List of journalists killed in Mexico
Mexico is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists and among the ones with the highest levels of unsolved crimes against the press.[1] Though the exact figures of those killed are often conflicting,[2] press freedom organizations around the world agree through general consensus that Mexico is among the most dangerous countries on the planet to exercise journalism as a profession.[3][4][5] More than 100 media workers have been killed or disappeared since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.[6][7]
Historical summary
Targeted killings of journalists in Mexico have existed since the reign of Porfirio Díaz and the Mexican Revolution in 1910.[8] When the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ruled the presidency in the 1930s following the Revolution, the Mexican government practically monopolized the press in Mexico in order to get favorable coverage in the media.[9][10] Journalists who complied with the modus operandi were paid with government handouts and gifts; those who did not were intimidated and/or killed. Throughout the 1970s and the 1980s, Mexico was the most dangerous country for journalists in all of Latin America. However, most of the attacks against the press were carried out by upset drug traffickers and corrupt law enforcement officials because they were the ones mentioned in the press.[9]
Through the government's use of informal coercion and media blackout, the Mexican press became accustomed to limit their reports to what state officials said. Very few journalists dared to break away from this practice because the government would thereby threaten to withdraw their advertisements and prevent the state-owned paper agency of that time to sell newsprints for their publications.[9][11]
When the Mexican government began to sell off the media public enterprises in the 1980s, more autonomous and independent newspapers with diversity in their news coverages were born. During this decade, the PRI began to lose several local and state elections, and eventually lost the presidency in 2000 to the National Action Party (PAN), after they had won every presidential election since 1929. With this political transition, Mexican readers began to prefer media outlets that showed a level of integrity and autonomy.[9][12]
When former President Felipe Calderón of the PAN took office in 2006, he carried out a military-led campaign to tackle Mexico's drug trafficking organizations. Violence across Mexico spread shortly thereafter, as rival organized crime groups fought for territorial control and with the government. This rise in drug-related murders came alongside a spike of attacks against the press, with drug cartels and corrupt officials wanting to take control the flow of information that reached the news.[13] Organized crime groups traditionally attack traditional print newspapers, either by killing, disappearing, or intimidating their reporters.[14]
With traditional media being too intimidating to reporters, some newspapers in Mexico have self-censored and stopped writing about drug trafficking and organized crime. Others simply limit their coverage to the information found in official government press releases or police reports, while others, however, are forced to write what a drug trafficking organization orders them to publish. Journalists have to be careful when they decide to write about the drug violence in Mexico because little things can incur a reprisal; using simple words like "organized crime" are often just what they need to anger a drug trafficking organization.[15]
Criminal organizations target journalists for various reasons. Among the most common one is to silence the press in the areas they operate in, and especially when the groups are trying to establish their presence in an area. They also kill journalists as retributions for publications that may damage their business.[16][17] Cartels want the press to be silent because keeping an image that a city is safe can prevent the Mexican government from sending more federal troops to the area.[18] In addition, Mexican media outlets find themselves vulnerable to attacks when they are in an area with two or more organized crime groups. A group might threaten to kill a journalist if there is coverage of them on the media, while another group might do the same if there is not any coverage.[19]
Attacks against the press have continued under the administration of President Enrique Peña Nieto.[20] Violence has compromised the news that reaches the rest of the world. Local journalists are largely responsible for reporting what happens day-to-day in Mexico and the international media relies on them.[21]
Before the Mexican Drug War
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Date | Name | Location | Media outlet | Status | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 December 1860 | Vicente Segura Argüelles | Mexico | Diario de Avisos | Killed | [22] |
1863 | Carlos R. Casarín | Mexico | La Orquesta Mi Sombrero | Killed | [22][23] |
23 September 1866 | Donato Corzo Ruiz | Chiapas | La Tijera | Killed | [24] |
27 April 1880 | Santiago Sierra | State of Mexico | La Libertad | Killed | [25] |
17 February 1885 | Luis González y González | Morelia, Michoacán | El Acero El Explorador | Killed | [26][27] |
28 April 1887 | Roberto Berea | Mexico | N/A | Killed | [22] |
13 May 1892 | Pablo Ochoa | Mexico | El Norte de Chihuahua | Killed | [22] |
2 April 1894 | Emilio Ordóñez | Pachuca, Hidalgo | N/A | Killed | [28][29] |
30 July 1895 | Jesús Olmos y Contreras | Puebla | Crisis La Voz de la Verdad | Killed | [30] |
27 January 1897 | José Cayetano Valadés Rocha | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | La Tarántula | Killed | [31][32] |
April 1901 | Eusebio S. Almonte | Mezcala, Guerrero | El Eco del Sur | Killed | [8][33] |
30 August 1902 | Vicente Rivero Echegaray | Tampico, Tamaulipas | Bala Rasa | Killed | [34] |
1908 | Luis Díaz Coudert | Mexico | El Diario de Chihuahua | Killed | [22] |
1 June 1911 | José Sabás de la Mora | Culiacán, Sinaloa | Voz del Norte | Killed | [35] |
11 August 1912 | Ignacio Herrerías | Tlaltizapán, Morelos | El Tiempo | Killed | [36] |
