This is a list of people who have acted as official executioners.
| Zachary Wallace Gross | 1843–1856 |
| Joseph Baroux | 1842–1847 |
| Nicolas Wolf | 1847–1855 |
| Antoine Rasseneux | 1855–1871 |
Monsieur d'Alger
In 1870 the Republic of France abolished all local executioners and named the executioner of Alger, Antoine Rasseneux, Éxécuteur des Arrêts Criminels en Algérie, which became France's official description of the executioner of Algeria's occupation. From there on there would be one only executioner to carry out death sentences for entire Algeria. Since the colony's executioner had obligatorily to live in Alger, people soon started to refer to him as to the „Monsieur d'Alger“, „The Mister from Alger“. At the occasion of his nomination, Rasseneux could choose four among France's and Algeria's former local executioners to be his aides.
| Lienhart von Grätz | 1497–1504 |
| Stefan Ruef | 1503–1525 |
| Hans Schaider | 1525–1528 |
| Heinrich Käser | 1525 |
| Johann Frey | 1528–1571 |
| Melchior Frey | 1572–1578 |
| Christof Tollinger | 1578–1584 |
| Michael Fürst | 1584–1606 |
| Sebastian Oberstetter | 1606–1608 |
| Jakob Kienle | 1608–1611 |
| Jakob Vollmar | 1611–1618 |
| Hans Has | 1618–1642 |
| Heinrich Hödel | 1642–1645 |
| Othmar Krieger | 1645–1671 |
| Jakob Zäch | 1671–1677 |
| Andreas Leiner | 1677–1693 |
| Kaspar Pöltl | 1693–1698 |
| Sebastian Waldl | 1699–1718 |
| Marx Philipp Abrell | 1718–1728 |
| Johann Jakob Abrell | 1728–1746 |
| Josef Langmayr | 1746 |
| Bartholomeus Putzer | 1747–1772 |
| Johann Georg Putzer | 1772–1786 |
Meran
| Hans Säbele | 1488–1509 |
| Martin Vogl | 1510 |
| Gilg von Rodem | 1510–1515 |
| Heinrich Reif | 1515 and 1521–1522 |
| Lorenz von Altsee | 1515–1521 |
| Heinrich Käser | 1522–1525 |
| Jakob Gatz | 1524 |
| Hans Schwingsmesser | 1525–1536 |
| Theodor Reichl | 1572–1575 |
| Johann Peter Vollmar | 1552–1561 |
| Klaus Seckler | 1562 |
| Melchior Frey | 1563–1572 |
| Mattheus Leonhard | 1575–1601 |
| Hans Fürst | 1592 |
| Georg Fürst | ?-1621 |
| Wolfgang Fürst | 1605–1623 |
| Wolfgang Helmschmied | 1536–1552 |
| Wolfgang Puechamer | 1601–1605 |
| Michael Pichler | 1623–1631 |
| Leonhard Oberdorfer | 1632–1672 |
| Johann Schlechuber | 1672 |
| Hans Schwarzhuber | 1673–1675 |
| Konrad Leonhard Krieger | 1675–1679 |
| Hans Jakob Müller | 1679–1684 |
| Franz Wagner | 1684–1690 |
| Jakob Fürst | 1690–1694 |
| Johann Georg Wacker | 1694–1723 |
| Johann Jakob Abrell | 1723–1728 |
| Johann Georg Kober | 1728–1748 |
| Martin Putzer | 1748–1772 |
| Bartholomeus Putzer | 1772–1777 |
| Franz Michael Putzer | 1777–1787 |
| Franz Joseph Wohlmut | 1757-1817/21 (deceased 1823) |
| Paul ? | ~1463 |
| Jörg Carlhofer | ~1486 |
| Schrottenbacher family | 1550–1802 |
| Joachim Stein | ~1618 |
| ? Willenbacher | ~1868 (Vienna-Meidling) |
| Johann Hamberger | ~1700 |
| Johann Georg Hoffmann I. | 1802–1827 |
| Simon Abel | 1827–1839 |
| ? Seyfried | 1829– |
| Johann Georg Hoffmann II. | 1839–1865 |
| Johann Georg Hoffmann III. | 1865–1874 |
| ? Willenbacher | 1874–1892 |
| Karl Sellinger | 1862–1899 |
| Josef Lang | 1900–1918 |
| Johann Lang | 1933–1938 |
| ? Ance | ~1789 (Rochefort) |
| Pierre Nieuwland | before 1918 - before 1929 (but did never get to execute anybody) |
After 1808, during the Portuguese-Brazilian Kingdom (1808-1822) and the Empire (1822-1889), when Brazil's States were still called "Provinces" and the currency was called "Reis", Brazil had factually abolished torture but was a busy death penalty country.
