List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior
- This is an incomplete list that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
For these mammals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sexual behavior, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting.
Bruce Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people making homosexuality in animals a taboo subject.[3][4] He devotes three chapters; Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife, Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality and Not For Breeding Only in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.[5] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[4]
Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[6][7] Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by some social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.[8][9] On the other hand, social liberals and many gay people believe homosexuality is natural, and therefore find the existence of homosexual sex in animals unsurprising. Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior, however this article conforms to the usage by modern research[10][11][12][13] applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.
This list is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including birds, insects, fish etc.
Selected images
-
Male bonnet macaques, similar to the youthful ones pictured, "give each other hand-jobs and sometimes eat the resulting semen"[1] although using "hand-job" can be seen as overly anthropomorphic.[2]
-
"Elevated levels of testosterone in utero"[4] increases aggressiveness and both male and female spotted hyenas mount submissive same-sex members who likely have lower levels of testosterone from their mothers.[4][5][6]
- ^ a b Kick (2001)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Biological_Exuberance:_Macaquewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Imaginova (2007e)
- ^ a b Forger (1998)
- ^ Holekamp (2003)
- ^ Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Biological_Exuberance:_Marine_Mammals.2C_Dolphins_and_Whaleswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Imaginova (2007h)
Mammals
- African Buffalo[14]
- African Elephant[15]
- Agile Wallaby[16]
- Amazon River Dolphin[17]
- American Bison[14][18]
- Antelope[19]
- Asian Elephant[15]
- Asian house shrew[20]
- Asiatic Lion[21]
- Asiatic Mouflon[22]
- Atlantic Spotted Dolphin[17]
- Australian Sea Lion[23]
- Barasingha[24]
- Barbary Sheep[25]
- Beluga[17]
- Bharal[26]
- Bighorn Sheep[25]
- Black Bear[27]
- Blackbuck[28]
- Black-footed Rock Wallaby[16]
- Black-tailed Deer[24]
- Bonnet Macaque[29]
- Bonobo[30][31][32]
- Bottlenose Dolphin[17][33]
- Bowhead Whale[17]
- Brazilian Guinea Pig[34]
- Bridled Dolphin[17]
- Brown Bear[27]
- Brown Capuchin[35]
- Brown Long-eared Bat[36]
- Brown Rat[37]
- Buffalo[25]
- Caribou[38]
- Cat (domestic)[39]
- Cattle (domestic)[40]
- Chacma baboon[41]
- Cheetah[21]
- Chital[42]
- Collared Peccary[43]
- Commerson's Dolphin[17]
- Common Brushtail Possum[44]
- Common Chimpanzee[45]
- Common Dolphin[17]
- Common Marmoset[35]
- Common Pipistrelle[46]
- Common Raccoon[47]
- Common Tree Shrew[48]
- Cotton-top Tamarin[49]
- Crab-eating Macaque[29]
- Crested Black Macaque[29]
- Dall's Sheep[25]
- Daubenton's Bat[36]
- Dog (domestic)[50]
- Donkey[51]
- Doria's Tree Kangaroo[16]
- Dugong[52]
- Dwarf Cavy[34]
- Dwarf Mongoose[53]
- Eastern Cottontail Rabbit[37]
- Eastern Grey Kangaroo[16]
- Elk[24]
- Euro (a subspecies of wallaroo)[16]
- European Bison[14]
- Fallow Deer[24]
- False Killer Whale[17]
- Fat-tailed Dunnart[54]
- Fin Whale[17]
- Fox[55]
- Gazelle[19]
- Gelada Baboon[56]
- Giraffe[4][19][57]
- Goat (Domestic)[25]
- Golden Monkey[58]
- Gorilla[59]
- Grant's Gazelle[19]
- Grey-headed Flying Fox[36]
- Grey Seal[23]
- Grey squirrel[60]
- Grey Whale[17][61]
- Grey Wolf[62]
- Grizzly Bear[27]
- Guinea Pig (Domestic)[34]
- Hamadryas Baboon[56]
- Hamster (Domestic)[34]
- Hanuman Langur[63]
- Harbor Porpoise[64]
- Harbor Seal[23]
- Himalayan Tahr[65]
- Hoary Marmot[66]
- Horse (domestic)[67]
- Human (see Human sexual behavior)
- Indian Fruit Bat[36]
- Indian Muntjac[68]
- Indian Rhinoceros[69]
- Japanese Macaque[29]
- Javelina[70]
- Kangaroo Rat[37]
- Killer Whale[17]
- Koala[71]
- Kob[72][73]
- Larga Seal[23]
- Least Chipmunk[60]
- Lechwe[73]
- Lesser Bushbaby[74]
- Lion[21][75][76][77][78][79]
- Lion-tailed Macaque[29]
- Lion Tamarin[35]
- Little Brown Bat[36]
- Livingstone's Fruit Bat[36]
- Long-eared Hedgehog[80]
- Long-footed Tree Shrew[48]
- Macaque[81]
- Markhor[82]
- Marten[47]
- Matschie's Tree Kangaroo[16]
- Moco[83]
- Mohol Galago[74]