11 August 1912 | Humberto León Strauss | Tlaltizapán, Morelos | El Imparcial | Killed | [36] |
11 August 1912 | José Luis Rivera | Tlaltizapán, Morelos | N/A | Killed | [36] |
12 September 1912 | José Gurdiel Fernández | Balancán, Tabasco | El Correo de Tabasco | Killed | [37][38] |
9 February 1913 | Mariano Duque | Mexico City | El Defensor del Pueblo | Killed | [8][39] |
22 February 1913 | José Rumbia | Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala | La Nueva República | Killed | [40] |
27 August 1913 | Solón Argüello | Mexico City | Nueva Era | Killed | [8][41] |
13 December 1914 | Paulino Martínez | Mexico | El Chinaco La Voz de Juárez | Killed | [42] |
9 February 1917 | Faustino Díaz | Sinaloa | N/A | Disappeared | [31] |
1918 | Lázaro Gutiérrez de Lara | Saric, Sonora | Revolución | Killed | [43][44] |
1919 | Marcos Torres Collado | Cunduacán, Tabasco | El Chisme | Killed | [45][46] |
1920s | Juan Rafael Durán | San Pedro, Coahuila | El Látigo La Opinión | Killed | [47] |
April 1920 | Francisco Rangel | Guadalajara, Jalisco | Verbo Libre | Killed | [48] |
12 October 1920 | Manuel Lezcano | Villahermosa, Tabasco | El Radical | Killed | [49] |
19 July 1921 | Florencio Ávila y Castillo | Mérida, Yucatán | N/A | Killed | [50] |
24 May 1922 | Jesús Z. Moreno | Mexico City | El Heraldo de México | Killed | [51] |
1923–1924 | Pedro Flores González | Mexico City | N/A | Killed | [52] |
23 June 1923 | Ángel Pulido | State of Mexico | El Implacable | Killed | [53] |
28 July 1924 | J. Carmen Hernández | Mexico | El Colmillo El Colmillo Público | Killed | [54] |
April 1927 | Anacleto González Flores | Guadalajara, Jalisco | La Palabra | Killed | [55][56] |
4 October 1927 | Alonso Capetillo | Huitzilac, Morelos | N/A | Killed | [57] |
1929 | Luis D. Kluver | Agua Prieta, Sonora | N/A | Killed | [47] |
7 February 1936 | Julián S. González | Mexico City | El Tiempo | Killed | [58] |
20 April 1939 | José Trinidad Mata | Puebla | Avante | Killed | [59] |
3 April 1944 | Ignacio F. Herrerías | Mexico City | Novedades | Killed | [60] |
19 April 1944 | Salvador Guerrero González | Torreón, Coahuila | La Opinión | Killed | [61] |
31 March 1947 | Vicente Villasana | Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas | El Mundo | Killed | [62] |
11 November 1948 | Fernando Sánchez Bretón | Mexico City | La Semana Ilustrada | Killed | [60] |
19 November 1949 | José María Jiménez Rubio Pen name: (Nicanor) | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | El Correo de la Tarde | Killed | [63] |
24 October 1953 | Raúl Parra Molina | Salina Cruz, Oaxaca | La Voz de Sureste | Killed | [64] |
July 1956 | Manuel Acosta Meza | Tijuana, Baja California | El Imparcial | Killed | [65][66] |
2 September 1956 | Fernando Márquez Sánchez | Tijuana, Baja California | Baja California | Killed | [66] |
24 April 1959 | Jorge Salinas Aragón | Minatitlán, Veracruz | Diario de Sotavento | Killed | [67][68] |
26 November 1961 | Carlos Estrada Sastré | Tijuana, Baja California | Noticias | Killed | [66][69] |
5 July 1964 | José González Miravalles Pen name (Pepe Miravalles) | Acapulco, Guerrero | Novedades | Killed | [70] |
15 April 1968 | Juan Muñoz Flores | Jojutla, Morelos | Alarma La voz de Morelos | Killed | [71] |
1 January 1970 | Carlos Denegri | Mexico | Excélsior | Killed | [72] |
8 October 1970 | Ernesto Espinosa Hernández | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | La Jeringa | Killed | [73][74] |
31 July 1971 | Vicente García Medina | El Fuerte, Sinaloa | El Avance | Killed | [31][75] |
1973 | José Asunción Méndez | Chihuahua | La Jeringa | Killed | [76] |
7 July 1975 | Carlos López y López | Miahuatlán, Oaxaca | El Demócrata de Antequerda | Killed | [77] |
31 July 1977 | Mario Carlos Rodríguez Falcón | Sinaloa | N/A | Killed | [31][A 1] |
22 August 1977 | José Guadalupe Mendívil | Culiacán, Sinaloa | Diario de Sinaloa | Killed | [31][79] |
16 February 1978 | Roberto Martínez Montenegro | Culiacán, Sinaloa | Noreste Diario de Culiacán | Killed | [80][81] |
13 September 1978 | Álvaro Burgoa López | Oaxaca, Oaxaca | Critica La Prensa | Killed | [82] |
28 September 1978 | Patricio Pérez Pintado | Loma Bonita, Oaxaca | El Pinero | Killed | [83] |
1979 | Álvaro Alemán | Oaxaca | El Demócrata de Antequera | Killed | [76] |
1979 | Guillermo Gallardo Astorga | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | Índice | Killed | [76][84] |
13 December 1979 | Alberto Rodríguez Torres | Pachuca, Hidalgo | Solución Avanzando de Hidalgo | Killed | [85] |
1980 | Guadalupe Ochoa Villaverde | Los Mochis, Sinaloa | El Gráfico | Killed | [76] |
1980 | Alberto J. Altamirano | Poza Rica, Veracruz | Diario de Poza Rica | Killed | [76][86] |
1980 | Jorge Pliego Rodríguez | Veracruz, Veracruz | El Dictamen | Killed | [76][84] |
7 June 1980 | Aarón Flores Heredia | Los Mochis, Sinaloa | El Debate | Killed | [87][88][89] |
1981 | Jorge Pérez Díaz | Mexico City | Informex | Killed | [90] |
21 February 1981 | Jorge Ortiz Lagunas | Cuernavaca, Morelos | Diario de Morelos | Killed | [91] |
16 October 1981 | Xicoténcatl Ureña Zepeda | Apatzingán, Michoacán | Tribuna Libre | Killed | [92][90] |
27 June 1982 | Cristóbal Sánchez Reyes | Acayucan, Veracruz | Diario de Jalapa | Killed | [93] |
1983 | Mario Centeno Gómez | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | N/A | Killed | [94] |
1983 | Mario Hernández Beltrán | Iztapalapa, Mexico City | N/A | Killed | [90][84] |
27 February 1983 | Mario Centeno Yáñez | Naucalpan, State of Mexico | Pregunta | Killed | [95][A 2] |
20 April 1983 | Julián Sánchez Beltrán | Tláhuac, Mexico City | Radio Visión Activa | Killed | [97][A 3] |
17 May 1983 | Eliseo Morán Muñoz | Puente de Ixtla, Morelos | La Voz | Killed | [98] |
25 December 1983 | Salvador Cruz Cervantes | Córdoba, Veracruz | El Mundo de Orizaba | Killed | [99][100][101] |
1984 | Jorge Fernández Garduño | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | El Mercurio | Killed | [102][A 4] |
1984 | Julio Hernández Garduño | Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas | N/A | Killed | [102] |
1984 | Francisco Saldívar Reyes | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | N/A | Killed | [102][90] |
