List of highest mountains of Switzerland

This is a list of the highest mountains of Switzerland. This list only includes summits above 3,600 metres (11,811 ft) with a topographic prominence of at least 30 metres. For a list of mountains (major summits only) including lower summits, see List of mountains of Switzerland.

The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme defines a summit in the Alps as independent, if the connecting ridge between it and a higher summit drops at least 30 m (a prominence/drop of 30 m, with the lowest point referred to as the "key col"). There are over 250 such summits exceeding 3,600 m in Switzerland,[1] located in the High Alps, in the cantons of Valais, Bern, Graubünden, Uri and Glarus. All mountain heights and prominences on the list are from the largest-scale maps available.[2]

List

Mountain Height
(m) [2]
Drop (m) Coordinates Range Canton(s) First[3]
ascent
Monte Rosa (Dufourspitze) 4634 2165 45°56′13″N 07°52′01″E / 45.93694°N 7.86694°E Pennine Alps Valais 1855
Nordend 4609 94 45°56′32″N 07°52′12″E / 45.94222°N 7.87000°E Pennine Alps Valais 1861
Zumsteinspitze 4563 110 45°55′55″N 07°52′17″E / 45.93194°N 7.87139°E Pennine Alps Valais 1820
Signalkuppe 4554 102 45°55′38″N 07°52′37″E / 45.92722°N 7.87694°E Pennine Alps Valais 1842
Dom 4545 1046 46°05′38″N 07°51′32″E / 46.09389°N 7.85889°E Pennine Alps Valais 1858
Lyskamm 4527 376 45°55′20″N 07°50′08″E / 45.92222°N 7.83556°E Pennine Alps Valais 1861
Weisshorn 4506 1235 46°06′05″N 07°42′57″E / 46.10139°N 7.71583°E Pennine Alps Valais 1861
Täschhorn 4491 210 46°05′01″N 07°51′26″E / 46.08361°N 7.85722°E Pennine Alps Valais 1862
Western Lyskamm 4479 62 45°55′39″N 07°49′19″E / 45.92750°N 7.82194°E Pennine Alps Valais
Matterhorn 4478 1042 45°58′35″N 07°39′31″E / 45.97639°N 7.65861°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Parrotspitze 4432 136 45°55′11″N 07°52′17″E / 45.91972°N 7.87139°E Pennine Alps Valais 1863
Dent Blanche 4357 915 46°02′03″N 07°36′43″E / 46.03417°N 7.61194°E Pennine Alps Valais 1862
Ludwigshöhe 4341 58 45°55′02″N 07°51′44″E / 45.91722°N 7.86222°E Pennine Alps Valais
Grand Gendarme 4331 71 46°06′26″N 07°42′43″E / 46.10722°N 7.71194°E Pennine Alps Valais
Nadelhorn 4327 206 46°06′32″N 07°51′51″E / 46.10889°N 7.86417°E Pennine Alps Valais 1858
Grand Combin (de Grafeneire) 4314 1517 45°56′15″N 07°17′57″E / 45.93750°N 7.29917°E Pennine Alps Valais 1859
Lenzspitze 4294 86 46°06′17″N 07°52′06″E / 46.10472°N 7.86833°E Pennine Alps Valais 1870
Finsteraarhorn 4274 2280 46°32′14″N 08°07′34″E / 46.53722°N 8.12611°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1829
Castor 4228 165 45°55′20″N 07°47′34″E / 45.92222°N 7.79278°E Pennine Alps Valais 1861
Zinalrothorn 4221 490 46°03′54″N 07°41′25″E / 46.06500°N 7.69028°E Pennine Alps Valais 1864
Hohberghorn 4219 75 46°06′46″N 07°51′14″E / 46.11278°N 7.85389°E Pennine Alps Valais 1869
Alphubel 4206 359 46°03′47″N 07°51′50″E / 46.06306°N 7.86389°E Pennine Alps Valais 1860
