List of hyperaccumulators
This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Palladium (Pd), Platinum (Pt), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).
See also:
- Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel
- Hyperaccumulators table – 3 : Pd, Pt, Pb, Pu, Ra, Se, Zn, radionuclides, hydrocarbures and organic solvents
Hyperaccumulators table – 1
Contaminant | Accumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight) | Binomial name | English name | H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant | Notes | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Aluminium | A- | Agrostis castellana | Highland Bent Grass | As(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) | Origin Portugal. | [1] |
Al - Aluminium | 1000 | Hordeum vulgare | Barley | xxx | 25 records of plants. | [2][3] |
Al - Aluminium | xxx | Hydrangea spp. | Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia) | xxx | xxx | xxx |
Al - Aluminium | Al concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively.[4] | Melastoma malabathricum L. | Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra | P competes with aluminium and reduces uptake.[5] | xxx | xxx |
Al-Aluminium | xxx | Solidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.) | Hairy Goldenrod | xxx | Origin Canada. | [2][3] |
Al-Aluminium | 100 | Vicia faba | Horse Bean | xxx | xxx | [2][3] |
Ag-Silver | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn | Phytoextraction | [6][7] |
Ag-Silver | xxx | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[7] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | [7] |
Ag-Silver | xxx | Amanita strobiliformis | European Pine Cone Lepidella | Ag(H) | Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas | [10] |
Ag-Silver | 10-1200 | Brassica juncea | Indian Mustard | Ag(H) | Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper | [11] |
As-Arsenic | 100 | Agrostis capillaris L. | Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris) | Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) | xxx | [3] |
As-Arsenic | H- | Agrostis castellana | Highland Bent Grass | Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) | Origin Portugal. | [1] |
As-Arsenic | 1000 | Agrostis tenerrima Trin. | Colonial bentgrass | xxx | 4 records of plants | [3][12] |
As-Arsenic | 27,000 (fronds)[13] | Pteris vittata L. | Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern | 26% of arsenic in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds.[14] | Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite.[15] | xxx |
As-Arsenic | 100-7000 | Sarcosphaera coronaria | pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cup | As(H) | Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe | Stijve et al., 1990, in Persoonia 14(2): 161-166, Borovička 2004 in Mykologický Sborník 81: 97-99. |
Be-Beryllium | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | No reports found for accumulation | [3] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Azolla spp. | mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern | xxx | xxx | [3][16] |
Cr-Chromium | H- | Bacopa monnieri | Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop | Cd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) | Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. | [1][17] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Brassica juncea L. | Indian mustard | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) | Cultivated in agriculture. | [1][7][18] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Ag, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn | Phytoextraction | [6][7] |
Cr-Chromium | A- | Vallisneria americana | Tape Grass | Cd(H), Pb(H) | Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. | [1] |
Cr-Chromium | 1000 | Dicoma niccolifera | xxx | xxx | 35 records of plants | [3] |
Cr-Chromium | roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic,[19] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.[20] | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H),[19] Pb(H),[19] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[19][21] and pesticides.[22] | Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates.[23] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy.[19] | [1] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | xxx | Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration | [1][7] |
Cr | A- | Hydrilla verticillata | Hydrilla | Cd(H) Hg(H), Pb(H) | xxx | [1] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Medicago sativa | Alfalfa | xxx | xxx | [3][24] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Pistia stratiotes | Water lettuce | Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T) | xxx | [1][3][25] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[7] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | [7] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Salvinia molesta | Kariba weeds or water ferns | Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | xxx | [1][3][26] |
Cr-Chromium | xxx | Spirodela polyrhiza | Giant Duckweed | Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America. | [1][3][26] |
Cr-Chromium | 100 | Jamesbrittenia fodina (Wild) Hilliard (a.k.a. Sutera fodina Wild) | xxx | xxx | xxx | [3][27][28] |
Cr-Chromium | A- | Thlaspi caerulescens | Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass | Cd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals[29] | [1][3][7][30][31][32] |
Cu-Copper | 9000 | Aeolanthus biformifolius | xxx | xxx | xxx | [33] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Athyrium yokoscense | (Japanese false spleenwort?) | Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Origin Japan. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | A- | Azolla filiculoides | Pacific mosquitofern | Ni(A), Pb(A), Mn(A) | Origin Africa. Floating plant. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | H- | Bacopa monnieri | Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop | Cd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) | Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. | [1][17] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Brassica juncea L. | Indian mustard | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) | cultivated | [1][7][18] |