30 May 1984 | Manuel Buendía Tellezgirón | Mexico City | Excélsior | Killed | [104][105] |
31 May 1984 | Javier Juárez Vázquez | Minatitlán, Veracruz | Primera Plana | Killed | [106][107] |
30 January 1985 | John Clay Walker | Guadalajara, Jalisco | Freelance journalist | Killed | [108][109] |
17 January 1985 | José Antonio Godoy Mena | Ayutla de los Libre, Guerrero | El Correo de Iguala | Killed | [95][A 5] |
6 March 1985 | Emilio Santiago Alvarado | Tehuacán, Puebla | Portavoz | Killed | [102][111][A 6] |
25 October 1985 | Roberto Ornelas Reyes | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | Noroeste | Killed | [102][112] |
1986 | Héctor López López | Sinaloa | N/A | Killed | [90] |
1986 | Pablo Nájera López | Sinaloa | Gaceta del Aire | Killed | [31][100] |
7 May 1986 | José Luis Nava Landa | Chilpancingo, Guerrero | Expresión Popular | Killed | [113][114] |
8 August 1986 | Eleuterio Cachú de la Cerda | Tijuana, Baja California | El Heraldo | Killed | [102][115] |
17 June 1986 | Jorge Breñas Araya | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | El Río | Killed | [116][117] |
17 July 1986 | C. David Cárdenas Rueda | Veracruz, Veracruz | Notiver | Killed | [102][118] |
17 July 1986 | Norma Alicia Moreno Figueroa | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Popular | Killed | [119] |
17 July 1986 | Ernesto Flores Torrijos | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Popular | Killed | [119] |
15 August 1986 | Juan Manuel Félix Zueta | Culiacán, Sinaloa | Diario de Sinaloa | Killed | [102][120] |
7 October 1986 | Odilón López Urias | Guamúchil, Sinaloa | Onda | Killed | [121] |
5 November 1986 | Antonio Iván Menéndez Marcín | Mexico City | Le Monde diplomatique | Killed | [114] |
10 December 1986 | Manuel Rodríguez Rodríguez | Mexico City | El Nacional | Killed | [122] |
2 March 1987 | Martín Ortiz Moreno | Acapulco, Guerrero | Ovaciones Nueva Era | Killed | [114][A 7] |
16 October 1987 | Jesús Michel Jacobo | Culiacán, Sinaloa | El Sol de Sinaloa | Killed | [124][125] |
19 October 1987 | Clementina Herreros Andrade | Mexico City | La Prensa | Killed | [126][A 8] |
28 December 1987 | Felipe González Hernández | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | Un Minuto en la Noticia | Killed | [127][A 9] |
22 February 1988 | Manuel Burgueño Orduño | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | Deslinde El Sol del Pacífico | Killed | [128][129] |
19 March 1988 | Damián Sergio de Luna | Mexico City | Revelación | Killed | [129][A 10] |
20 April 1988 | Héctor Félix Miranda | Tijuana, Baja California | Zeta | Killed | [131] |
15 July 1988 | Ronay González Reyes | Comitán, Chiapas | El Mundo | Killed | [130][132][A 11] |
23 July 1988 | Linda Bejarano de Gómez | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | XHIJ-TV | Killed | [134][135][A 12] |
15 October 1988 | Rigoberto Coria Ochoa | Acapulco, Guerrero | El Trópico | Killed | [114] |
1989 | Joel Herrera Zurita | Mexico | El Dictamen | Killed | [102] |
11 January 1989 | Ezequiel Huerta Acosta | Saltillo, Coahuila | Avances Políticos | Killed | [114][136] |
19 January 1989 | Alberto Ruvalcaba Torres | Jalisco | Novedades de Zapopan | Killed | [137] |
11 April 1989 | Humberto Gallegos Sobrino | Chiapas | N/A | Killed | [138][101] |
23 April 1989 | Armando Sánchez Herrera | Río Verde, San Luis Potosí | Momento | Killed | [139] |
May 1989 | Francisco Valencia Gómez | Michoacán | N/A | Killed | [139] |
29 June 1989 | Óscar Treviño | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | N/A | Killed | [140] |
30 June 1989 | Elías Mario Medina Valenzuela | Durango, Durango | El Norte El Sol de Durango | Killed | [141][142] |
October 1989 | Ismael León León | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | Informeza | Killed | [139] |
23 November 1989 | Martín Heredia Sánchez | Huatusco, Veracruz | El Sol del Centro | Disappeared | [143] |
19 December 1989 | Rodolfo Mendoza Morales | Puebla | El Heraldo de México – Puebla | Killed | [114] |
23 December 1989 | Elvira Marcelo Esquivel | Mexico City | El Día | Killed | [144] |
1990 | Raúl Zúñiga | Oaxaca, Oaxaca | N/A | Killed | [145] |
19 January 1990 | Antonio Díaz Vargas | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Diario | Killed | [139][146] |
10 March 1990 | Jaime Huitrón Vega | Tula, Hidalgo | Tollan | Killed | [144][147] |
4 May 1990 | Roberto Azúa Camacho | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | El Nacional | Killed | [122][148] |
6 June 1990 | Alfredo Córdova Solórzano | Tapachula, Chiapas | Unomásdos | Killed | [149] |
1991 | Lázaro Cárdenas | Michoacán | Radio Azul | Killed | [149] |
1 February 1991 | Carlos Alberto Medina | Mexico | Excélsior | Killed | [150] |
16 March 1991 | Primitivo González Becerra | Guadalajara, Jalisco | El Diario | Killed | [151] |
6 April 1991 | Alejandro Campos Moreno | Cuernavaca, Morelos | Diario de Morelos | Killed | [149][152] |
3 July 1991 | Víctor Manuel Oropeza | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Diario de Juárez | Killed | [153] |
7 October 1991 | Juvencio Arenas Gálvez | Mexico City | Cuestión | Killed | [154] |
14 October 1991 | Gabriel Venegas Valencia | Mexico | Televisa | Killed | [155] |
3 January 1992 | Fernando Preciado Escobar | Tapachula, Chiapas | La Opinión de la Costa | Killed | [156] |
7 April 1992 | Nicandro López Vásquez | Oaxaca | XEKZ | Killed | [156][157] |
13 November 1992 | Ignacio Mendoza Castillo | Mexico City | La Voz del Caribe | Killed | [156][158] |
28 December 1992 | Jesús Núñez Sánchez | Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico | Objetivo | Killed | [156] |
January 1993 | Carlos Aguilar Garza | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Y Punto | Killed | [159] |
23 January 1993 | Maximiano Quirino Escobar | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | Consigna de Reynosa | Killed | [160] |
1 February 1993 | Roberto Antonio Mancilla Herrera | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas | Es! Cuarto Poder | Killed | [161] |
5 March 1993 | José Herrera Cañas | Mexico City | Servicios Fotográficos Personales | Killed | [162] |