Rimpfischhorn 4199 642 46°01′24″N 07°53′03″E / 46.02333°N 7.88417°E Pennine Alps Valais 1859
Aletschhorn 4193 1029 46°27′54″N 07°59′38″E / 46.46500°N 7.99389°E Bernese Alps Valais 1859
Strahlhorn 4190 401 46°00′48″N 07°54′06″E / 46.01333°N 7.90167°E Pennine Alps Valais 1854
Combin de Valsorey 4184 57 45°56′17″N 07°17′26″E / 45.93806°N 7.29056°E Pennine Alps Valais
Dent d'Hérens 4174 701 45°58′12″N 07°36′19″E / 45.97000°N 7.60528°E Pennine Alps Valais 1863
Breithorn 4164 439 45°56′28″N 07°44′56″E / 45.94111°N 7.74889°E Pennine Alps Valais 1813
Central Breithorn 4159 83 45°56′20″N 07°45′23″E / 45.93889°N 7.75639°E Pennine Alps Valais
Jungfrau 4158 687 46°32′12″N 07°57′45″E / 46.53667°N 7.96250°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1811
Bishorn 4153 120 46°07′04″N 07°42′53″E / 46.11778°N 7.71472°E Pennine Alps Valais 1884
Breithorn Twin (east) 4139 117 45°56′14″N 07°46′02″E / 45.93722°N 7.76722°E Pennine Alps Valais
Combin de la Tsessette 4135 52 45°56′34″N 07°18′39″E / 45.94278°N 7.31083°E Pennine Alps Valais
Mönch 4107 584 46°33′30″N 07°59′50″E / 46.55833°N 7.99722°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1857
Breithorn Twin (west) 4106 40 45°56′09″N 07°46′14″E / 45.93583°N 7.77056°E Pennine Alps Valais
Pollux 4092 247 45°55′40″N 07°47′07″E / 45.92778°N 7.78528°E Pennine Alps Valais 1864
Schreckhorn 4078 792 46°35′24″N 08°07′05″E / 46.59000°N 8.11806°E Bernese Alps Bern 1861
Ober Gabelhorn 4063 536 46°02′19″N 07°40′05″E / 46.03861°N 7.66806°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Piz Bernina 4049 2234 46°22′56″N 09°54′29″E / 46.38222°N 9.90806°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1850
Gross Fiescherhorn 4049 398 46°33′05″N 08°03′41″E / 46.55139°N 8.06139°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1862
Gross Grünhorn 4044 305 46°31′55″N 08°04′40″E / 46.53194°N 8.07778°E Bernese Alps Valais 1865
Lauteraarhorn 4042 128 46°35′02″N 08°07′42″E / 46.58389°N 8.12833°E Bernese Alps Bern 1842
Dürrenhorn 4035 123 46°07′11″N 07°50′53″E / 46.11972°N 7.84806°E Pennine Alps Valais 1879
Allalinhorn 4027 255 46°02′46″N 07°53′41″E / 46.04611°N 7.89472°E Pennine Alps Valais 1856
Hinter Fiescherhorn 4025 102 46°32′47″N 08°04′04″E / 46.54639°N 8.06778°E Pennine Alps Valais
Weissmies 4017 1186 46°07′40″N 08°00′44″E / 46.12778°N 8.01222°E Pennine Alps Valais 1855
Lagginhorn 4010 511 46°09′26″N 08°00′11″E / 46.15722°N 8.00306°E Pennine Alps Valais 1856
Piz Zupò 3996 405 46°22′06″N 09°55′53″E / 46.36833°N 9.93139°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1863
Adlerhorn 3988 58 46°00′33″N 07°53′21″E / 46.00917°N 7.88917°E Pennine Alps Valais
Fletschhorn 3985 297 46°10′04″N 08°00′11″E / 46.16778°N 8.00306°E Pennine Alps Valais 1854
Gletscherhorn 3983 346 46°30′46″N 07°58′04″E / 46.51278°N 7.96778°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1867
Schalihorn 3975 225 46°05′04″N 07°42′18″E / 46.08444°N 7.70500°E Pennine Alps Valais
