List of military occupations
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This article presents a list of military occupations. Only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.
Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign.[1][2][3][4] Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.[2][5][6][7]
Past military occupations
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Current military occupations
| Territory occupied | Since | Occupied state | Occupying state | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazia | 2008 |  Georgia |
 Russia |
Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia) |
| Artsvashen | 1994 |  Armenia |
 Azerbaijan |
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District |
| Barxudarlı | 1994 | Azerbaijan |
Armenia |
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province |
| Crimea | 2014 |  Ukraine |
Russia |
Annexed in 2014 during Crimean crisis |
| East Jerusalem | 1967 |  Palestine |
 Israel |
Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law |
| Gaza Strip | 1967 | Palestine |
Israel |
Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel[lower-alpha 13] |
| Golan Heights | 1967 |  Syria |
Israel |
Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law |
| Karki | 1992 | Azerbaijan |
Armenia |
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province |
| Nagorno-Karabakh (and surrounding territories) |
1994 | Azerbaijan |
Armenia |
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition |
| Northern Cyprus | 1974 |  Cyprus |
 Turkey |
Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition |
| South Ossetia | 2008 | Georgia |
Russia |
Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia) |
| Transnistria | 1992 |  Moldova |
Russia |
Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition |
| West Bank | 1967 | Palestine |
Israel |
Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Palestinian National Authority |
| Western Sahara | 1975 |  Morocco |
Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition | |
| Yuxarı Əskipara | 1994 | Azerbaijan |
Armenia |
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province |
See also
- Military occupations by the Soviet Union
- Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
- CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
- Annexation
- Revanchism
- For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
- For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes
Footnotes and references
- Footnotes
- ↑ See Occupation of Constantinople and Occupation of Smyrna.
- ↑ On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
- ↑ On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
- ↑ League of Nations mandate administered by Australia.
- ↑ On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.[11]
- ↑ From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.[12]
- ↑ On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.[11]
- ↑ From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.[12]
- ↑ On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.[11]
- ↑ From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.[12]
- ↑ On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Polish government signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories.
- ↑ Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
- ↑ In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."
- References
- ↑ A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
- ↑ Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
- ↑ During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21.
- ↑ David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
- ↑ Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608.
The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each
- ↑ Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716.
The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Vol. 4
- ↑ http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne
- ↑ Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fried, Daniel (June 14, 2007). "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-29.
- ↑ "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". Hansard (U.K. Parliament) 540 (cc1870–4). May 4, 1955. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
- ↑ On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez, BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ↑ The occupation of Sinai (1956)
- ↑ Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
- ↑ Joe De Capua Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia, Voice of America, 24 December 2007