15 March 1993 | Jessica Elizalde de León | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | FM 106 Radio Centro | Killed | [149][163] |
2 June 1993 | Araceli Caballero Hernández | Ecatepec, State of Mexico | El Día | Killed | [163] |
30 July 1993 | Gregorio Sánchez Mora | Veracruz | La Voz del Pueblo | Killed | [164] |
17 March 1994 | José Agustín Reyes | La Paza, Baja California | Rasa El Heraldo de México | Killed | [165] |
6 June 1994 | Jorge Martín Dorantes | Morelos | El Crucero | Killed | [166] |
6 July 1994 | Enrique Peralta Torres | Morelos | La Unión de Morelos | Killed | [167] |
11 July 1994 | José Luis Rojas | Cuernavaca, Morelos | La Unión de Morelos | Killed | [168] |
1995 | Cuauhtémoc Ornelas Ocampo | Torreón, Coahuila | Alcance | Disappeared | [169][170] |
5 February 1995 | Ruperto Armenta Gerardo | Guasave, Sinaloa | El Regional | Killed | [171] |
18 June 1995 | Dante Espartaco Cortés | Tijuana, Baja California | El Mexicano | Killed | [172] |
25 October 1996 | Fernando Martínez Ochoa | Chihuahua | Government journalist | Killed | [149][173] |
3 December 1996 | Fernando Balderas Sánchez | Mexico City | Crime journalist | Killed | [174][175] |
3 December 1996 | Yolanda Figueroa | Mexico City | Crime book writer | Killed | [174][175] |
22 March 1997 | Jesús Abel Bueno León | Chilpancingo, Guerrero | 7 Días | Killed | [176] |
15 July 1997 | Benjamín Flores González | San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora | La Prensa | Killed | [177] |
26 July 1997 | Víctor Hernández Martínez | Mexico City | Cómo | Killed | [178] |
16 December 1997 | Margarito Morales Ramírez | Cocula, Jalisco | El Nuevo Zitlán | Killed | [179] |
12 February 1998 | Luis Mario García Rodríguez | Mexico City | La Tarde | Killed | [180] |
3 August 1998 | Sally-Sue Hulse | Mexico City | TIMES – Mexico City | Killed | [181] |
23 October 1998 | Claudio Cortés García | Mexico City | Le Monde Diplomatique | Killed | [182][183] |
29 October 1998 | Pedro Valle Hernández | Zihuatanejo, Guerrero | Radio Variedades XEUQ | Killed | [106][184] |
15 December 1998 | Philip True | Jalisco | San Antonio Express-News | Killed | [185] |
15 April 1999 | Mario Morales Palacios | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Bravo | Killed | [116][186] |
28 April 1999 | Ramiro Ramírez Duarte | Zacapu, Michoacán | El Heraldo | Killed | [106] |
7 June 1998 | Paco Stanley | Mexico City | TV Azteca | Killed | [187] |
7 February 2000 | Luis Roberto Cruz Martínez | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | Multicosas | Killed | [188][189] |
9 April 2000 | Pablo Pineda Gaucín | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | La Opinión | Killed | [190] |
19 April 2000 | Hugo Sánchez Eustaquio | Atizapan de Zaragoza, State of Mexico | La Verdad | Killed | [191] |
28 April 2000 | José Ramírez Puente | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Radio Net | Killed | [192] |
22 June 2000 | William Uicab Salas | Chetumal, Quintana Roo | Canal 8 | Killed | [193] |
31 October 2000 | Alfredo García Márquez | Hermosillo, Sonora | Encuentro | Killed | [194] |
9 February 2001 | Humberto Méndez Rendón | Gómez Palacio, Durango | Canal 6 de Durango | Killed | [195] |
21 February 2001 | José Luis Ortega Mata | Ojinaga, Chihuahua | Seminario de Ojinaga | Killed | [196] |
9 March 2001 | José Barbosa Bejarano | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Alarma | Killed | [188] |
27 March 2001 | Saúl Antonio Martínez Gutiérrez | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Imparcial | Killed | [197] |
12 January 2002 | Félix Alfonso Fernández García | Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas | Nueva Opción | Killed | [198] |
1 February 2002 | Julio Samuel Morales Ferrón Pen name: (Severo Mirón) | Tacuba, Mexico City | El Sol de México | Killed | [199] |
15 October 2002 | José Miranda Virgen | Veracruz | El Sur de Veracruz | Killed | [200] |
10 June 2003 | Jesús Sandalio Mejía Lechuga | Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz | Primera Hora Ms Noticias | Killed | [188][201] |
15 September 2003 | Gregorio Urieta | Acapulco, Guerrero | El Sur | Killed | [188][201] |
13 December 2003 | Rafael Villafuerte Aguilar | Ciudad Altamirano, Guerrero | La Razón | Killed | [189][202] |
11 February 2004 | Alberto Torres Villegas | Córdoba, Veracruz | El Sol del Centro | Killed | [203] |
21 February 2004 | Míriam Denise Ramos Delgado | Hermosillo, Sonora | Notimex | Killed | [204] |
19 March 2004 | Roberto Javier Mora García | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | El Mañana | Killed | [205] |
22 June 2004 | Francisco Javier Ortiz Franco | Tijuana, Baja California | Zeta | Killed | [206] |
31 August 2004 | Francisco Arratia Saldierna | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | El Imparcial El Regional | Killed | [207] |
9 September 2004 | Leodegario Aguilera Lucas | Guerrero | Mundo Político | Killed | [188] |
28 November 2004 | Gregorio Rodríguez Hernández | Escuinapa, Sinaloa | El Debate | Killed | [208] |
2 April 2005 | Alfredo Jiménez Mota | Hermosillo, Sonora | El Imparcial | Disappeared | [209][210] |
8 April 2005 | Raúl Gibb Guerrero | Poza Rica, Veracruz | La Opinión | Killed | [211] |
16 April 2005 | Dolores Guadalupe García Escamilla | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Stereo 91 | Killed | [212] |
17 September 2005 | José Reyes Brambila | Guadalajara, Jalisco | Vallarta Milenio | Killed | [213] |
31 October 2005 | Hugo Barragán Ortiz | Tierra Blanca, Veracruz | XEJF Radio Max La Crónica de la Cuenca | Killed | [214] |
25 October 2005 | Julio César Martínez Pérez | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | Siglo de México | Killed | [215][216] |
6 January 2006 | José Valdés | Sabinas, Coahuila | Radio journalist | Killed | [217] |
9 March 2006 | Jaime Arturo Olvera Bravo | La Piedad, Michoacán | La Voz de Michoacán | Killed | [218] |
10 March 2006 | Ramiro Téllez Contreras | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Exa 957 | Killed | [188][219] |
26 March 2006 | Rosendo Pardo Ozuna | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas | La Voz del Sureste | Killed | [220] |
8 July 2008 | Rafael Ortiz Martínez | Monclova, Coahuila | Zócalo | Disappeared | [221] |
