List of largest European cities in history
Timeline - Neolithic - Bronze - Iron Age. To ancient Greece and Roman Republic 7000 - 100-0 B.C.
City | 7000 | 6500–6000 | 5000 | 4000 | 3800 | 3000–2500 | 2000 | 1600 | 1300 | 1000 | 700 | 600 | 500 - 400 | 300 | 200 | 100-0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athens[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] | 10,000 - 15,000 | 2,500 - 5,000 | 5,000 - 10,000 | 70,000 - 100,000 - 130,000 | 150,000 - 350,000 - 610,000 | 120,000-200,000-300,000-431,000 | 100,000-200,000 | |||||||||
Argos[3][14][22][23][24][25] | 600 - 1,200 | 5,000 - 10,000 | 30,000 - 60,000 | |||||||||||||
Aegina[26] | 20,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Akrotiri (Santorini)[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][35] | 8,000 - 15,000 - 30,000 | |||||||||||||||
Agrigento[36][37][38][39][40] | 200,000 - 800,000 | |||||||||||||||
Cerveteri[41][42][43][44][45] | 25,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Capua[46][47][48][49][50][51] | 100,000 | 300,000 | 100,000 | |||||||||||||
Choirokoitia[52][53][54][55][56][57][58] | 300 - 600 | 2,000 | ||||||||||||||
Corinth[59][60][61] | 50,000-90,000-100,000 | |||||||||||||||
Crotone[62] | 50,000 - 80,000 | |||||||||||||||
Dobrovody[63][64] | 10,000-16,000 | |||||||||||||||
Dimini[65] | 300 | |||||||||||||||
Durrington Walls[66][67][68] | 4,000 | |||||||||||||||
Fedorovka[64] | 6,000 | |||||||||||||||
Gournia[69][70] | 4,000 | |||||||||||||||
Heuneburg[71][72][73][74] | 10,000 | |||||||||||||||
ischia[75][76][77] | 5,000 - 10,000 | |||||||||||||||
Knossos[3][14][27] | 100 | 1,000 | 1,300-2,000 | 18,000 | 20,000 - 40,000 - 100,000 | 30,000 | 5,000 - 10,000 | |||||||||
Mycenae[84][88] | 30,000 | |||||||||||||||
Manika (Greece)[87][89][90][91][92][93] | 6000 - 13,500 | |||||||||||||||
Malia[27][85][87] | 700-1,000 | 5,000 - 10,000 - 12.500 | ||||||||||||||
Maydanets[63] | 10,000 | |||||||||||||||
Nea Nikomedeia[94] | 500-700 | |||||||||||||||
Palaikastro[27][85] | 18,000 | |||||||||||||||
Populonia[43][44][95][96] | 25,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Lepenski Vir[97][98][99][100][101][102] | 150 -1,000 | |||||||||||||||
Tarquinia[43][44][95][96] | 20,000 - 25,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Vinča-Belo Brdo[103][104] | 2000–2500 | |||||||||||||||
Veii[43][44][95][96][105][106][107] | 25,000 - 40,000 - 100,000 | |||||||||||||||
Volsinii[43][44][95][96] | 13,000 - 25,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Vulci[43][44][95][96] | 15,000 - 25,000 - 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Sesklo[108][109][110][111][112] | 300 | 1000–5000 | ||||||||||||||
Sparta[2][113] | 40,000-50,000 | |||||||||||||||
Syracuse, Sicily[40][114][115][115][116][117][118][119][120] | 200,000-800,000-1,200,000 | 200,000-400,000 | ||||||||||||||
Sybaris[121][122][123][124][125][126] | 100,000-300,000 | |||||||||||||||
Solnitsata[127][128] | 350 | |||||||||||||||
Tiryns[87][129][130][131] | 1,200-1,800 | 10,000 | 15,000 | |||||||||||||
Nebelovka[64] | 17,000 | |||||||||||||||
Taranto[51][132][133] | 100,000-300,000 | |||||||||||||||
Talianki[64][134][135][136] | 15,000-30,000 | |||||||||||||||
Thebes, Greece[87][137] | 4,000-6,000 | 8,000 | 30,000 - 60,000 | |||||||||||||
Los Millares[142][143][144] | 1,000 - 2,300 | |||||||||||||||
Pavlopetri[145][146] | 500 | 2,000 | ||||||||||||||
Rome[51][147][148][149][150] | 3,145-7,400 | 24,240-60,600 | 80,000 | 130,000 | 250,000-300,000 | 350,000 | 500,000-1,000,000 | |||||||||
Rhodes (city)[20][21][159] | 100,000-200,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||||||||
Timeline From Roman Empire to Modern Age 0 - 1800 A.D.