Cu-Copper | H- | Vallisneria americana | Tape Grass | Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) | Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U,[21] and pesticides.[22] | Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | 1000 | Haumaniastrum robertii (Lamiaceae) | Copper flower | xxx | 27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[34] | [3][31] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | xxx | Phytoextraction with rhizofiltration | [1][31] |
Cu-Copper | 1000 | Larrea tridentata | Creosote Bush | xxx | 67 records of plants. Origin U.S. | [3][31] |
Cu-Copper | H- | Lemna minor | Duckweed | Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America and widespread worldwide. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Ocimum centraliafricanum | Copper plant | Cu(T), Ni(T) | Origin Southern Africa | [35] |
Cu-Copper | T- | Pistia stratiotes | Water Lettuce | Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) | Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb. | [1] |
Cu-Copper | xxx | Thlaspi caerulescens | Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass | Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. Copper noticeably limits its growth.[32] | [1][3][7][29][30][31][32] |
Mn-Manganese | A- | Agrostis castellana | Highland Bent Grass | Al(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) | Origin Portugal. | [1] |
Mn-Manganese | xxx | Azolla filiculoides | Pacific mosquitofern | Cu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A) | Origin Africa. Floating plant. | [1] |
Mn-Manganese | xxx | Brassica juncea L. | Indian mustard | xxx | xxx | [7][18] |
Mn-Manganese | xxx | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | xxx | Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration | [7] |
Mn-Manganese | 1000 | Macadamia neurophylla (now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast) | xxx | xxx | 28 records of plants | [3][36] |
Mn-Manganese | 200 | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | [3] |
Hg-Mercury | A- | Bacopa monnieri | Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop | Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) | Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. | [1][17] |
Hg-Mercury | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Ag, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn | Phytoextraction | [6][7] |
Hg-Mercury | xxx | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A)Also Cs, Sr, U,[21] and pesticides.[22] | Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. | [1] |
Hg-Mercury | H- | Hydrilla verticillata | Hydrilla | Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) | xxx | [1] |
Hg-Mercury | 1000 | Pistia stratiotes | Water lettuce | Cd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T) | 35 records of plants | [1][3][31][37] |
Hg-Mercury | xxx | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[7] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | [7] |
Mo-molybdenum | 1500 | Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) | Alpine pennycress | Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | phytoextraction | [1][3][7][29][30][31][32] |
naphthalene | xxx | Festuca arundinacea | Tall Fescue | xxx | Increases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. | [38] |
naphthalene | xxx | Trifolium hirtum | Pink clover, rose clover | xxx | Decreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. | [38] |
Pb-Lead | A- | Agrostis castellana | 'Highland Bent Grass | Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A) | Origin Portugal. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Ambrosia artemisiifolia | Ragweed | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Armeria maritima | Seapink Thrift | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Athyrium yokoscense | (Japanese false spleenwort?) | Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H) | Origin Japan. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | A- | Azolla filiculoides | Pacific mosquitofern | Cu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A) | Origin Africa. Floating plant. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | A- | Bacopa monnieri | Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop | Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A) | Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. | [1][17] |
Pb-Lead | H- | Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) | 79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction | [1][3][6][7][18][29][31][32][39] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn | Phytoextraction | [6][7] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Brassica oleracea | Ornemental Kale et Cabbage, Broccoli | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | H- | Vallisneria americana | Tape Grass | Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H) | Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[21] and pesticides.[22] | Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Festuca ovina | Blue Sheep Fescue | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | xxx | Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration | [1][6][7][8][39] |
Pb-Lead | H- | Hydrilla verticillata | Hydrilla | Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H) | xxx | [1] |
Pb-Lead | H- | Lemna minor | Duckweed | Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H) | Native to North America and widespread worldwide. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Salix viminalis | Common Osier | Cd, U, Zn;[8] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | [8] |