- Moor Macaque[29]
- Moose[84]
- Mountain Goat[25]
- Mountain Tree Shrew[48]
- Mountain Zebra[85]
- Mouse (domestic)[86]
- Moustached Tamarin[49]
- Mule Deer[24]
- Musk-ox[87]
- Natterer's Bat[36]
- New Zealand Sea Lion[23]
- Nilgiri Langur[63]
- Noctule[46]
- North American Porcupine[88]
- Northern Elephant Seal[23]
- Northern Fur Seal[23]
- Northern Quoll[54]
- Olympic Marmot[89]
- Orangutan[90]
- Pacific Striped Dolphin[17]
- Patas Monkey[91]
- Pere David's Deer[24]
- Pig (Domestic)[92]
- Pig-tailed Macaque[29]
- Plains Zebra[93]
- Polar Bear[27]
- Pretty-faced Wallaby[16]
- Proboscis Monkey[58]
- Pronghorn[94]
- Przewalski's Horse[85]
- Pudú[42]
- Puku[95]
- Quokka[96]
- Rabbit[97]
- Raccoon[47]
- Raccoon Dog[98]
- Red Deer[24]
- Red Fox[99]
- Red Kangaroo[16]
- Red-necked Wallaby[16]
- Red Squirrel[60]
- Reeves's Muntjac[68]
- Reindeer[38]
- Rhesus Macaque[29]
- Right Whale[17]
- Rock Cavy[34]
- Rodrigues Fruit Bat[36]
- Roe Deer[24]
- Rufous Bettong[100]
- Rufous-naped Tamarin[49]
- Rufous Rat Kangaroo[16]
- Saddle-back Tamarin[49]
- Savanna Baboon[56]
- Sea Otter[101]
- Serotine Bat[36]
- Sheep (Domestic)[25][102]
- Siamang[103]
- Sika Deer[24]
- Slender Tree Shrew[48]
- Sooty Mangabey[91]
- Sperm Whale[17]
- Spinifex Hopping Mouse[37]
- Spinner Dolphin[17]
- Spotted Hyena[104][105]
- Spotted Seal[23]
- Squirrel Monkey[106]
- Striped Dolphin[17]
- Stuart's Marsupial Mouse[107]
- Sika deer[108]
- Stumptail Macaque[29]
- Swamp Deer[24]
- Swamp Wallaby[16]
- Takhi[85]
- Talapoin[91]
- Tammar Wallaby[16]
- Tasmanian Devil[107]
- Tibetan Macaque[109]
- Tasmanian Rat Kangaroo[16]
- Thinhorn Sheep[25]
- Thomson's Gazelle[19]
- Tiger[110]
- Tonkean Macaque[29]
- Tucuxi[111]
- Urial[112]
- Vampire Bat[36]
- Verreaux's Sifaka[113]
- Vervet[91]
- Vicuna[114]
- Walrus[115][116]
- Wapiti[117]
- Warthog[118]
- Waterbuck[119]
- Water Buffalo[25]
- Weeper Capuchin[35]
- Western Grey Kangaroo[16]
- West Indian Manatee[120]
- Whiptail Wallaby[16]
- White-faced Capuchin[35]
- White-fronted Capuchin[35]
- White-handed Gibbon[121]
- White-lipped Peccary[122]
- White-tailed Deer[24]
- Wild Cavy[34]
- Wild Goat[25]
- Wisent[14]
- Yellow-bellied marmot[108]
- Yellow-footed Rock Wallaby[16]
- Yellow-toothed Cavy[34]
See also
- Homosexual behavior in animals#Mammals
- Animal sexual behavior#Mammals
- List of birds displaying homosexual behavior
References
- ↑ Kick (2001)
- ↑ Imaginova (2007f)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 News-medical.net (2006)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999)
- ↑ Harrold (1999)
- ↑ Solimeo (2004)
- ↑ Solimeo (2004b)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
- ↑ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
- ↑ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
- ↑ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 413
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 427
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 Bagemihl (1999) page 449
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 Bagemihl (1999) page 339
- ↑ Imaginova (2007b)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Bagemihl (1999) page 391
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 49
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Bagemihl (1999) page 432
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 405, 690
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 Bagemihl (1999) page 367
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 24.10 Bagemihl (1999) page 378
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 Bagemihl (1999) page 405
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 209, 408, 690
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 441
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 402
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 Bagemihl (1999) page 316
- ↑ de Waal (2001)
- ↑ Liggett (1997–2006)
- ↑ Imaginova (2007j)
- ↑ Imaginova (2007c)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Bagemihl (1999) page 467
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 Bagemihl (1999) page 334
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 Bagemihl (1999) page 473
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 469
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 52
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Poiani (2010) page 51
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 422–425
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 457
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 475
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Bagemihl (1999) page 448
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 471