Rottalhorn 3972 87 46°31′55″N 07°58′02″E / 46.53194°N 7.96722°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Piz Scerscen 3971 89 46°22′42″N 09°54′02″E / 46.37833°N 9.90056°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1877
Eiger 3970 356 46°34′39″N 08°00′19″E / 46.57750°N 8.00528°E Bernese Alps Bern 1858
Jägerhorn 3970 58 45°57′08″N 07°52′38″E / 45.95222°N 7.87722°E Pennine Alps Valais
Pointe Sud de Moming 3963 70 46°04′23″N 07°41′43″E / 46.07306°N 7.69528°E Pennine Alps Valais
Grand Cornier 3962 431 46°03′07″N 07°36′41″E / 46.05194°N 7.61139°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Ebnefluh 3962 196 46°30′29″N 07°57′11″E / 46.50806°N 7.95306°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Agassizhorn 3946 197 46°32′48″N 08°06′52″E / 46.54667°N 8.11444°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Piz Argient 3945 99 46°21′57″N 09°55′31″E / 46.36583°N 9.92528°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1869
Piz Roseg 3937 415 46°22′25″N 09°52′59″E / 46.37361°N 9.88306°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1865
Bietschhorn 3934 806 46°23′30″N 07°51′03″E / 46.39167°N 7.85083°E Bernese Alps Valais 1859
Trugberg 3933 306 46°32′48″N 08°00′55″E / 46.54667°N 8.01528°E Bernese Alps Valais 1871
Ulrichshorn 3925 75 46°31′54″N 07°58′02″E / 46.53167°N 7.96722°E Pennine Alps Valais
Bellavista 3922 82 46°22′25″N 09°55′56″E / 46.37361°N 9.93222°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1868
Klein Grünhorn 3913 63 46°32′12″N 08°04′26″E / 46.53667°N 8.07389°E Bernese Alps Valais
Gross Wannenhorn 3906 626 46°29′38″N 08°05′49″E / 46.49389°N 8.09694°E Bernese Alps Valais 1864
Wellenkuppe 3903 76 46°02′31″N 07°40′40″E / 46.04194°N 7.67778°E Pennine Alps Valais
Aiguille d'Argentière 3901 473 45°57′36″N 07°01′12″E / 45.96000°N 7.02000°E Mont Blanc massif Valais 1864
Piz Palü 3901 213 46°22′42″N 09°57′38″E / 46.37833°N 9.96056°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1866
Gobba di Rollin 3889 83 45°55′27″N 07°44′04″E / 45.92417°N 7.73444°E Pennine Alps Valais
Klein Fiescherhorn 3895 65 46°33′20″N 08°04′32″E / 46.55556°N 8.07556°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Mittaghorn 3892 193 46°29′54″N 07°55′47″E / 46.49833°N 7.92972°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Feechopf 3888 62 46°02′59″N 07°52′58″E / 46.04972°N 7.88278°E Pennine Alps Valais
Klein Matterhorn 3883 88 45°56′18″N 07°43′47″E / 45.93833°N 7.72972°E Pennine Alps Valais 1789
Pointe du Mountet 3877 42 46°03′34″N 07°41′07″E / 46.05944°N 7.68528°E Pennine Alps Valais
Fiescher Gabelhorn 3876 152 46°30′08″N 08°05′03″E / 46.50222°N 8.08417°E Bernese Alps Valais
Ruinette 3875 851 45°58′45″N 07°24′01″E / 45.97917°N 7.40028°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Mont Blanc de Cheilon 3870 174 45°59′35″N 07°25′02″E / 45.99306°N 7.41722°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Chamm 3866 101 46°30′06″N 08°04′45″E / 46.50167°N 8.07917°E Bernese Alps Valais
Pointe Nord de Moming 3863 86 46°04′40″N 07°42′00″E / 46.07778°N 7.70000°E Pennine Alps Valais