Pb-Lead | H- | Salvinia molesta | Kariba weeds or water ferns | Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | Origin India. | [1] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Spirodela polyrhiza | Giant Duckweed | Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America. | [1][3][26] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) | Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass | Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. | [1][3][7][29][30][31][32] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Thlaspi rotundifolium | Round-leaved Pennycress | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | xxx | Triticum aestivum | Common Wheat | xxx | xxx | [6] |
Pb-Lead | A-200 | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | [3] |
Pd-Palladium | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | No reports found for accumulation. | [3] |
Pt-Platinum | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | No reports found for accumulation. | [3] |
Se-Selenium | .012-20 | Amanita muscaria | Fly agaric | xxx | Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks[40] | xxx |
Se-Selenium | xxx | Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | xxx | Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation.[41] | [7] |
Se-Selenium | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn | Phytoextraction. | [6][7] |
Se-Selenium | Low rates of Se volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of Se in Muskgrass. | Chara canescens Desv. & Lois | Muskgrass | xxx | Muskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate.[42] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization.[43] | [44] |
Se-Selenium | xxx | Bassia scoparia (a.k.a. Kochia scoparia) | burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweed | U,[8] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn | Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction. | [1][7] |
Se-Selenium | xxx | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[7] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). | [7] |
Zn-Zinc | A- | Agrostis castellana | Highland Bent Grass | Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A) | Origin Portugal. | [1] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Athyrium yokoscense | (Japanese false spleenwort?) | Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) | Origin Japan. | [1] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Brassicaceae | Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage family | Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr | Phytoextraction. | [7] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Brassica juncea L. | Indian mustard | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A). | Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997) | [1][7][18] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Brassica napus | Rapeseed plant | Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se | Phytoextraction | [6][7] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | xxx | Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration. | [7][8] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H)Also Cs, Sr, U,[21] and pesticides.[22] | Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. | [1] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Salix viminalis | Common Osier | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[7] Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). | [8] |
Zn-Zinc | A- | Salvinia molesta | Kariba weeds or water ferns | Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) | Origin India. | [1] |
Zn-Zinc | 1400 | Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) | Bladder campion | xxx | xxx | Ernst et al. (1990) |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Spirodela polyrhiza | Giant Duckweed | Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H) | Native to North America. | [1][3][26] |
Zn-Zinc | H-10,000 | Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) | Alpine pennycress | Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H) | 48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal[29] | [1][3][7][30][31][32][39] |
Zn-Zinc | xxx | Trifolium pratense | Red Clover | Nonmetal accumulator. | Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria.[29] | xxx |
Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, page 898.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Grauer & Horst 1990
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891.
- ↑ Toshihiro Watanabe, Mitsuru Osaki, Teruhiko Yoshihara and Toshiaki Tadano (April 1998). "Distribution and chemical speciation of aluminum in the Al accumulator plant, Melastoma malabathricum L.". Plant and Soil 201 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1023/A:1004341415878.
- ↑ Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Japanese Hydrangeas. By Rick Shoellhorn and Alexis A. Richardson. Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date February 5, 2005.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 A Resource Guide: The Phytoremediation of Lead to Urban, Residential Soils. Site adapted from a report from Northwestern University written by Joseph L. Fiegl, Bryan P. McDonnell, Jill A. Kostel, Mary E. Finster, and Dr. Kimberly Gray
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 Phytoremediation. By McCutcheon & Schnoor. 2003, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 Ulrich Schmidt (2003). "Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals". J. Environ. Qual. 32 (6): 1939–54. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1939. PMID 14674516.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Yu XZ, Zhou PH, Yang YM (July 2006). "The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by willows". Ecotoxicology 15 (5): 461–7. doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0081-5. PMID 16703454.
- ↑ Borovička J., Řanda Z., Jelínek E., Kotrba P., Dunn C.E. (2007). "Hyperaccumulation of silver by Amanita strobiliformis and related species of the section Lepidella". Mycological Research 111 (Pt 11): 1339–44. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.015. PMID 18023163.
- ↑ R.G. Haverkamp and A.T. Marshall and D. van Agterveld (2007). "Pick your Carats: Nanoparticles of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloy Produced In Vivo". J. Nanoparticle Res. 9: 697–700. doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9198-y.
