List of gamma-ray bursts
The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.
List
| Burst | Position | Redshift | Detected by | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRB 670702 | Vela 4 | First GRB detected | ||
| GRB 790305b | The first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB. | |||
| GRB 830801 | Brightest GRB detected | |||
| GRB 970228 | z = 0.695[Ref 1] | BeppoSAX | First X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow | |
| GRB 970402 | RA 14h 50.1m Dec −69° 20′ | BeppoSAX | From an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.[Ref 2] | |
| GRB 970508 | z = 0.835 | BeppoSAX | First redshift, first radio afterglow | |
| GRB 971214 | z = 3.4 | BATSE | The first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs. | |
| GRB 980425 | z = 0.008[Ref 3] | BATSE | The closest GRB to date and the first associated with a supernova. | |
| GRB 990123 | R.A. 15h 25m 29s Decl. 44° 45′ 30″[Ref 4] | z = 1.6 | BeppoSAX | First burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift. |
| GRB 991216 | BATSE | First burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory[1] | ||
| GRB 030329 | z = 0.168[Ref 5] | HETE-2 | The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date. | |
| GRB 050509B | z = 0.225 | Swift | First short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique). | |
| GRB 050709 | z = 0.161[Ref 6] | HETE-2 | First short burst with a detected optical counterpart. | |
| GRB 050724 | z = 0.258[Ref 7] | Swift | First short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy. | |
| GRB 060218 | z = 0.0331[Ref 8] | Swift | First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst. | |
| GRB 060614 | R.A. 21h 23m 27.0s Decl. −53° 02′ 02″ | z = 0.125 | Swift | Either a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission. |
| GRB 080319B | z = 0.937 | Swift | The most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst. | |
| GRB 080916C | z = 4.35[Ref 9] | Fermi | The most energetic gamma-ray burst observed to date. | |
| GRB 090423 | R.A. 09h 55m 33.08s Decl. +18° 08′ 58.9″ | z = 8.2 | Swift | Remains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation. |
| GRB 101225A | R.A. 00h 00m 47.51s Decl. +44° 36′ 01.1″ | 0.33 | Swift | 28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst". |
| GRB 130427A | R.A. 11h 32m 32.84s Decl. +27° 41″ 56.2 | 0.34 | Swift | hours duration |
Extremes
| Title | GRB | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Least distant | GRB 980425 | z = 0.0085 | |
| Most distant with photometric redshift estimate | GRB 090429B | z = 9.4 | [3] |
| Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate | GRB 090423 | z = 8.2 | [2] |
| Least Luminous | |||
| Most Luminous | GRB 080916C | Eiso = 8.8 × 1047 Joule | |
| Longest duration | GRB 111209A | Duration = at least 7 hours | |
| Shortest duration | GRB 820405 | Duration = 12 ms | |
| Most distant naked-eye GRB | GRB 080319B | Apparent magnitude: 5.7 z=0.937 |
[4][5] |
| Closest naked-eye GRB |
Firsts
| Title | GRB | Date | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First GRB detected | GRB 670702 | 1967 July 2 | [4] | |
| First GRB identified | GRB 781104 | 1978 November 4 | Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela | |
| First long duration GRB discovered | ||||
| First short duration GRB discovered | ||||
| First hard spectrum GRB discovered | ||||
| First soft spectrum GRB discovered | ||||
| First GRB whose distance was determined | GRB 970508 | z=0.835 | [6] | |
| First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow | GRB 970508 | [6] | ||
| First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow | GRB 970228 | February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC | [6] | |
| First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow | GRB 780506 | [7] | ||
| First GRB linked to a supernova | GRB 980425 | 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC | SN 1998bw | GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dh [6][8] |
| First GRB of naked-eye strength | GRB 080319B | 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC | Apparent magnitude: 5.7 | The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 [4][5][6] |
Most distant GRB
| GRB | Distance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| GRB 090429B | z=9.4 | [3] (photometric redshift) |
| GRB 090423 | z=8.2 | [9] |
| GRB 080913 | z=6.7 | [9] |
| GRB 060116 | z=6.60 | The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain.[10] |
| GRB 140515A | z=6.33 | [11] |
| GRB 050904 | z=6.295 | [12] |
|
GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era | ||
| GRB | Date | Distance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| GRB 090429B | May 2011 — | z=9.4 | The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011.[3] |
| GRB 090423 | April 2009 — May 2011 | z=8.2 | This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.[9] |
| GRB 080913 | September 2008 — April 2009 | z=6.7 | [9][13] |
| GRB 050904 | September 2005 — September 2008 | z=6.29 | [12][13][14] |
| GRB 000131 | January 2000 — September 2005 | z=4.50 | [14][15][16] |
| GRB 971214 | December 1997 — January 2000 | z=3.42 | [6][15][16] |
| GRB 970508 | May 1997 — December 1997 | z=0.835 | First GRB with its distance determined [6] |
Notes
Footnotes
References
- Antonelli LA, Fiore F. "BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970402".