City | 0-100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1200 | 1300 | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1800 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athens[160][161] | 30,000 | 110,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Aquileia[26][162] | 100,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Augsburg[163][164][165][166][167][168][169] | 25,000-50,000 | 25,000-50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000-50,000 | 45,000-50,000-100,000 | 28,000 | ||||||||||||
Amalfi[170] | 80,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Antwerpen[171][172][173][174][175] | 5,000 | 20,000 | 100,000-200,000 | 46,000-90,000 | 75,000 | |||||||||||||
Arles[176][177][178] | 75,000-100,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Autun[179][180][181] | 40,000-100,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Amsterdam[174][182][183][184] | 30,000 | 65,000-100,000-175,000 | 175,000-200,000-210,000 | 195,000-201,000 | ||||||||||||||
Barcelona[184][185][186][187] | 50,000 | 60,000-70,000 | 100,000 | |||||||||||||||
Bruges[188][189] | 50,000 | 125,000-200,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Brussels[173][183][190] | 30,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 70,000 | ||||||||||||||
Bordeaux[191][192][193] | 30,000-40,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | |||||||||||||||
Berlin[183][194] | 6,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 172,000 | ||||||||||||||
Bologna[195][196][197] | 35,000 | 50,000-70,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Carnuntum[198][199] | 50,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | |||||||||||||||
Cádiz[181][183] | 100,000 | 87,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Corinth[59][200][201][202][203] | 100,000 - 200,00 - 700,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Constantinople[204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213] | 400,000 | 400,00- 800,000 | 100,000- 800,000 | 100,000- 800,000 | 100,000- 250,000 | 500,000- 1,000,000 | 500,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 | 70,000 | 400,000-660,000 | 700,000 | 300,000-700,000 | 400,000-570,000 | ||||
Córdoba[181][196][214] | 45,000 | 450,000 | 60,000 | |||||||||||||||
Cologne[197][215][216][217][218][219] | 40,000 | 40,000 | 15,000-20,000 | 20,000 | 50,000 | 50,000-60,000 | 45,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 | |||||||||
Danzig[163][182] | 30,000 | 60,000-80,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Dublin[220][221][222][223] | 1,000-2,000 | 4,000-5,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 75,000 | 200,000 | ||||||||||||
Florence[173][174][197][215][224][225] | 15,000 | 50,000-60,000 | 80,000-120,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | |||||||||||||
Genoa[173][174][197][226][227][228] | 80,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 90,000 | |||||||||||
Ghent[172][188][229][230][231][232][233][234][235] | 5,000 | 10,000 | 60,000-80,000 | 70,000-80,000 | 80,000-150,000-175,000-200,000 | |||||||||||||
Granada[174][236][237] | 26,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 70,000 | ||||||||||||||
Hamburg[163][165][169][182][183][238] | 15,000-20,000 | 40,000-60,000-100,000 | 63,000 | 117,000 | ||||||||||||||
Kiev[239][240] | 45,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Lisbon[183][234][241][242] | 35,000 | 50,000-60,000 | 60,000-70,000-120,000 | 120,000-140,000 | 200,000 | 237,000 | ||||||||||||
London[213][243][244][245][246][247][174][248][249] | 30,000 | 45,000-50,000-60,000 | 10,000-12,000 | 20,000-25,000 | 10,000-20,000 | 20,000-25,000 | 50,000-100,000 | 50,000-100,000-120,000 | 225,000-410,000 | 550,00-700,000 | 861,000-1,000,000 | |||||||
Lugdunum (Lyon)[182][193][197][250][251][251][252][253] | 50,000-100,000-200,000 | 50,000-100,000-200,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 40,000-70,000 | 40,000-70,000 | 100,000 | 150,000 | ||||||||||
Leuven[173] | 45,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Madrid[182][183][238] | 60,000 | 105,000 | 182,000 | |||||||||||||||