- ↑ Porter and Peterson 1975
- ↑ Junru Wang, Fang-Jie Zhao, Andrew A. Meharg, Andrea Raab, Joerg Feldmann and Steve P. McGrath (November 2002). "Mechanisms of Arsenic Hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake Kinetics, Interactions with Phosphate, and Arsenic Speciation". Plant Physiol 130 (3): 1552–61. doi:10.1104/pp.008185. PMC 166674. PMID 12428020. 18 days' hydroponic experiment with varying concentrations of arsenate and P. Within 8 h, 50% to 78% of the As taken up is distributed to the fronds, which take from 1.3 to 6.7 times more As than the roots do. No P for 8 days increases the arsenate's maximum net influx by 2.5-fold; the plants then absorbs 10 times more arsenate than arsenite. If on the other hand the P supply is increased, As uptake decreases - with a greater effect on the roots than on the shoots. More arsenate decreases the P concentration in the roots, but not in the fronds. P in the uptake solution markedly decreases arsenate uptake. The presence or absence of P does not affect the uptake of arsenite, which translocates more easily than arsenate.
- ↑ C. Tu, L.Q. Ma and B. Bondada. "Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation" 31 (5). doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1671.
- ↑ Gui-Lan Duan, Y.-G. Zhu, Y.-P. Tong, C. Cai and R. Kneer (2005). "Characterization of Arsenate Reductase in the Extract of Roots and Fronds of Chinese Brake Fern, an Arsenic Hyperaccumulator". Plant Physiology 138 (1): 461–9. doi:10.1104/pp.104.057422. PMC 1104199. PMID 15834011. Yeast (Saccharomyces c.) has an arsenate reductase, Acr2p, that uses glutathione as the electron donor. Pteris vittata has an arsenate reductase with the same reaction mechanism, and the same substrate specificity and sensitivity toward inhibitors (P as a competitive inhibitor, arsenite as a noncompetitive inhibitor).
- ↑ Priel 1995.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Gurta et al. 1994
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 L.E. Bennetta, J.L. Burkheada, K.L. Halea, N. Terry, M. Pilona and E.A. H. Pilon-Smits. "Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings" 32 (2). doi:10.2134/jeq2003.0432.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke. Available only online. An excellent source of information on numerous plants.
- ↑ BioScience 26 (3): 224. 1976. doi:10.2307/1297259. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 J.K. Lan (March 2004). "Recent developments of phytoremediation". J. Geol. Hazards Environ. Preserv. 15 (1): 46–51.
- ↑ Tropical feeds. Feed information summaries and nutritive values. By B. Gohl. 1981. FAO Animal Production and Health Series 12. FAO, Rome. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke.
- ↑ Tiemmann et al. 1994
- ↑ Sen et al. 1987
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Srivastav 1994
- ↑ Wild 1974
- ↑ Brooks & Yang 1984
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 T.A. Delorme, J.V. Gagliardi, J.S. Angle and R.L. Chaney (2001). "Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations". Can. J. Microbiol. 47 (8): 773–6. doi:10.1139/cjm-47-8-773. PMID 11575505.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (Jan–Mar 2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17 (1). doi:10.1590/s1677-04202005000100010.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 31.9 Baker & Brooks, 1989
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 E. Lombi, F.J. Zhao, S.J. Dunham et S.P. McGrath (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (6): 1919–26. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID 11789997.
- ↑ R.S. Morrison, R.R. Brooks, R.D. Reeves and F. Malaisse (December 1979). "Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre". Plant and Soil 53 (4). doi:10.1007/bf02140724.
- ↑ R. R. Brooks. "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species".
- ↑ Howard-Williams, C. (1970). "The ecology of Becium homblei in Central Africa with special reference to metalliferous soils". Journal of Ecology 58 (3): 745–763. doi:10.2307/2258533.
- ↑ Baker & Walker 1990
- ↑ Atri 1983
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 S.D. Siciliano, J.J. Germida, K. Banks and C. W. Greer (January 2003). "Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (1): 483–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.483-489.2003. PMC 152433. PMID 12514031.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC
- ↑ T. Stijve (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031.
- ↑ Mark P. de Souza, Dara Chu, May Zhao, Adel M. Zayed, Steven E. Ruzin, Denise Schichnes, and Norman Terry (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiol. 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMC 32133. PMID 9952452.
- ↑ X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.
- ↑ Average Se concentration of 22 µg L-1 supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
- ↑ Z.-Q. Lin, M.P. de Souza, I. J. Pickering and N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality 31 (6): 2104–10. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID 12469862.