Grünegghorn 3860 65 46°31′35″N 08°04′25″E / 46.52639°N 8.07361°E Bernese Alps Valais
Crast' Agüzza 3854 149 46°22′50″N 09°54′25″E / 46.38056°N 9.90694°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1865
Schönbühlhorn 3854 95 46°29′53″N 08°05′28″E / 46.49806°N 8.09111°E Bernese Alps Valais
Punta Carrel 3841 41 45°58′17″N 07°36′56″E / 45.97139°N 7.61556°E Pennine Alps Valais
Bouquetins 3838 490 45°58′56″N 07°32′43″E / 45.98222°N 7.54528°E Pennine Alps Valais 1871
Tour Noir 3837 302 45°56′56″N 07°02′15″E / 45.94889°N 7.03750°E Mont Blanc massif Valais 1876
Brunegghorn 3833 293 46°07′33″N 07°44′45″E / 46.12583°N 7.74583°E Pennine Alps Valais
Tour de Boussine 3833 97 45°56′11″N 07°19′26″E / 45.93639°N 7.32389°E Pennine Alps Valais
Nesthorn 3821 636 46°24′48″N 07°55′34″E / 46.41333°N 7.92611°E Bernese Alps Valais 1865
Mont Dolent 3820 330 45°55′21″N 07°02′46″E / 45.92250°N 7.04611°E Mont Blanc massif Valais 1864
Dreieckhorn 3811 188 46°28′41″N 08°01′12″E / 46.47806°N 8.02000°E Bernese Alps Valais
Cima di Jazzi 3803 243 45°58′52″N 07°53′41″E / 45.98111°N 7.89472°E Pennine Alps Valais
Tête de Valpelline 3799 234 45°58′31″N 07°34′52″E / 45.97528°N 7.58111°E Pennine Alps Valais
Schinhorn 3797 422 46°27′06″N 07°56′48″E / 46.45167°N 7.94667°E Bernese Alps Valais 1869
Pigne d'Arolla 3796 249 45°59′28″N 07°27′18″E / 45.99111°N 7.45500°E Pennine Alps Valais 1865
Balfrin 3796 235 46°08′06″N 07°52′49″E / 46.13500°N 7.88028°E Pennine Alps Valais
Fluchthorn 3795 71 46°01′17″N 07°54′52″E / 46.02139°N 7.91444°E Pennine Alps Valais
Pointe de Zinal 3789 301 46°01′37″N 07°37′50″E / 46.02694°N 7.63056°E Pennine Alps Valais 1870
La Serpentine 3789 154 45°59′04″N 07°26′00″E / 45.98444°N 7.43333°E Pennine Alps Valais
Lötschental Breithorn 3785 251 46°26′08″N 07°53′38″E / 46.43556°N 7.89389°E Bernese Alps Valais
Lauterbrunnen Breithorn 3780 443 46°28′43″N 07°52′36″E / 46.47861°N 7.87667°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1865
Grosshorn 3754 190 46°29′12″N 07°54′39″E / 46.48667°N 7.91083°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Aiguille de l'A Neuve 3753 63 45°57′11″N 07°02′10″E / 45.95306°N 7.03611°E Mont Blanc massif Valais
Piz Morteratsch 3751 324 46°24′10″N 09°54′06″E / 46.40278°N 9.90167°E Bernina Range Graubünden 1858
Kinhorn 3750 105 46°04′38″N 07°50′02″E / 46.07722°N 7.83389°E Pennine Alps Valais
Kleines Aletschhorn 3747 50 46°28′03″N 07°58′38″E / 46.46750°N 7.97722°E Bernese Alps Valais
Sattelhorn 3745 121 46°28′06″N 07°57′56″E / 46.46833°N 7.96556°E Bernese Alps Valais 1883
Kranzberg 3742 92 46°31′20″N 07°58′52″E / 46.52222°N 7.98111°E Bernese Alps Valais
Fieschergrat 3742 91 46°33′05″N 08°05′18″E / 46.55139°N 8.08833°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Geisshorn 3740 157 46°26′28″N 08°00′21″E / 46.44111°N 8.00583°E Bernese Alps Valais
Hohgwächte 3740 82 46°06′14″N 07°50′27″E / 46.10389°N 7.84083°E Pennine Alps Valais
