List of fossil primates

This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned.[1] As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires.[2] Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes.[3] That denomination is not used here.

There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma.[1] However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation.[4][5][6] Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear.[7] There are no fossils known that can be directly linked to the living African apes, nor any that could be considered representative of the last common ancestor between them and humans.[8]

The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.[9]

This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record[10] and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition).[11] Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[12] Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.

Strepsirrhini

Infraorder Adapiformes

Adapiformes, incertae sedis

  • Muangthanhinius siami Marivaux et al., 2006
  • Bugtilemur mathesoni Marivaux et al., 2001
  • Sulaimanius arifi Gunnell et al., 2008

Adapoidea

Smilodectes
Darwinius

Infraorder Lemuriformes[lower-alpha 1]

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

  • Algeripithecus minutus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992
  • Azibius trerki Sudre, 1975
  • unnamed ('Anchomomys')
  • Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992
  • Namaia bogenfelsi Pickford et al., 2008
  • Omanodon minor Gheerbrant et al., 1993
  • Shizarodon dhofarensis Gheerbrant et al., 1993
  • Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992

Lorisoidea[lower-alpha 1]

  • Karanisia clarki Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Mioeuoticus Leakey, 1962
  • Mioeuoticus bishopi Leakey, 1962
  • Mioeuoticus shipmani Phillips & Walker, 2000
  • Nycticeboides Jacobs, 1981
  • Nycticeboides simpsoni Jacobs, 1981
  • Galagidae Gray, 1825
  • Galago farafraensis Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006
  • Galago howelli Wesselman, 1984
  • Galago sadimanensis Walker, 1987
  • Komba minor Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
  • Komba robustus Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
  • Komba winamensis McCrossin, 1992
  • Progalago MacInnes, 1943
  • Progalago dorae MacInnes, 1943
  • Progalago songhorensis Simpson, 1967
  • Saharagalago Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Saharagalago misrensis Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Wadilemur Simons, 1997
  • Wadilemur elegans Simons, 1997[17]

Lemuroidea

Subfossil lemurs:

Babakotia radofilai
  • Daubentoniidae Gray, 1863[20]
  • Daubentonia É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795
  • Archaeolemuridae G. Grandier, 1905
  • Archaeolemur edwardsi Filhol, 1895
  • Archaeolemur majori Filhol, 1895
  • Hadropithecus stenognathus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899
  • Palaeopropithecidae Tattersall, 1973
  • Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Simons et al., 1995
  • Mesopropithecus globiceps Lamberton, 1936
  • Mesopropithecus pithecoides Standing, 1905
  • Babakotia radofilai Godfrey et al., 1990
  • Palaeopropithecus ingens G. Grandidier, 1899
  • Palaeopropithecus kelyus Gommery et al., 2010
  • Palaeopropithecus maximus Standing, 1903
  • Archaeoindris fontoynontii Standing, 1909
  • Megaladapidae Forsyth-Major, 1894
  • Subgenus: Megaladapis
  • Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri Standing, 1903
  • Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, 1894
  • Subgenus: Peloriadapis
  • Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi Grandidier, 1899
  • Pachylemur insignis Filhol, 1895
  • Pachylemur jullyi Lamberton, 1948

Haplorhini

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiiformes, incertae sedis

  • Ekgmowechashala philotau Macdonald, 1963
  • Kohatius Russell & Gingerich, 1980
  • Kohatius coppensi Russell & Gingerich, 1980
  • Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977
  • Altiatlasius koulchii Sigé et al., 1990
  • Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985
  • Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010

Archicebidae

  • Archicebus achilles Ni et al., 2013[21]

Omomyoidea

  • Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887
  • Microchoerus Wood, 1846
  • Microchoerus creechbarrowensis Hooker, 1986
  • Microchoerus edwardsi Filhol, 1880
  • Microchoerus erinaceus Wood, 1846
  • Microchoerus ornatus Stehlin, 1916
  • Microchoerus wardi Hooker, 1986
  • Necrolemur antiquus Filhol, 1873
  • Necrolemur zitteli Schlosser, 1887
  • Nannopithex Stehlin, 1916
  • Nannopithex filholi Chantre & Gaillard, 1897
  • Nannopithex humilidens Thalmann, 1994
  • Nannopithex quaylei Hooker, 1986
  • Nannopithex raabi Heller, 1930
  • Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot et al., 1992
  • Tarsius eocaenus Beard & al, 1994
  • Tarsius thailandicus Ginsburg & Mein, 1987
  • Xanthorhysis Beard, 1998
  • Xanthorhysis tabrumi Beard, 1998