10 August 2006 | Enrique Perea Quintanilla | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | Dos Caras, Una Verdad | Killed | [222] |
27 October 2006 | Bradley Will | Santa Lucía del Camino, Oaxaca | Indymedia | Killed | [223] |
10 November 2006 | Misael Tamayo Hernández | Zihuatanejo, Guerrero | El Despertar de la Costa | Killed | [224] |
17 November 2006 | José Manuel Nava Sánchez | Mexico City | Excélsior El Sol de México | Killed | [225] |
20 November 2006 | José Antonio García Apac | Tepalcatepec, Michoacán | Ecos de la Cuenca | Disappeared | [226] |
21 November 2006 | Roberto Marcos García | Veracruz | Alarma Testimonio | Killed | [227] |
31 November 2006 | Alfonso Sánchez Guzmán | Orizaba, Veracruz | Enlace Veracruz Televisa Veracruz | Killed | [200] |
8 December 2006 | Raúl Marcial Pérez | Oaxaca, Oaxaca | El Gráfico | Killed | [228] |
During the Mexican Drug War
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date | Name | Location | Media outlet | Status | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 January 2007 | Gerardo Guevara Domínguez | Ocampo, Durango | Siglo XXI | Killed | [229] |
20 January 2007 | Rodolfo Rincón Taracena | Villahermosa, Tabasco | Tabasco Hoy | Killed | [230] |
6 April 2007 | Amado Ramírez Dillanes | Acapulco, Guerrero | Radiorama | Killed | [231] |
16 April 2007 | Saúl Noé Martínez Ortega | Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua | Interdiario | Killed | [232] |
9 May 2007 | Gabriel González Rivera | Mexico City | Denuncia ciudadana | Killed | [233] |
5 September 2007 | Óscar Rivera Inzunza | Culiacán, Sinaloa | Noroeste | Killed | [234] |
8 October 2007 | Mateo Cortés Martínez | Tehuantepec, Oaxaca | El Imparcial del Istmo | Killed | [235] |
8 October 2007 | Agustín López Nolasco | Tehuantepec, Oaxaca | El Imparcial del Istmo | Killed | [236] |
8 October 2007 | Flor Vásquez López | Tehuantepec, Oaxaca | El Imparcial del Istmo | Killed | [237] |
3 December 2007 | Gastón Alonso Acosta Toscano | Aguas Prieta, Sonora | Noticias de la Frontera | Killed | [238] |
8 December 2007 | Gerardo Israel García Pimentel | Uruapan, Michoacán | La Opinión de Michoacán | Killed | [239] |
8 December 2007 | Juan Pablo Solís | Tuxpan, Michoacán | Radio Zitácuaro | Killed | [240][241] |
7 January 2008 | Claudia Rodríguez Llera | State of Mexico | Revista Cinemagazine Radio Mix Ecatepec | Killed | [191] |
5 February 2008 | Francisco Ortiz Monroy | Camargo, Tamaulipas | Diario de México | Killed | [242] |
7 February 2008 | Bonifacio Cruz Santiago | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | El Real | Killed | [243] |
7 February 2008 | Alfonso Cruz Cruz | Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico | El Real | Killed | [243] |
12 February 2008 | Mauricio Estrada Zamora | Apatzingán, Michoacán | La Opinión de Apatzingán | Disappeared | [244] |
7 April 2008 | Teresa Bautista Merino | Putla de Guerrero, Oaxaca | Radio Copala | Killed | [245] |
7 April 2008 | Felicitas Martínez Sánchez | Putla de Guerrero, Oaxaca | Radio Copala | Killed | [246] |
25 June 2008 | Candelario Pérez Pérez | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Freelance journalist | Killed | [247] |
24 September 2008 | Alejandro Zenón Fonseca Estrada | Villahermosa, Tabasco | EXA FM | Killed | [248] |
10 October 2008 | Francisco Javier Salas | Tijuana, Baja California | El Mexicano | Killed | [249] |
10 October 2008 | David García Monroy | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | La Jornada El Diario de Chihuahua | Killed | [250] |
10 October 2008 | Miguel Ángel Villagómez Valle | Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán | La Noticia de Michoacán | Killed | [251] |
13 November 2008 | Armando Rodríguez Carreón | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | El Diario de Juárez | Killed | [252] |
14 December 2008 | Raúl Martínez López | Poza Rica, Veracruz | Noreste de Poza Rica | Killed | [200] |
13 February 2009 | Jean Paul Ibarra Ramírez | Iguala, Guerrero | El Correo | Killed | [253] |
24 February 2009 | Luis Daniel Méndez Hernández | Huayacocotla, Veracruz | La Poderosa | Killed | [254] |
27 February 2009 | Juan Carlos Hernández Mundo | Taxco, Guerrero | El Quijote Ultimátum de Taxco | Killed | [255] |
3 May 2009 | Carlos Ortega Samper | Santa María El Oro, Durango | El Tiempo de Durango | Killed | [256] |
26 May 2009 | Eliseo Barrón Hernández | Gómez Palacio, Durango | La Opinión – Milenio | Killed | [257] |
12 July 2009 | Martín Javier Miranda Avilés | Zitácuaro, Michoacán | Quadratín Panorama | Killed | [258] |
14 July 2009 | Ernesto Montañez Valdivia | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Enfoque del Sol de Chihuahua | Killed | [259] |
28 July 2009 | Juan Daniel Martínez Gil | Acapulco, Guerrero | Radiorama Acapulco | Killed | [260] |
21 September 2009 | Jaime Omar Gándara Sanmartín | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | Freelance photographer | Killed | [261] |
23 September 2009 | Norberto Miranda Madrid | Casas Grandes, Chihuahua | Radio Visión | Killed | [262] |
10 October 2009 | Gerardo Esparza Mata | Durango, Durango | Local government reporter | Killed | [263] |
11 October 2009 | Fabián Ramírez López | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | La Magia 97.1 | Killed | [264] |
2 November 2009 | José Vladimir Antuna García | Durango, Durango | El Tiempo de Durango | Killed | [265] |
11 November 2009 | María Esther Aguilar Cansimbe | Zamora, Michoacán | Diario de Zamora Cambio de Michoacán | Disappeared | [266][267] |
24 November 2009 | José Emilio Galindo Robles | Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco | Radio Universidad de Guadalajara | Killed | [188] |
23 December 2009 | José Alberto Velázquez López | Tulum, Quintana Roo | Expresiones de Tulum | Killed | [268] |
16 January 2010 | José Luis Romero | Los Mochis, Sinaloa | Línea Directa | Killed | [269] |
8 January 2010 | Valentín Valdés Espinosa | Saltillo, Coahuila | Zócalo de Saltillo | Killed | [270] |
29 January 2010 | Jorge Ochoa Martínez | Ayutla de los Libres, Guerrero | El Sol de la Costa | Killed | [271] |
March 2010 | Miguel Ángel Domínguez Zamora | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | El Mañana de Reynosa | Disappeared | [272] |