Klein Lauteraarhorn 3737 117 46°34′44″N 08°08′21″E / 46.57889°N 8.13917°E Bernese Alps Bern
Trifthorn 3728 70 46°03′06″N 07°40′42″E / 46.05167°N 7.67833°E Pennine Alps Valais
Mont Vélan 3726 620 45°53′30″N 07°15′06″E / 45.89167°N 7.25167°E Pennine Alps Valais 1779
Evêque 3716 647 45°57′52″N 07°30′10″E / 45.96444°N 7.50278°E Pennine Alps Valais 1867
Combin de Corbassière 3716 312 45°58′41″N 07°16′50″E / 45.97806°N 7.28056°E Pennine Alps Valais 1851
Testa del Leone 3715 135 45°58′16″N 07°38′36″E / 45.97111°N 7.64333°E Pennine Alps Valais
La Singla 3714 452 45°56′45″N 07°28′19″E / 45.94583°N 7.47194°E Pennine Alps Valais 1867
Anungrat 3714 85 46°29′06″N 07°56′23″E / 46.48500°N 7.93972°E Bernese Alps Valais
Mont Durand 3713 169 46°02′02″N 07°39′02″E / 46.03389°N 7.65056°E Pennine Alps Valais
Tête Blanche 3710 153 45°59′15″N 07°34′30″E / 45.98750°N 7.57500°E Pennine Alps Valais
Silberhorn 3707 57 46°32′32″N 07°56′56″E / 46.54222°N 7.94889°E Bernese Alps Bern 1863
Punta Maria Cristina 3706 71 45°58′20″N 07°37′13″E / 45.97222°N 7.62028°E Pennine Alps Valais
Wetterhörner (Mittelhorn) 3704 579 46°38′07″N 08°07′29″E / 46.63528°N 8.12472°E Bernese Alps Bern 1845
Le Pleureur 3704 467 46°00′59″N 07°22′09″E / 46.01639°N 7.36917°E Pennine Alps Valais 1867
Tournelon Blanc 3700 159 45°58′11″N 07°19′20″E / 45.96972°N 7.32222°E Pennine Alps Valais
Rotstock 3699 118 46°26′07″N 08°00′07″E / 46.43528°N 8.00194°E Bernese Alps Valais
Balmhorn 3698 1022 46°25′30″N 07°41′37″E / 46.42500°N 7.69361°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais 1864
Walcherhorn 3693 83 46°33′36″N 08°02′06″E / 46.56000°N 8.03500°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Tête de Milon 3693 43 46°07′07″N 07°41′29″E / 46.11861°N 7.69139°E Pennine Alps Valais
Wetterhorn 3692 202 46°38′20″N 08°06′56″E / 46.63889°N 8.11556°E Bernese Alps Bern 1844
Rosenhorn 3689 193 46°37′55″N 08°08′14″E / 46.63194°N 8.13722°E Bernese Alps Bern
Grande Aiguille 3682 223 45°57′01″N 07°15′53″E / 45.95028°N 7.26472°E Pennine Alps Valais
Pointe Kurz 3676 174 45°56′18″N 07°02′08″E / 45.93833°N 7.03556°E Mont Blanc massif Valais
Dent de Perroc 3676 408 46°02′22″N 07°31′23″E / 46.03944°N 7.52306°E Pennine Alps Valais 1871
Pointe des Genevois 3674 54 46°02′12″N 07°31′33″E / 46.03667°N 7.52583°E Pennine Alps Valais
Aiguille de la Tsa 3668 251 46°01′17″N 07°31′20″E / 46.02139°N 7.52222°E Pennine Alps Valais
Besso 3668 149 46°04′39″N 07°39′32″E / 46.07750°N 7.65889°E Pennine Alps Valais 1862
Combin de Boveire 3663 173 45°57′53″N 07°16′15″E / 45.96472°N 7.27083°E Pennine Alps Valais
Petit Combin 3663 113 45°59′07″N 07°16′06″E / 45.98528°N 7.26833°E Pennine Alps Valais
Blüemlisalp(horn) 3661 874 46°29′20″N 07°46′21″E / 46.48889°N 7.77250°E Bernese Alps Bern 1860
Blanc de Moming 3661 79 46°04′25″N 07°39′52″E / 46.07361°N 7.66444°E Pennine Alps Valais
Pointe de Bricola 3658 68 46°03′45″N 07°35′30″E / 46.06250°N 7.59167°E Pennine Alps Valais
Bärglistock 3656 220 46°36′56″N 08°08′27″E / 46.61556°N 8.14083°E Bernese Alps Bern