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

  • Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012
  • Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985
  • Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010

Eosimiidae

  • Anthrasimias gujaratensis Bajpai et al., 2008
  • Eosimias centennicus Beard et al., 1996
  • Eosimias sinensis Beard et al., 1994
  • Bahinia Jaeger et al., 1999
  • Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al., 1999

Simiiformes

Simiiformes, incertae sedis

  • Amphipithecidae Godinot, 1994
  • Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927
  • Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1927
  • Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937
  • Krabia Chaimanee et al., 2013
  • Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al., 2013
  • Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al., 1997
  • Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al., 1997
  • Proteopithecidae Simons, 1997
  • Proteopithecus Simons, 1989
  • Proteopithecus sylviae Simons, 1989
  • Serapia eocaena Simons, 1992
  • Arsinoea kallimos Simons, 1992
  • Apidium bowni Simons, 1995
  • Apidium moustafai Simons, 1962
  • Apidium phiomense Osborn, 1908
  • Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser, 1910
  • Parapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974
  • Qatrania fleaglei Simons & Kay, 1988
  • Qatrania wingi Simons & kay, 1983
  • Biretia piveteaui Bonis et al., 1988
  • Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al., 2005
  • Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al., 2005

Platyrrhini

  • Platyrrhini, incertae sedis
    • Branisella Hoffstetter, 1969
      • Branisella boliviana Hoffstetter, 1969
  • Atelidae Gray, 1825
    • Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865
    • Tribus: Callicebini
      • Xenothrix Williams & Koopman, 1952
        • Xenothrix mcgregori Williams & Koopman, 1952
      • Antillothrix MacPhee et al., 1995
        • Antillothrix bernensis Rímoli, 1977
      • Paralouatta Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
        • Paralouatta varonai Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
        • Paralouatta marianae
    • Tribus: Pitheciini
      • Soriacebus Fleagle et al., 1987
        • Soriacebus adrianae Fleagle, 1990
        • Soriacebus ameghinorum Fleagle et al., 1987
      • Proteropithecia Kay et al., 1999
        • Proteropithecia neuquenensis Kay et al., 1998
      • Cebupithecia Stirton & Savage, 1951
        • Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton & Savage, 1951
      • Nuciruptor Meldrum & Kay, 1997
        • Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum & Kay, 1997
    • Tribus: Homunculini
      • Homunculus Ameghino, 1891
        • Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891
      • Carlocebus Fleagle, 1990
        • Carlocebus carmenensis Fleagle, 1990
        • Carlocebus intermedius Fleagle, 1990
    • Atelinae Gray, 1825
    • Tribus: Alouattini
      • Stirtonia Hershkovitz, 1970
        • Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirton, 1951
        • Stirtonia victoriae Kay et al., 1987
    • Tribus: Atelini
      • Caipora Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
        • Caipora bambuiorum Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
    • Atelinae, incertae sedis
  • Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831
    • Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831
    • Tribus: Saimiriini
      • Neosaimiri Stirton, 1951
        • Neosaimiri fieldsi Stirton, 1951
      • Laventiana Rosenberger et al., 1991
        • Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al., 1991
      • Dolichocebus Kraglievich, 1951
        • Dolichocebus gaimanensis Kraglievich, 1951
    • Cebinae, incertae sedis
      • Chilecebus Flynn & al, 1995
        • Chilecebus carrascoensis Flynn & al, 1995
      • Killikaike Tejedor et al., 2006
        • Killikaike blakei Tejedor et al., 2006
    • Aotinae Elliot, 1913
      • Aotus Illiger, 1811
        • Aotus dindensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1987
    • Aotinae, incertae sedis
      • Tremacebus Hershkovitz, 1974
        • Tremacebus harringtoni Rusconi, 1933
    • Callitrichinae Thomas, 1903
    • Tribus: Callimiconi
      • Mohanamico Luchterhand et al., 1986
        • Mohanamico hershkovitzi Luchterhand et al., 1986
    • Callitrichinae, incertae sedis
      • Patasola Kay & Meldrum, 1997
        • Patasola magdalenae Kay & Meldrum, 1997
      • Lagonimico Kay, 1994
        • Lagonimico conclutatus Kay, 1994
      • Micodon Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985
        • Micodon kiotensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985

