[38] Maximum estimate; mature individuals number less than 2500.[38]
Eastern gorilla Gorilla beringei 5880[39]EN[39] Decrease[39] Approximately 5000 eastern lowland gorillas (G. b. graueri)[39] and 880 mountain gorillas (G. b. beringei).[40]
Golden bamboo lemur Hapalemur aureus 5916[41]EN[41] Decrease[41] Real population is as much as 75% below this estimate.[41]
Cottontop tamarin Saguinus oedipus 6000[42]EN[42] Decrease[42] Estimate for mature organisms is 2000.[42]
Golden-crowned sifaka Propithecus tattersalli 6000 – 10 000[43]EN[43] Decrease[43]
Golden-headed lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas 6000 – 15 000[44]EN[44] Decrease[44]
Pig-tailed langur Simias concolor 6700 – 17 300[45]EN[45] Decrease[45] Down from an estimated 26 000 in 1980.[45]
Gray-headed lemur Eulemur cinereiceps 7265[46]EN[46] Decrease[46] Maximum population estimate is 7265 +/- 2,268.[46]
Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii 7300[47]CR[47] Decrease[47]
Madame Berthe's mouse lemur Microcebus berthae 8000[48]EN[48] Decrease[48] Estimate is a maximum.[48]
Natuna Island surili Presbytis natunae 10 000[49]VU[49] Decrease[49]
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset Callibella humilis 10 000[50]VU[50] Decrease[50]
Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus 15 000[51]EN[51] Decrease[51] Population may be underestimated.[51]
Udzungwa red colobus Procolobus gordonorum 15 400[52]EN[52] Decrease[52] Population may be overestimated.[52]
Northern giant mouse lemur Mirza zaza 16 500 – 177 500[53]VU[53] Decrease[53]
Siberut macaque Macaca siberu 17 000 – 30 000[54]VU[54] Decrease[54] Numbered 39 000 in 1980.[54]
Nilgiri langur Trachypithecus johnii 20 000[55]VU[55] Decrease[55] Maximum estimate; mature individuals number less than 10 000.[55]
Red-eared guenon Cercopithecus erythrotis 20 000[56]VU[56] Decrease[56] Minimum estimate.[56]
Kloss's gibbon Hylobates klossii 20 000 – 25 000[57]EN[57] Decrease[57]
Bonobo Pan paniscus 29 500 – 50 000[58]EN[58] Decrease[58] Population may be underestimated.[58]
Mentawai langur Presbytis potenziani 36 000[59]EN[59] Decrease[59] Maximum estimate.[59]
Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus 45 000 – 69 000[60]EN[60] Decrease[60]
Western gorilla Gorilla gorilla 95 000[61]CR[61] Decrease[61] Figures are considered an overestimation.[61]
Common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 172 700 – 299 700[62]EN[62] Decrease[62]
Gelada Theropithecus gelada 200 000[63]LC[63] Decrease[63]
Müller's Bornean gibbon Hylobates muelleri 250 000 – 375 000[64]EN[64] Decrease[64]
Human Homo sapiens sapiens 7,200,000,000[65] LC[66] Increase[66]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Geissmann, T. & Bleisch, W. (2008). "Nomascus hainanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Geissmann, T. & Bleisch, W. (2008). "Nomascus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  3. ↑ Kurt Gron (July 22, 2010). "Greater bamboo lemur". Primate Info Net. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 de Oliveira, M.M., Boubli, J.-P. & Kierulff, M.C.M. (2008). "Cebus flavius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nijman, V., Hon, J. & Richardson, M. (2008). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Propithecus perrieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Patel, E., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Propithecus candidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Xuan Canh, L., Khac Quyet, L., Thanh Hai, D. & Boonratana, R. (2008). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Veiga, L.M., Printes, R.C., Rylands, A.B., Kierulff, C.M., de Oliveira, M.M. & Mendes, S.L (2011). "Callicebus barbarabrownae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Geissmann, T., Momberg, F. & Whitten, T. (2012). "Rhinopithecus strykeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B., Mendes. S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus caissara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Groves, C.P. & Molur, S. (2008). "Semnopithecus ajax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Veiga, L.M., Sousa, M.C., Jerusalinsky, L., Ferrari, S.F., de Oliveira, M.M., Santos, S.S.D., Valente, M.C.M. & Printes, R.C. (2008). "Callicebus coimbrai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ngoc Thanh, V., Lippold, L., Nadler, T. & Timmins, R.J. (2008). "Pygathrix cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Kumar, A., Sinha, A. & Kumar, S. (2008). "Macaca munzala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Bleisch, W., Yongcheng, L. & Richardson, M. (2008). "Rhinopithecus brelichi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Bleisch, B., Xuan Canh, L., Covert, B. & Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Trachypithecus poliocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Mendes, S.L., de Oliveira, M.M., Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (2008). "Brachyteles hypoxanthus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B., Mendes. S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus chrysopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus rosalia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  21. ↑ Current Status of Golden Lion Tamarins - National Zoo| FONZ