Portjengrat (Pizzo d'Andolla) 3654 411 46°06′03″N 08°02′05″E / 46.10083°N 8.03472°E Pennine Alps Valais 1871
Mitre de l'Evêque 3654 131 45°58′07″N 07°30′23″E / 45.96861°N 7.50639°E Pennine Alps Valais
Hugihorn 3647 82 46°34′22″N 08°08′49″E / 46.57278°N 8.14694°E Bernese Alps Bern
La Sâle 3646 112 46°01′25″N 07°22′19″E / 46.02361°N 7.37194°E Pennine Alps Valais
Aiguilles Rouges d'Arolla 3644 789 46°03′19″N 07°26′01″E / 46.05528°N 7.43361°E Pennine Alps Valais 1870
Doldenhorn 3638 654 46°28′08″N 07°44′05″E / 46.46889°N 7.73472°E Bernese Alps Bern 1862
Mont Collon 3637 208 45°58′35″N 07°30′17″E / 45.97639°N 7.50472°E Pennine Alps Valais 1867
Studerhorn 3634 226 46°31′58″N 08°08′52″E / 46.53278°N 8.14778°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Dammastock 3630 1466 46°38′36″N 08°25′16″E / 46.64333°N 8.42111°E Uri Alps Uri/Valais 1864
Oberaarhorn 3629 244 46°31′53″N 08°10′28″E / 46.53139°N 8.17444°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Altels 3629 101 46°25′44″N 07°40′42″E / 46.42889°N 7.67833°E Bernese Alps Bern/Valais
Gross Fusshorn 3627 123 46°25′49″N 07°59′53″E / 46.43028°N 7.99806°E Bernese Alps Valais
Bigerhorn 3626 32 46°08′42″N 07°52′14″E / 46.14500°N 7.87056°E Pennine Alps Valais
Tödi (Piz Russein) 3614 1570 46°48′40″N 08°54′53″E / 46.81111°N 8.91472°E Glarus Alps Glarus/Graubünden 1824
Grande Fourche 3610 275 45°58′35″N 07°01′16″E / 45.97639°N 7.02111°E Mont Blanc massif Valais
Barrhorn 3610 267 46°09′21″N 07°44′03″E / 46.15583°N 7.73417°E Pennine Alps Valais
Piz Prievlus 3610 79 46°23′47″N 09°54′26″E / 46.39639°N 9.90722°E Bernina Range Graubünden
Les Diablons 3609 379 46°08′33″N 07°40′16″E / 46.14250°N 7.67111°E Pennine Alps Valais 1863
Schwarzberghorn 3609 54 45°59′49″N 07°54′32″E / 45.99694°N 7.90889°E Pennine Alps Valais
Schneestock 3608 38 46°38′52″N 08°25′19″E / 46.64778°N 8.42194°E Uri Alps Uri/Valais
Piz Cambrena 3606 161 46°23′16″N 09°58′52″E / 46.38778°N 9.98111°E Bernina Range Graubünden

References

  1. Christian Thöni, Directory of the mountains of Switzerland
  2. 2.0 2.1 All mountain heights and prominences are from the 1:25,000 Swisstopo topographic maps.
  3. The three main sources for first ascent data are:
    For the Western Alps; W.A.B. Coolidge, The Alps in nature and history, Methuen & Co, London, 1908.
    For the Central Alps; Gottlieb Studer, Über Eis und Schnee: Die höchsten Gipfel der Schweiz und die Geschichte ihrer Besteigung, Volumes 1-3, Schmid & Francke, Bern, 1896-1899.
    For the Eastern Alps: Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, Volumes 1-3, German and Austrian Alpine Club, Berlin, 1894.
    Given are the years for the first recorded ascents. In many cases local people or surveyors made earlier ascents. In particular, chamois and ibex hunters are expected to have reached many summits. Years in italics indicate that it is known that an earlier ascent was made, for example by the presence of artifacts on top or the summit's prior use as a triangulation point.