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 333
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 170
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 376
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 447–448
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Bagemihl (1999) pages 458–460
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Bagemihl (1999) pages 324–330
- ↑ Imaginova (2007d)
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Bagemihl (1999) pages 299–301
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 280–284
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Bagemihl (1999) pages 461–464
- ↑
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 231, 436–440
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Bagemihl (1999) pages 293–298
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 347
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 412
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 465-466
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 386
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 430
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457
- ↑
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 336-338
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 302–305.
- ↑ Cooper
- ↑ Eaton (1974)
- ↑ Schaller, (1972)
- ↑ Srivastav (2001)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 470–472
- ↑ Imaginova (2007)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 409
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 109, 469
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 387–390
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Bagemihl (1999) pages 418–421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 410–413
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 472
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 465–466
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 284–288
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 Bagemihl (1999) page 328
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 225–226, 232–240
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 394–396
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–401
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 451
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 81
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 440
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 437–441
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 453–455
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 364–365
- ↑ Roselli (2004), Vol. 145, No. 2, pages 478–483
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 289–292
- ↑ Forger (6 December 1998), Volume 375, Issue 2 , Pages 333 – 343
- ↑
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 330–335
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Bagemihl (1999) page 459
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Poiani (2010) page 50
- ↑ Jiang, T., Li, J., Sheeran, L. K., Zhu, Y., Sun, B., Xia, D., & Wang, X. (2013). "Homosexual mounting in wild male Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China". Life Science Journal 10 (1).
- ↑ Sommer (2006)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 340
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 405–409
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 366–368
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 425–426
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 370–374
- ↑ Imaginova (2007g)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 231
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pagepage 421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–400
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 374–377
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 288–290
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 424
See also
- Against Nature?, an exhibit at the University of Oslo's Natural History Museum that took place until 19 August 2007.
- Anthropomorphism
- Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
- Biodiversity
- Bioethics
- Biology and sexual orientation
- Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a branch of zoology; cognitive ethology fuses cognitive science and classical ethology to observe animals under more-or-less natural conditions
- Evolutionary biology
- Homosexual behavior in animals#Birds
- Innate bisexuality
- Sexual selection
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...frequent sex (including male-to-male and female-to-female) characterize bonobo society.
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