Catarrhini

Catarrhini, incertae sedis
  • Limnopithecus Hopwood, 1933
  • Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943
  • Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933
  • Kalepithecus Harrison, 1988
  • Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews, 1978
  • Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden, 1980
Propliothecoidea
  • Catopithecus browni Simons, 1989
  • Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al., 1995
  • Oligopithecus savagei Simons, 1962
  • Propliopithecidae Straus, 1961
  • Moeripithecus Schlosser, 1910
  • Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser, 1910
  • Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al., 1987
  • Propliopithecus chirobates Simons, 1965
  • Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser, 1910
  • Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965
Pliopithecoidea
  • Pliopithecidae Zapfe, 1960
    • Dionysopithecinae
      • Dionysopithecus Li, 1978
        • Dionysopithecus orientalis Suteethorn et al., 1990
        • Dionysopithecus shuangouensis Li, 1978
      • Platodonpithecus Li, 1978
        • Platodonpithecus jianghuaiensis Li, 1978
    • Pliopitheciinae
      • Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849
        • Pliopithecus antiquus Gervais, 1849
        • Pliopithecus piveteaui Hürzeler, 1954
        • Pliopithecus platyodon Bidermann, 1863
        • Pliopithecus zhanxiangi Harrison et al., 1991
      • Epipliopithecus Zapfe & Hürzeler, 1957
        • Epipliopithecus vindobonensis Zapfe & Hürzeler, 1957
      • Egarapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2001
        • Egarapithecus narcisoi Moyà-Solà et al., 2001
  • Crouzeliidae
    • Cruouzeliinae Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
      • Plesiopliopithecus Zapfe, 1961
        • Plesiopliopithecus auscitanensis Bergounioux & Crouzel, 1965
        • Plesiopliopithecus lockeri Zapfe, 1961
        • Plesiopliopithecus priensis Welcomme et al., 1991
        • Plesiopliopithecus rhodanica Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
      • Anapithecus Kretzoi, 1975
        • Anapithecus hernyaki Kretzoi, 1975
      • Laccopithecus Wu & Pan, 1984
        • Laccopithecus robustus Wu & Pan, 1984
  • Pliopithecoidea, incertae sedis
  • Paidopithex Pohlig, 1895
  • Paidopithex rhenanus Pohlig, 1895
Dendropithecoidea
  • Dendropithecidae Harrison, 2002
  • Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950
  • Micropithecus Fleagle & Simons, 1978
  • Micropithecus clarki Fleagle & Simons, 1978
  • Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison, 1989
  • Simiolus enjiessi Leakey & Leakey, 1987
Cercopithecoidea
  • Nsungwepithecus Stevens et al., 2013
    • Nsungwepithecus gunnelli Stevens et al., 2013
  • Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald, 1969
  • Victoriapithecus macinnesi von Koenigswald, 1969
  • Prohylobates Fourtau, 1918
  • Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau, 1918
  • Prohylobates simonsi Delson, 1979
  • Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821
    • Colobinae Jernon, 1867
    • Tribus: Colobini
      • Microcolobus Benefit & Pickford, 1986
        • Microcolobus tugenensis Benefit & Pickford, 1986
      • Rhinocolobus M.G. Leakey, 1982
        • Rhinocolobus turkanaensis M.G. Leakey, 1982
    • Colobinae, incertae sedis
      • Mesopithecus Wagner, 1839
        • Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839
        • Mesopithecus monspessulanus Gervais, 1849
      • Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
        • Subgenus: Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
        • Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) lantianensis Hu & Qi, 1978
      • Dolichopithecus Depéret, 1889
        • Dolichopithecus ruscinensis Depéret, 1889
      • Libypithecus Stromer, 1913
        • Libypithecus markgrafi Stromer, 1913
      • Presbytis Eschscholtz, 1821
        • Presbytis sivalensis Lydekker, 1878
      • Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1822
        • Semnopithecus palaeindicus Lydekker, 1884
      • Parapresbytis Kalmykov & Maschenko, 1992
        • Parapresbytis eohanuman Berissoglebskaya, 1981
      • Cercopithecoides Mollett, 1947
        • Cercopithecoides kimeui M.G. Leakey, 1982
        • Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollett, 1947
      • Paracolobus R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
        • Paracolobus chemeroni R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
        • Paracolobus mutiwa M.G. Leakey, 1969
    • Cercopithecinae Gray, 1821
    • Tribus: Papionini
    • Subtribus: Macanina
      • Macaca Lacépède, 1799
      • Procynocephalus Schlosser, 1924
        • Procynocephalus subhimalayanus von Meyer, 1848
        • Procynocephalus wimani Schlosser, 1924
      • Paradolichopithecus Necrasov et al., 1961
        • Paradolichopithecus arvernensis Depéret, 1929
    • Subtribus: Papionina
      • Parapapio Jones, 1937
        • Parapapio ado Hopwood, 1936
        • Parapapio antiquus Haughton, 1925
        • Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937
        • Parapapio jonesi Broom, 1940
        • Parapapio whitei Broom, 1940
      • Dinopithecus Broom, 1937
        • Dinopithecus ingens Broom, 1937
      • Gorgopithecus Broom & Robinson, 1946
        • Gorgopithecus major Broom, 1940
      • Theropithecus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843
      • Papio
        • Papio izodi Gear, 1926
Hominoidea
  • Hominoidea, incertae sedis
  • Morotopithecus bishopi Gebo et al., 1997
  • Otavipithecus Conroy et al., 1992
  • Otavipithecus namibiensis Conroy et al., 1992
Proconsul
  • Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963
    • Proconsulinae Leakey, 1963
    • Nyanzapithecinae Harrison, 2002
      • Nyanzapithecus' Harrison, 1986
        • Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu, 1997
        • Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison, 1986
        • Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum Andrews, 1974
      • Mabokopithecus von Koenigswald, 1969
        Rangwapithecus gordoni jaw
        • Mabokopithecus clarki von Koenigswald, 1969
      • Rukwapithecus Stevens et al., 2013
        • Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al., 2013
      • Rangwapithecus Andrews, 1974
        • Rangwapithecus gordoni Andrews, 1974
      • Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986
        • Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Homo habilis
  • Griphopithecidae Begun, 2002
  • Griphopithecinae Begun, 2002