Magdeburg[163][219] | 30,000 | 40,000-45,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Marseilles[182][183][184][238] | 80,000-100,000 | 80,000 | 83,000-100,000 | |||||||||||||||
Mainz[254] | 20,000 | 30,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Messina[182][238][255] | 100,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Milan[48][173][174][181][183][227][238][256][257][258][259] | 40,000 | 40,000 | 100,000 | 90,000 | 200,000 | 125,000 | 100,000 | 180,000 | 113,000 | 122,000-250,000 | ||||||||
Metz[193][252][260] | 40,000 | 25,000 | 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Montpellier[193][261] | 30,000-40,000 | 15,000 | 40,000 | |||||||||||||||
Moscow[234][262] | 20,000-30,000 | 30,000-40,000 | 100,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 250,000 | ||||||||||||
Narbonne[179][197] | 30,000-50,000 | 31,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Naples[173][183][197][263][264][265][266][267][268][269] | 30,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 30,000 | 50,000-60,000 | 200,000 | 350,000 | 207,000 | 500,000 | |||||||||
Nimes[193][270][271][272][273] | 40,000-60,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Nuremberg[165][167][169][238][274][275][276] | 20,000 | 20,000-50,000 | 40,000-50,000-100,000 | 27,000 | ||||||||||||||
Ostia Antica[277][278][279][280][281][282] | 20,000-50,000-100,000 | 50,000-100,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Palermo[182][183][234][283] | 350,000 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | 124,000 | 135,000 | |||||||||||
Paris[197][213][284][285][286][193][287][288] | 80,000 | 30,000 | 20,000-30,000 | 20,000-30,000 | 20,000 | 50,000 | 110,000-160,000 | 228,000-275,000-300,000 | 280,000 | 225,000 | 245,000-420,000 | 515,000 | 546,000-830,000 | |||||
Padua[195][289] | 25,000-40,000 | 25,000-40,000 | 25,000-40,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||||
Pozzuoli[48][290][291] | 50,000-100,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Preslav[174] | 60,000 | 60,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Prague[174][183][292] | 22,000 | 77,000 | 95,000 | 48,000 | 77,000 | |||||||||||||
Regensburg[174][252] | 25,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Reims[179][193] | 30,000-50,000 | 30,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Rome[147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][174][204][293][294][295][296][297][298][299] | 1,650,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,200,000 | 1,100,000 | 100,000 | 90,000 | 40,000 - 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 20,000 | 50,000-55,000 | 90,000-110,000 | 120,000-150,000 | 150,000 | ||||
Ravenna[176] | 50,000 | 50,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Rouen[183][193][252][253][292][300][301] | 10,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 70,000 | 40,000-70,000 | 40,000-70,000 | 63,000 | 80,000-90,000 | ||||||||||
Saint Petersburg[184][302] | 220,000-425,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Salerno[197][303] | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 4,000 | ||||||||||||||
Smolensk[304][305] | 20,000-30,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Sarai[306] | 600,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Seville[170][182][183][237] | 90,000 | 150,000 | 25,000 | 100,000-300,000 | 80,000 | 96,000 | ||||||||||||
Siena[307] | 50,000 | 25,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Syracuse, Sicily[181] | 80,000 | |||||||||||||||||
Thessaloniki[239][276][308][309][310][311] | 200,000 | 40,000 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 100,000- 150,000 | 100,000- 150,000 | ||||||||||||
Trier[197][252][312][313][314][315] | 70,000-80,000-100,000 | 70,000-80,000-100,000 | 15,000 | 20,000 | ||||||||||||||
Toulouse[173][193][316][317][318] | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | ||||||||||||
Venice[173][174][225][226][319] | 60,000 | 80,000 | 110,000-180,000 | 110,00-150,000 | 100,000-170,000 | 200,000 | 140,000 | 140,000 | ||||||||||