Method of execution was public hanging by an ultra-short drop of approximately 90 cm (2' 9 11/2"), with the executioner, after having activated the trap door or pushed the convict, according to the gallows's structure, climbed a ladder and launched himself rope downwards, hitting on the convict's shoulders with his weight.
Executioners generally were selected among convicts of capital crimes who had their death sentences stayed for indefinite terms or even commuted for live without parole, and who in exchange for their stays or commutations had to carry out the executions ordered by law. Executioners were, whenever possible, selected from among slaves convicted for a capital crime. And except for the province of Rio Grande do Norte, executioners had obligatorily to be of African descent.
As stayed or commuted convicts, executioners consequently lived as inmates in the prisons of the respective towns where they were based. When an execution was to be carried out elsewhere in his area, the executioner would be transported to the place of execution in chains and sleep in the local prison; after an attempt of murder against Fortunato José in 1834, prisons started separating the executioners were from other inmates.
In the province of Rio Grande do Norte, the executioner had always to be the convict scheduled to die next after an execution, so that province's last execution had to be carried out by a firing squad, after the necessary emergency change of execution protocol.
In the state of Rio de Janeiro, after Independence September 7, 1822 there were also free executioners of African descent who having to travel around, were reached by couriers with execution orders.
Executioners, also when slaves, were paid for their executions; at the example of the province of Minas Gerais, we can establish payment was between 4$000 and 12$000 (4 Mil-Reis to 12 Mil-Reis) per execution.
The last execution of a free convict in Brazil was that of José Pereira de Sousa October 30, 1861 in Santa Luzia (nowadays Luziânia), GO. The last execution at all under law in Brazil was that of the slave Francisco April 28, 1876 in Pilar, AL.
Brazil abolished capital punishment officially with the Proclamation of the Republic November 15, 1889, and by law with its first Republican Constitution of 1891 and Penal Code of September 22, 1892.
| José do Egito | 1823 (refused to carry out his first and only execution, had his stay lifted for it died executed himself) |
| Joaquim Correia | September 26, 1849 (voluntary executioner, hanged Lucas da Feira; despite white he was allowed to carry out that one since his father, Francisco Correia, had been one of Lucas's vicims) |
Fortaleza
| Agostinho Viera | April 27, 1825 [1] |
| Francisco Corrêa Pareça | 1835-1845 (executed the mutineers of Laura II October 22, 1839 in Fortaleza, CE) |
| Cosme Pereira da Silva (nicked "Cosme Cavaco") | 1834-1850 |
| Lourenço Nogueira Campos | 19th Century |
| Manuel Preto | 19th Century |
| Fortunato José | 1833-1874 (carried out some executions the State of Rio de Janeiro either). |
| Antônio Resende | 1833 - after 1848 (executed the Carrancas insurgents in 1833) |
| slave Silvério | active in 1854 |
| João Paulo de Sousa (nicked: "João Paulo Sagaz" and "Boca Negra") | 16 de setembro de 1828 (executioner executed January 19, 1829) |
| slave Felício (nicked: “Farinha Sêca”) | 04 de fevereiro de 1832 |
| slave Francisco | 05 de abril de 1838 (executioner executed September 5, 1838) |
| nicked "Macota" | active in 1844 |
| Florêncio José Baptista | 26 de fevereiro de 1859 |
Rio de Janeiro
| Jerônimo Capitania | active in 1792 - executed Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (Tiradentes) April 21, 1792 |
| Ananias | active in 1850 - executed also in Espírito Santo, including two of the Queimado Insurrection leaders, Chico Prego and João da Viúva in Serra, ES |
| slave Manoel | nominated January 12, 1822, by commutuation of his death sentence |
| John Radclive | 1892–1911 |
| Arthur Ellis | 1912–1935 |
| Camille Blanchard | 1935–1960 |
| Hu Xiao | ("working" in 2011) [2] |
| Jan Mydlář | 1572–1664 (Prague) |
| ? Sperling | ~1578 (Brno) |
| ? Kotzurek | ~1835 (Brno) |
| Alois Seyfried | 1848–1849 (died 1869) (Brno, also last executioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