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Butynski, T.M., Struhsaker, T., Kingdon, J. & De Jong, Y. (2008). "Cercocebus galeritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Davenport, T.R.B. & Jones, T. (2008). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Ehardt, C., Butynski, T.M. & Struhsaker, T. (2008). "Cercocebus sanjei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Mendes, S.L., de Oliveira, M.M., Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (2008). "Brachyteles arachnoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Bleisch, B., Geissmann, T., Timmins, R.J. & Xuelong, J. (2008). "Nomascus concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Shekelle, M. & Salim, A. (2011). "Tarsius tumpara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Nekaris, A. (2008). "Loris tardigradus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Shekelle, M. & Salim, A. (2011). "Tarsius sangirensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Struhsaker, T. & Siex, K. (2008). "Procolobus kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Bleisch, W. & Richardson, M. (2008). "Rhinopithecus bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Whittaker, D. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2008). "Macaca pagensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Nijman, V. & Richardson, M (2008). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Hapalemur alaotrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Supriatna, J., Shekelle, M. & Burton, J. (2008). "Macaca maura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Kumar, A., Singh, M. & Molur, S. (2008). "Macaca silenus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Andayani, N., Brockelman, W., Geissmann, T., Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J. (2008). "Hylobates moloch". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Das, J., Medhi, R. & Molur, S. (2008). "Trachypithecus geei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Robbins, M. & Williamson, L. (2008). "Gorilla beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  40. ↑ Aldred, J. (2012-11-13). "Mountain gorilla numbers rise by 10%". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2013-02-06.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A. Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Hapalemur aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Savage, A. & Causado, J. (2008). "Saguinus oedipus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Propithecus tattersalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B., Mendes. S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Whittaker, D. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2008). "Simias concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Eulemur cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M. (2008). "Pongo abelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). "Microcebus berthae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Nijman, V. & Lammertink, M. (2008). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (2008). "Callibella humilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Butynski, T.M., Cortes, J., Waters, S., Fa, J., Hobbelink, M.E., van Lavieren, E., Belbachir, F., Cuzin, F., de Smet, K., Mouna, M., de Iongh, H., Menard, N. & Camperio-Ciani, A. (2008). "Macaca sylvanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Struhsaker, T, Butynski, T.M. & Ehardt, C. (2008). "Procolobus gordonorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Rode, E.J., Nekaris, K.A.I. , Schwitzer, C. & Hoffmann, M. (2011). "Mirza zaza". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Whittaker, D. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2008). "Macaca siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Singh, M., Kumar, A. & Molur, S. (2008). "Trachypithecus johnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Oates, J.F., Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C.P. (2008). "Cercopithecus erythrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Whittaker, D. & Geissmann, T. (2008). "Hylobates klossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Fruth, B., Benishay, J.M., Bila-Isia, I., Coxe, S., Dupain, J., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., Hashimoto, C., Hohmann, G., Hurley, M., Ilambu, O., Mulavwa, M., Ndunda, M., Omasombo, V., Reinartz, G., Scherlis, J., Steel, L. & Thompson, J. (2008). "Pan paniscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Whittaker, D. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2008). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2008). "Pongo pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Walsh, P.D., Tutin, C.E.G., Oates, J.F., Baillie, J.E.M., Maisels, F., Stokes, E.J., Gatti, S., Bergl, R.A., Sunderland-Groves, J. & Dunn. A. (2008). "Gorilla gorilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Oates, J.F., Tutin, C.E.G., Humle, T., Wilson, M.L., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmforth, Z., Blom, A., Boesch, C., Cox, D., Davenport, T., Dunn, A., Dupain, J., Duvall, C., Ellis, C.M., Farmer, K.H., Gatti, S., Greengrass, E., Hart, J., Herbinger, I., Hicks, C., Hunt, K.D., Kamenya, S., Maisels, F., Mitani, J.C., Moore, J., Morgan, B.J., Morgan, D.B., Nakamura, M., Nixon, S., Plumptre, A.J., Reynolds, V., Stokes, E.J. & Walsh, P.D. (2008). "Pan troglodytes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Gippoliti, S. & Hunter, C. (2008). "Theropithecus gelada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Geissmann, T. & Nijman, V. (2008). "Hylobates muelleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  65. ↑ U.S. and World Population Clock, November 24, 2014, retrieved November 24, 2014
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Homo sapiens, IUCN, retrieved November 24, 2014