Verona[320][321] | 20,000-25,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Veliky Novgorod[322][323][324][325] | 10,000-15,000 | 20,000-30,000 | 400,000 | |||||||||||||||
Vienna[163][169][182][183][276][289][326][327] | 15,000-20,000 | 15,000-20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | 250,000 | |||||||||||
Ypres,[197][328][329][330][331][332][333][334] | 40,000-80,000-200,000 | 40,000-80,000-200,000 | ||||||||||||||||
Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)
|
|
|
*Warsaw data from 1792[335]
Data from Chandler (1987)
City | Country | 430 B.C. | 200 B.C. | A.D. 100 | A.D. 361 | A.D. 500 | A.D. 622 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seville | Spain | 37–40,000 | 40,000 | ||||
London | United Kingdom | 30,000 | |||||
Syracuse | Italy | 125,000 | 100,000 | 51–60,000 | 45–50,000 | ||
Rome | Italy | 35,000 | 150,000 | 450,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 50,000 |
Milan | Italy | 30,000 | 40,000 | ||||
Athens | Greece | 155,000 | 75,000 | 75,000 | 50–60,000 | ||
Corinth | Greece | 70,000 | 70,000 | 50,000 | |||
Constantinople | Turkey | 36,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 | 350,000 | ||
City | Country | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1150 | 1200 | 1250 | 1300 | 1350 | 1400 | 1450 | 1500 | 1550 | 1575 | 1600 | 1650 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | United Kingdom | 15,000 | 25,000 | 40,000 | 45,000 | 50,000 | 60,000 | 50,000 | 74,000 | 112,000 | 187,000 | 410,000 | |||||
Lisbon | Portugal | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 35,000 | 45,000 | 55,000 | 60,000 | 55,000 | 62,000 | 85,000 | 100,000 | 170,000 | ||||
Córdoba | Spain | 160,000 | 200,000 | 450,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 40,000 | 36,000 | 30,000 | 32,000 | ||||||
Seville | Spain | 35,000 | 40,000 | 90,000 | 125,000 | 125,000 | 150,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 46,000 | 70,000 | 100,000 | 126,000 | 60,000 |
Granada | Spain | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 60,000 | 90,000 | 165,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 60,000 | 68,000 | ||||
Madrid | Spain | 80,000 | 125,000 | ||||||||||||||
Paris | France | 25,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 50,000 | 110,000 | 160,000 | 228,000 | 215,000 | 280,000 | 150,000 | 185,000 | 210,000 | 220,000 | 245,000 | 455,000 | |
Amsterdam | Netherlands | 48,000 | 165,000 | ||||||||||||||
Rome | Italy | 50,000 | 40,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 30,000 | 33,000 | 38,000 | 58,000 | 70,000 | 102,000 | 110,000 | ||||
Naples | Italy | 30,000 | 25,000 | 30,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 75,000 | 114,000 | 209,000 | 215,000 | 224,000 | 265,000 | ||
Milan | Italy | 25,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 42,000 | 45,000 | 60,000 | 65,000 | 60,000 | 50,000 | 80,000 | 83,000 | 89,000 | 75,000 | 98,000 | 107,000 | 105,000 |
Palermo | Italy | 35,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 125,000 | 150,000 | 75,000 | 35,000 | 25,000 | 39,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 105,000 | 132,000 | |||
Venice | Italy | 35,000 | 45,000 | 55,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 90,000 | 110,000 | 85,000 | 110,000 | 100,000 | 115,000 | 171,000 | 157,000 | 151,000 | 134,000 | |
Prague | Czech Republic | 15,000 | 22,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 | 95,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 110,000 | ||||||
Athens | Greece | 25,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 33,000 | ||||||||||||
Constantinople | Turkey | 250,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 80,000 | 75,000 | 45,000 | 200,000 | 660,000 | 680,000 | 700,000 | 700,000 |
Sarai | Russia | 80,000 | 100,000 | 120,000 | |||||||||||||
Moscow | Russia | 30,000 | 80,000 | 75,000 | 60,000 | 80,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||||