March 2010 | Pedro Argüello | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | La Tarde El Mañana de Reynosa | Disappeared | [272] |
March 2010 | David Silva | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | La Tarde El Mañana de Reynosa | Disappeared | [272] |
2 March 2010 | Jorge Rábago Valdez | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | La Prensa | Killed | [273] |
12 March 2010 | Evaristo Pacheco Solís | Chilpancingo, Guerrero | Visión Informativa | Killed | [274] |
6 April 2010 | Ramón Ángeles Zalpa | Michoacán | Cambio de Michoacán | Disappeared | [275] |
10 April 2010 | Enrique Villicaña Palomares | Morelia, Michoacán | La Voz de Michoacán | Killed | [276] |
20 April 2010 | Evaristo Ortega Zárate | Colipa, Veracruz | Espacio | Disappeared | [277] |
17 April 2010 | María Isabella Cordero | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | Televisa Chihuahua | Killed | [278] |
10 May 2010 | Gamaliel López Candanosa | Monterrey, Nuevo León | TV Azteca Monterrey | Disappeared | [279][280] |
10 May 2010 | Gerardo Paredes Pérez | Monterrey, Nuevo León | TV Azteca Monterrey | Disappeared | [279][280] |
23 June 2010 | Miguel Ángel Bueno Méndez | Huixquilucan, State of Mexico | Diario Nuestro Distrito | Killed | [281] |
28 June 2010 | Juan Francisco Rodríguez Ríos | Coyuca de Benítez, Guerrero | El Sol de Acapulco | Killed | [282] |
28 June 2010 | María Elvira Hernández Galeana | Coyuca de Benítez, Guerrero | Nueva Línea | Killed | [283] |
6 July 2010 | Hugo Alfredo Olivera Cartas | Apatzingán, Michoacán | Quadratín La Voz de Michoacán | Killed | [284] |
10 July 2010 | Marco Aurelio Martínez Tijerina | Montemorelos, Nuevo León | XEDD Radio La Tremenda | Killed | [285] |
10 July 2010 | Guillermo Alcaraz Trejo | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | State government journalist | Killed | [285] |
7 September 2010 | Marcelo Tenorio Ocampo | Campeche | N/A | Killed | [188] |
16 September 2010 | Luis Carlos Santiago Orozco | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | El Diario de Juárez | Killed | [286] |
27 September 2010 | Rafael Armando Muro | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Chihuahuapost.com | Killed | [287] |
30 September 2010 | Juan Francisco García Márquez | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Diario PM | Killed | [288] |
4 October 2010 | José Juan Núñez Sarabia | Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango | N/A | Killed | [289] |
28 October 2010 | Selene Hernández León | Toluca, State of Mexico | Nuestro Tiempo | Killed | [290] |
5 November 2010 | Carlos Alberto Guajardo Romero | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | Expreso Matamoros | Killed | [291] |
9 February 2011 | Rodolfo Ochoa Moreno | Torreón, Coahuila | Grupo Multimedios Laguna | Killed | [292] |
25 March 2011 | Luis Emmanuel Ruiz Carrillo | Guadalupe, Nuevo León | La Prensa | Killed | [293] |
25 March 2011 | José Luis Cerda Meléndez | Guadalupe, Nuevo León | Televisa Monterrey | Killed | [294] |
31 May 2011 | Noel López Olguín | Chinameca, Morelos | La Verdad de Jáltipan | Killed | [295] |
7 June 2011 | Marco Antonio López Ortiz | Acapulco, Guerrero | Novedades Acapulco | Disappeared | [296] |
14 June 2011 | Pablo Ruelas Barraza | Huatabampo, Sonora | Diario del Yaqui El Regional de Sonora | Killed | [296][297] |
20 June 2011 | Miguel Ángel López Velasco | Veracruz | Notiver | Killed | [298] |
20 June 2011 | Misael López Solana | Veracruz | Notiver | Killed | [299] |
3 July 2011 | Ángel Castillo Corona | Ocuilan, State of Mexico | Puntual Diario de México | Killed | [300] |
26 July 2011 | Yolanda Ordaz de la Cruz | Veracruz, Veracruz | Notiver | Killed | [301] |
1 September 2011 | Ana María Marcela Yarce Viveros | Iztapalapa, Mexico City | Contralínea | Killed | [302] |
1 September 2011 | Rocío González Trápaga | Iztapalapa, Mexico City | Televisa Mexico City | Killed | [302] |
20 September 2011 | Manuel Gabriel Fonseca Hernández | Acayucán, Veracruz | El Mañanero | Disappeared | [303] |
24 September 2011 | María Elizabeth Macías Castro | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Primera Hora | Killed | [304] |
25 August 2011 | Humberto Millán Salazar | Culiacán, Sinaloa | A Discusión Radio Fórmula Culiacán | Killed | [305] |
3 December 2011 | Hugo César Muruato Flores | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | La Caliente 90.9 | Killed | [306] |
7 January 2012 | Raúl Régulo Quirino Garza | Cadereyta, Nuevo León | La Última Palabra | Killed | [307] |
20 April 2012 | Héctor Javier Salinas Aguirre | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | 920 Radio Noticias | Killed | [308][309] |
20 April 2012 | Javier Moya Muñoz | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | Local radio reporter | Killed | [308] |
28 April 2012 | Regina Martínez Pérez | Xalapa, Veracruz | Proceso | Killed | [310] |
3 May 2012 | Gabriel Huge Córdova | Boca del Río, Veracruz | Notiver | Killed | [311] |
3 May 2012 | Guillermo Luna Varela | Boca del Río, Veracruz | Veracruznews | Killed | [311] |
3 May 2012 | Esteban Rodríguez | Boca del Río, Veracruz | Diario AZ | Killed | [312] |
3 May 2012 | Ana Irasema Becerra Jiménez | Boca del Río, Veracruz | El Dictamen | Killed | [313] |
13 May 2012 | René Orta Salgado | Cuernavaca, Morelos | El Sol de Cuernavaca | Killed | [314] |
18 May 2012 | Marco Antonio Ávila García | Empalme, Sonora | Diario Sonora de la Tarde El Regional de Ciudad Obregón | Killed | [315] |
21 May 2012 | Zane Plemmons | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Freelance journalist | Disappeared | [316][317] |
14 June 2012 | Víctor Manuel Báez Chino | Xalapa, Veracruz | Milenio Xalapa | Killed | [318][319] |
23 June 2012 | Federico Manuel García Contreras | Tanquián de Escobedo, San Luis Potosí | Punto Crítico Voces de Mediodía | Disappeared | [320] |
30 June 2012 | Armando Montaño | Mexico City | The Associated Press | Killed | [321] |
25 July 2012 | Miguel Morales Estrada | Poza Rica, Veracruz | Diario de Poza Rica | Disappeared | [322] |
19 August 2012 | Ernesto Araujo Cano | Chihuahua, Chihuahua | El Heraldo de Chihuahua | Killed | [323][324] |