- Caldwell N et al (2003). "GRB 030329, optical spectroscopy". GCN Circulars (2053).
- Mirabal N, Halpern JP (2006). "GRB 060218: MDM Redshift". GCN Circulars (4792).
- Odewahn SC et al (1999). "GRB 990123". GCN Circulars (7094). Bibcode:1999IAUC.7094A...1O.
- Bloom JS et al (2001). "The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228". Astrophysical Journal 554 (554): 678. arXiv:astro-ph/0007244. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554..678B. doi:10.1086/321398.
- Greiner J et al. (2009). "The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C". Astronomy and Astrophysics 498 (1): 89–94. arXiv:0902.0761. Bibcode:2009A&A...498...89G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811571.
- Reddy F (28 April 2009). "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record". NASA. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- Schilling G (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80053-6.
- Tinney C et al (1998). "IAU Circular 6896: IAUC 6896: GRB 980425; V4334 Sgr". IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- Price PA et al (2005). "GRB 050709: Spectroscopy". GCN Circulars (3605).
- Berger E et al. (2005). "The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724". Nature 438 (7070): 988–90. arXiv:astro-ph/0508115. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..988B. doi:10.1038/nature04238. PMID 16355217.
Citations
- ↑ "The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 30 December 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2{{http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461.1254T}}
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008" PDF (922 KB), T. Dockweiler, Science Newsletter - June 2008 . Retrieved 2009 11 11.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Astrophysical Journal, "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion", Volume 691, Issue 1, pp. 723-737 (2009), doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723, Bibcode: 2009ApJ...691..723B
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 The ING Newsletter, "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky", P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No.2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11)
- ↑ arXiv, "The X-Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma-Ray Burst and its Afterglow", A. Connors, G. J. Hueter, 9 Jun 1998 doi:10.1086/305815 (accessed 2009 Nov 11)
- ↑ SpaceDaily, "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked", Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 New Scientist, "Most distant object in the universe spotted", Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ↑
- ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.7400
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 New Scientist, "Blazing gamma-ray burst is most distant ever", Jeff Hecht, 11:47 13 September 2005 . Retrieved 2009 November 11.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 New Scientist, "Cosmic explosion is most distant ever seen", Maggie McKee, 01:22 20 September 2008 (accessed 11/11/2009)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nature, "A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 plus/minus 0.12 for GRB 050904", Issue 440, pp. 181-183 (9 March 2006), doi:10.1038/nature04552 PMID 16525465 . Retrieved 11 11 2009.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 ESA, "Yet another record: Ulysses detects most distant gamma-ray burst", 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Hunting Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Lyman-Forest; GRB 000131 at z = 4.50", Michael I. Andersen, Jens Hjorth, Holger Pedersen, Brian L. Jensen, Leslie K. Hunt, Javier Gorosabel, Palle Møller, Johan Fynbo, Bjarne Thomsen, doi:10.1007/10853853_34, Bibcode: 2001grba.conf..133A, (accessed 11 Nov 2009)