City | Country | 1675 | 1700 | 1750 | 1775 | 1800 | 1825 | 1850 | 1862 | 1875 | 1900 | 1914 | 1925 | 1936 | 1950 | 1975 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | United Kingdom | 485,000 | 550,000 | 676,000 | 710,000 | 861,000 | 1,335,000 | 2,320,000 | 2,803,000 | 4,241,000 | 6,480,000 | 7,419,000 | 7,742,000 | 9,710,000 | 8,860,000 | 10,500,000 |
Lisbon | Portugal | 178,000 | 188,000 | 213,000 | 219,000 | 237,000 | 258,000 | 262,000 | 280,000 | 243,000 | 363,000 | 455,000 | 567,000 | 875,000 | 1,600,000 | |
Córdoba | Spain | 27,000 | 28,000 | 34,000 | 52,000 | |||||||||||
Seville | Spain | 80,000 | 68,000 | 96,000 | 83,000 | 117,000 | 148,000 | 212,000 | 383,000 | 685,000 | ||||||
Granada | Spain | 35,000 | 45,000 | 53,000 | 58,000 | 75,000 | ||||||||||
Madrid | Spain | 115,000 | 105,000 | 110,000 | 132,000 | 182,000 | 201,000 | 216,000 | 303,000 | 373,000 | 539,000 | 623,000 | 791,000 | 1,220,000 | 1,527,000 | 4,150,000 |
Paris | France | 540,000 | 530,000 | 556,000 | 600,000 | 547,000 | 855,000 | 1,314,000 | 1,800,000 | 2,250,000 | 3,330,000 | 4,000,000 | 4,800,000 | 5,950,000 | 5,900,000 | 9,400,000 |
Amsterdam | Netherlands | 195,000 | 210,000 | 219,000 | 209,000 | 195,000 | 196,000 | 225,000 | 268,000 | 289,000 | 510,000 | 601,000 | 718,000 | 859,000 | 1,800,000 | |
Rome | Italy | 105,000 | 138,000 | 146,000 | 148,000 | 142,000 | 125,000 | 158,000 | 194,000 | 251,000 | 438,000 | 570,000 | 758,000 | 1,155,000 | 1,665,000 | 3,600,000 |
Naples | Italy | 170,000 | 207,000 | 310,000 | 355,000 | 430,000 | 350,000 | 413,000 | 447,000 | 450,000 | 563,000 | 691,000 | 852,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,900,000 | |
Milan | Italy | 114,000 | 113,000 | 110,000 | 117,000 | 122,000 | 156,000 | 182,000 | 226,000 | 267,000 | 491,000 | 655,000 | 917,000 | 1,103,000 | 1,400,000 | 3,800,000 |
Palermo | Italy | 128,000 | 125,000 | 111,000 | 127,000 | 135,000 | 154,000 | 170,000 | 175,000 | 188,000 | 255,000 | 370,000 | 470,000 | 672,000 | ||
Venice | Italy | 138,000 | 143,000 | 158,000 | 151,000 | 146,000 | 99,000 | 141,000 | 171,000 | 226,000 | 354,000 | |||||
Berlin | Germany | 26,000 | 113,000 | 136,000 | 172,000 | 222,000 | 446,000 | 582,000 | 1,045,000 | 2,707,000 | 3,500,000 | 4,013,000 | 4,226,000 | 3,707,000 | 2,000,000 | |
Budapest | Hungary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 309,208 | 733,385 | 880,371 | 960,995 | 1,060,431 | 1,629,000 | 2,026,543 |
Prague | Czech Republic | 48,000 | 58,000 | 77,000 | 98,000 | 117,000 | 474,000 | 670,000 | 745,000 | 951,000 | 1,275,000 | |||||
Athens | Greece | 30,000 | 181,000 | 571,000 | 1,140,000 | 3,300,000 | ||||||||||
Constantinople | Turkey | 750,000 | 700,000 | 625,000 | 600,000 | 570,000 | 675,000 | 785,000 | 820,000 | 873,000 | 900,000 | 1,125,000 | 817,000 | 1,035,000 | 3,200,000 | |
Edirne | Turkey | 100,000 | 85,000 | 82,000 | 80,000 | 88,000 | 85,000 | |||||||||
Moscow | Russia | 105,000 | 114,000 | 146,000 | 177,000 | 248,000 | 257,000 | 373,000 | 346,000 | 600,000 | 1,120,000 | 1,805,000 | 1,764,000 | 4,050,000 | 5,100,000 | 10,700,000 |
Saint Petersburg | Russia | 74,000 | 164,000 | 220,000 | 438,000 | 502,000 | 565,000 | 764,000 | 1,439,000 | 2,133,000 | 1,430,000 | 2,983,000 | 2,700,000 | 4,280,000 | ||
See also
- Historical urban community sizes
- Largest cities in Europe
- List of cities in Europe
- List of largest cities throughout history
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
- List of oldest European cities
Notes and references
- ↑ Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780253003256.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC". Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780817352462.
- ↑ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 9780313289460.
- ↑ Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780816529360.
- ↑ "Urban History of Athens Presentation". 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ↑ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN 9780191663864.
- ↑ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895.
- ↑ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 9781136788000.
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