20 August 2012 | José Antonio Aguilar Mota | Ecuandureo, Michoacán | Freelance photographer | Killed | [325] |
20 August 2012 | Arturo Barajas López | Ecuandureo, Michoacán | Diario de Zamora | Killed | [325] |
15 October 2012 | Ramón Abel López Aguilar | Tijuana, Baja California | Tijuana Informativo | Killed | [326] |
26 October 2012 | Adela Jazmín Alcaraz López | San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí | Canal 12 | Disappeared | [327] |
14 November 2012 | Adrián Silva Moreno | Tehuacán, Puebla | Freelance journalist | Killed | [328] |
27 November 2012 | Sergio Landa Rosales | José Cardel, Veracruz | El Diario de Cardel | Disappeared | [329] |
22 December 2012 | David Araujo Arévalo | Acapulco, Guerrero | Novedades de Acapulco | Killed | [330][331] |
4 March 2013 | Jaime Guadalupe González Domínguez | Ojinaga, Chihuahua | Ojinaganoticias.com.mx | Killed | [332] |
11 March 2013 | Víctor Javier Campos | Agua Prieta, Sonora | El Diario de Juárez | Killed | [333] |
15 March 2013 | Juan José García | Jiménez, Chihuahua | Televisa Chihuahua | Killed | [334] |
15 April 2013 | Alonso de la Colina Sordo | Puebla, Puebla | TV Azteca Puebla | Killed | [335] |
24 April 2013 | Daniel Alejandro Martínez Bazaldúa | Saltillo, Coahuila | Vanguardia | Killed | [336] |
30 April 2013 | Gerardo José Padilla Blanquet | Saltillo, Coahuila | Radio Grande de Coahuila | Disappeared | [337] |
2 May 2013 | Rosa María Ríos Campos | Morelia, Michoacán | Former TV anchorwoman | Killed | [338] |
24 June 2013 | Mario Ricardo Chávez Jorge | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | El Ciudadano | Killed | [339] |
17 July 2013 | Alberto López Bello | Oaxaca, Oaxaca | El Imparcial | Killed | [340] |
5 November 2013 | Alberto Angulo Gerardo | Angostura, Sinaloa | Televisa Hermosillo | Killed | [341] |
23 January 2014 | Miguel Ángel Guzmán Garduño | Chilpancingo, Guerrero | Vértice | Killed | [342] |
5 February 2014 | Gregorio Jiménez de la Cruz | Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz | Notisur Liberal del Sur | Killed | [343] |
16 February 2014 | Omar Reyes Fabián | Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Oaxaca | Tiempo | Killed | [344] |
28 February 2014 | Benjamín Galván Gómez | Tamaulipas | Última Hora Primera Hora | Killed | [345][346] |
2 June 2014 | Jorge Torres Palacios | Acapulco, Guerrero | El Dictamen de Guerrero | Killed | [347] |
21 July 2014 | Julián Bacasegua Castro | Guasave, Sinaloa | N/A | Disappeared | [348] |
30 July 2014 | Nolberto Herrera Rodríguez | Guadalupe, Zacatecas | Canal 9 | Killed | [349] |
12 August 2014 | Octavio Rojas Hernández | Cosolapa, Oaxaca | El Buen Tono | Killed | [350] |
21 August 2014 | Marlén Valdez García | Benito Juárez, Nuevo León | La Última Palabra | Killed | [351][352] |
27 August 2014 | Adrián Gaona Belmonte | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | La Comadrita 97.3 Fm Radio | Killed | [352][353] |
3 September 2014 | Víctor Pérez Pérez | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Sucesos | Killed | [354] |
12 October 2014 | Octavio Atilano Román Tirado | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | ABC Radio | Killed | [355] |
22 October 2014 | Jesús Antonio Gamboa Urías | Los Mochis, Sinaloa | Nueva Prensa | Killed | [356] |
3 December 2014 | Mario Alberto Crespo Ayón | Mazatlán, Sinaloa | Uno TV | Disappeared | [357] |
2 January 2015 | Moisés Sánchez Cerezo | Medellín, Veracruz | La Unión | Killed | [358] |
4 January 2015 | Jazmín Martínez Sánchez | Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit | Televisa Tepic | Killed | [359] |
5 January 2015 | Jesús Tapia Rodríguez | Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila | Parras TV | Killed | [360] |
14 April 2015 | Abel Manuel Bautista Raymundo | Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca | Radio Spacio 96.1 FM | Killed | [361] |
See also
Sources
Footnotes
- ↑ Other sources identify him as Martín Falcón Rodríguez or as Mario Falcón Rodríguez.[76][78]
- ↑ It is unclear if Mario Centeno Yáñez was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[96]
- ↑ It is unclear if Julián Sánchez Beltrán was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[96]
- ↑ It is unclear if Jorge Fernández Garduño (also known as Jorge Hernández Garduño) was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[96] Another source says he was killed in Querétaro.[103]
- ↑ It is unclear if José Antonio Godoy Mena (also known as Jesús Godoy Mena) was a journalist; other sources state he was as a businessman instead.[110]
- ↑ It is unclear if Emilio Santiago Alvarado was a journalist; other sources state he was a spokesman for the newspaper.[110]
- ↑ Another source identifies him as Mario Ortiz Moreno.[123]
- ↑ She was also identified as Mafalda Clementina Herros Andrade.[84]
- ↑ It is unclear if Felipe González Hernández (also known Felipe González Herrera) was a journalist; other sources state he carried a journalist identity card without being one.[96]
- ↑ Another source identifies him as Sergio Luis de Luna Daniel.[130]
- ↑ He was also identified as Ronay Jiménez Gómez or as Ramón González Gómez.[133]
- ↑ She was also identified as Herlinda Bejarano de Gómez.[130]
References
- ↑ Lauría 2010, p. 3.
- ↑ "Mexico probes journalist Regina Martinez's death". BBC News. 29 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ "Deadly Trends for Journalists in 2011; 103 Killed". International Press Institute. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ "Mexico". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ "UN human rights office concerned about killing of journalists in Mexico". United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ "Freedom of Expression in Mexico". PEN American Center. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Alcázar, Jesús (17 July 2014). "Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000" (in Spanish). El Mundo (Spain). EFE. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Moncada O., Carlos (15 April 2008). "Periodistas agredidos, asesinados y desaparecidos: Época porfiriana y Revolución". Revista Contralínea (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Holden 2012, p. 239.