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Although the monophyletic relationship between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted, their clade name is not. The term "lemuriform" is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the clade of toothcombed primates into one infraorder and the extinct, non-toothcombed adapiforms into another, both within the suborder Strepsirrhini.[13][14] However, another popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes.[15]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rasmussen, D. T. (2002). "The origin of Primates". In Hartwig, W. C. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–9.
  2. ↑ Covert, H. H. (2002). "The earliest fossil Primates and the evolution of Prosimians: Introduction". In Hartwig, W. C. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–20.
  3. ↑ McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 329. ISBN 0-231-11012-X.
  4. ↑ Lee, M. (September 1999). "Molecular Clock Calibrations and Metazoan Divergence Dates". Journal of Molecular Evolution 49 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1007/PL00006562. PMID 10473780.
  5. ↑ Field Museum. "Scientists Push Back Primate Origins From 65 Million To 85 Million Years Ago". Science Daily. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  6. ↑ Tavaré, S., Marshall, C. R., Will, O., Soligo, C. & Martin R.D. (April 18, 2002). "Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates". Nature 416 (6882): 726–729. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..726T. doi:10.1038/416726a. PMID 11961552.
  7. ↑ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor’s Tale. A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Boston, New York: Mariner Books. pp. 160–168.
  8. ↑ Willoughby, P. Palaeoanthropology and the place of humans in nature. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2005, 18, 60-91. Pamela Willougby at the time of authorship is Prof of Anthropology at the University of Alberta
  9. ↑ Conway Morris, S. (2003). Life’s Solution. Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. pp. 245–247.
  10. ↑ Hartwig, C. (2002). The Fossil Primate Record. Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Fleagle, J.G. (2013). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-123-78633-3. OCLC 820107187.
  12. ↑ ICZN (1999). "Article 51. Citation of names of authors". International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  13. ↑ Szalay & Delson 1980, p. 149.
  14. ↑ Cartmill 2010, p. 15.
  15. ↑ Hartwig 2011, pp. 20–21.
  16. ↑ Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. Lay summary – Science Daily (15 September 2009).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4.
  18. ↑ Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330.
  19. ↑ Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4.
  20. ↑ Mittermeier, R., Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., Groves, C., Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
  21. ↑ Ni, X.; Gebo, D. L.; Dagosto, M.; Meng, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Flynn, J. J.; Beard, K. C. (2013). "The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution". Nature 498 (7452): 60–64. doi:10.1038/nature12200. PMID 23739424.

Literature cited

  • Cartmill, M. (2010). "Primate Classification and Diversity". In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A. Primate Neuroethology. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30. ISBN 978-0-19-532659-8.
  • Hartwig, W. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K. C.; Bearder, S. K.; last = Stumpf, R. M. Primates in Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-0-19-539043-8.
  • Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. (1980). Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0126801507. OCLC 893740473.

Further reading

The following is a list of books that provide useful reviews or overviews of primate fossil histories, including (e.g.) diagrams, photos and good referencing.

  • Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E (1985). "'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective" (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 0-673-39013-6. (Note: this book treats humans as primates, and contains very accessible descriptions of primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
  • Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R (Editors). (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-46786-1. (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution, including fossil history).

External links