- ↑ Standish 2004, p. 88–89.
- ↑ Lawson 2002, p. 82.
- ↑ Holden 2012, p. 240.
- ↑ "Attacks on the Press: Mexico". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ Stevenson, Mark (11 November 2011). "Mexican drug cartel tries to silence Internet". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ↑ Beaubien, Jason (3 August 2010). "Mexico's Drug Cartels Use Force To Silence Media". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ↑ O'Conner, Mike. "In Mexico mission, PEN speaks for a silenced press". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ Corcoran, Patrick (25 May 2012). "How Mexico's Journalists Are Failed by the Government". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ Castillo, Mariano (29 September 2006). "Nuevo Laredo media go silent on violence". The Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ O'Conner, Mike. "El Mañana cedes battle to report on Mexican violence". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ Tuckman, Jo (9 April 2013). "Journalists on front line of Mexico drug war: 'Fear is terrible and well founded'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ Larsen, Laj (2 March 2012). "Mexico: A deadly beat". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Moncada 1991, p. 28.
- ↑ Leal, Luis (1958). "Historia Mexicana: El Contenido Literario de La Orquesta" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. p. 332. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ↑ José Luis, Castro A. (27 February 2010). "El héroe más grande de Chiapas". El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Clark de Lara, Belem (2005). La república de las letras: Ambientes, asociaciones y grupos. Movimientos, temas y géneros literarios (in Spanish). National Autonomous University of Mexico. p. 156. ISBN 9703210864. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ↑ González y González, Luis (1 January 1994). La Vuelta a Michoacán en 500 Libros (in Spanish). El Colegio de Michoacán A.C. p. 143. ISBN 9686959033. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 25-26.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 27.
- ↑ Reyes Monzalvo, Jonás (2010). "Agrupaciones liberales y Antirreeleccionistas" (in Spanish). Government of Hidalgo. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 24.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Martini, Mario (29 May 2009). "Instituto Nacional de Periodistas". Noroeste (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ↑ "José Cayetano Valadés" (in Spanish). Government of Sinaloa. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada, Carlos (1 October 2012). Oficio de muerte: Periodistas asesinados en el país de la impunidad (in Spanish). Grijalbo. ISBN 6073113137. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Piñera Ramírez, David (1994). Visión histórica de la frontera norte de México: De la revolución a la Segunda Guerra Mundial (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Autonomous University of Baja California. p. 82. ISBN 9687326069. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Estrada, Genaro (1988). Obras completas, Volume 2 (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. p. 371. ISBN 9682314410.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Lombardo García, Irma. "Reporteros en trincheras, 1910-1911. Ignacio Herrerías, corresponsal de guerra de El Tiempo" (in Spanish). National Autonomous University of Mexico. p. 84. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ "TABASCO: Historia". Government of Tabasco (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Fronteras, Issues 1-4 (in Spanish). University of Texas at Austin: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. 1996. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 39.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 40.
- ↑ Labastida, Horacio (1 January 2002). Belisario Domâinguez y el estado criminal, 1913-1914 (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. p. 132. ISBN 9682323851. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 42-43.
- ↑ Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas (1999). Chiapas 7 (in Spanish). Ediciones Era. p. 215. ISBN 9684114478. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Sariego Rodríguez, Juan Luis (1998). Enclaves y Minerales en el Norte de México: Historia Social de Los Mineros de Cananea y Nueva Rosita, 1900-1970 (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. p. 159. ISBN 9684961383. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 43.
- ↑ Bulnes, Pepe (1979). Gobernantes de Tabasco 1914-1979: 65 años de episodios nacionales. Original form at the University of Texas at Austin: Bulnes. p. 164.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Moncada 1991, p. 61.
- ↑ Trujillo Bretón, Jorge Alberto (2008). "Tinta de sangre: ¿Quién asesinó al periodista?". El Informador (Mexico) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 58-59.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 45.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 48.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 59.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 54-55.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 59-60.
- ↑ Jiménez Ramírez, Arnold Omar (2005). "Las obras del Maistro". Semanario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ "Papa beatificará a 13 mártires de la Guerra Cristera de 1926". El Universo (in Spanish). 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 60.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 67.
- ↑ Quintana, Alejandro (2007). The President that Never Was: Maximino Avila Camacho and the Taming of Caudillismo in Early Post-revolutionary Mexico. ProQuest. p. 127. ISBN 0549269118. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Moncada 1991, p. 81.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 69-70.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 75.
- ↑ Moncada 1991, p. 87.
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|first1=
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- ↑ García Amaro, Juan José (19 August 2012). "Asesinan a reportero gráfico en Chihuahua". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
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- ↑ Martínez, Alejandro (17 July 2013). "Hallan cuerpo de reportero policiaco en Oaxaca, México con heridas de bala, señales de golpes". The Knight Center of Journalism (in Spanish). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
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- ↑ "¿Quién era Benjamín Galván Gómez?". Milenio (in Spanish). 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ↑ Palacios, Raúl (3 April 2014). "En Nuevo León blindan la frontera con Tamaulipas". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ↑ Flores Contreras, Ezequiel (3 June 2014). "Exigen a la PGR atraer caso de periodista asesinado en Guerrero" (in Spanish). Proceso (magazine). Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
- ↑ Nájera, Luis Fernando (19 October 2014). "Se traga la tierra a periodista: Gamboa Urías, desaparecido" (in Spanish). Ríodoce. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "Asesinan a periodista en su casa en Zacatecas" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). EFE. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
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- ↑ "Asesinan a locutor en Reynosa; Cártel del Golfo se deslinda" (in Spanish). Proceso (magazine). 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ↑ Fierro, Luis (3 September 2014). "Asesinan a periodista en su casa en Chihuahua" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ↑ "Asesinan a Atilano Román en Mazatlán" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. El Sol de Mazatlán. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ "Localizan sin vida a periodista de Los Mochis" (in Spanish). Noroeste. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ↑ "Desaparece periodista de Mazatlán Sinaloa; Crespo Ayón es Corresponsal de cadena ligada a Carlos Slim" (in Spanish). El Sol de Nayarit. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ↑ "Moisés Sánchez Cerezo, primer periodista secuestrado en 2015" (in Spanish). Quadratín. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ↑ "Asesinan a ex reportera de Tepic y a su pareja". Animal Político. 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ↑ "Asesinan a Jesús Tapia" (in Spanish). Canal 3 Parras. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ "Asesinan a Abel Manuel Bautista Raymundo, fundador de Radio Spacio" (in Spanish). Reporteros Sin Fronteras. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
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