| Johann Baptist Pipperger (Jan Křtitel Piperger in Czech) | 1865–1888 (Prague) |
| Leopold Wohlschläger | 1888–1927 (Prague) |
| ? Nehyba | 1927- |
| Vladimír Trunda | hangman of Milada Horáková, only the name is known |
| František Skořepa | hangman of Rudolf Slánský, only the name is known |
| Hajj Abd Al-Nabi | (chief executioner; active in 2013) |
| Hussein Urni | (district executioner; active in 2013) |
|
| w:fr:Capeluche | 1411-1418/19 (before being executed in 1418 or 1419, Capeluche trained his executioner himself) |
| Florent Bazart | -1516 (lynched after a botched execution) |
| Nicolas Levasseur | ????-1685 |
| Charles-Louis Sanson | 1685 (de facto)/1688 (official)-1699 (de facto)/1703 (official) |
| Charles Sanson | 1699 (de facto)/1707 (official)-1726 |
| François Prudhomme | 1726–1739 |
| Charles-Jean-Baptiste Sanson | 1739–1754 (de facto)/1778 (official) |
| Charles Henri Sanson | 1754 (de facto)/1778 (official)-1793 (de facto)/1804 (official) |
| Henri Sanson | 1793 (de facto)/1804 (official)-1840 |
| Henry-Clément Sanson | 1840–1847 (he was an inveterate abolitionist) |
| Charles-André Férey | 1847–1849 |
| Jean-François Heidenreich | 1849–1871 |
Monsieur de Paris
In 1870 the Republic of France abolished all local executioners and named the executioner of Paris, Jean-François Heidenreich, Éxécuteur des Arrêts Criminels, which became France's official description of the executioner's occupation. From then on there would be only one executioner to carry out death sentences for all of France. As the Republic's executioner was required to live in Paris, people soon started to refer to him as "Monsieur de Paris", "The Mister from Paris". At the occasion of his nomination, Heidenreich could choose four among France's former local executioners to be his aides.
| Henry Ganié | −1853 |
| Nicolas Roch | 1853–1871 (after 1853, see → Paris) |
| Jean Varennes | 2nd half of the 18th Century (brother to Antoine Varennes in Toulouse) |
| Charles-Louis Jouënne | ~1850 |
Caudebec
| Jouhanne"-Justice" | mentioned in 1380 |
| François-Joseph Heidenreich | 1806–18?? |
Dièppe
| Simon Grandjean | 1615-1625 (lynched together with his wife in the end of an unsuccessful beheading) |
| Louis-Antoine-Stanislas Desmorest | ~1823 |
| Jean de Le Porte | (active in 1459) |
| Nicolas-Lubin Jouënne | 1737 |
| Alexandre-Victor Jouënne | ?-? |
| François Desmorets | −1843 |
| Nicolas Roch | 1843–1853 (after 1853, see → Amiens) |
| Jacques-Joseph Durand | −1819 (executed for homicide) |
| Nicolas-Louis Jouënne | ~1750 |
| Jean Jacquenot | active in 1529 |
| Antoine Benoît | -1723 (Benoit and his wife have been murdered in the night from May 18 to 19, 1723) |
| Jean Lavoué | 1723-~1735 |
| Marguerite-Julienne Le Paistour | 1746-1749 (fired after involvement in a mayor robbery; married and became a housewife in Cancale) |
| Claude Chrétien | ~1815 |
Pays du Caux
| Nicolas "La Justice" Jouhanne | mentioned in 1202 |
| Nicolas Gabriel Sanson | 1754 |
| Joseph-Antoine Deibler | 1853–1863 |
| Louis-Antoine-Stanislas Deibler | 1863–1871 (after 1871, see → Paris) |
| Jean Rombaud | 1530s (in 1536 called to England to execute Anne Boleyn) |
| Mathieu Bourideu | -1757 |
| Jean Daizes | 1757-~1769 |
| Antoine Varennes | ~1769-1812 |
| Nicolas Roch | 1838–1843 (after 1843, see → Jura) |
Versailles (Cour du Roi)
| Nicolas Charles Gabriel Sanson | −1778 |
Other
| Henriet Cousin | 2nd. half of 17th century (Paris) |
| François Prudhomme | 1729-17.. (Monsieur de Paris an assistant) |
| Louis Congo | Circa 1725, emancipated slave appointed public executioner of Louisiana (New France) |
French Guyana
Monsieur de Cayenne
Cayenne Central Prison never used its own guillotine.. All death sentences of convicts and locally condemned prisoners were conducted at Saint-Laurent.
Monsieur de Saint-Laurent
All executioners of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni were Bagne inmates themselves.
| | −1898 |
| Isidore Hespel | 1898–1921 (nicked "Le Chacal" by the other inmates) |
| Bonnefoy | 1921–1923 (inmate nº 42164; nicked "Charlot" by the other inmates) |
| Louis Ladurelle | 1923–1937 |
| | 1937–1943 (nicked "Mouche à Bœuf" by the other inmates) |
Pre-Germany Executioners
Local Executioners (1276 to between 1848 and 1871)
| Friedrich ? (also known as Meister Friedrich) | 1575-1611 |
|
| (name not found out yet) | 13th Century (The first one ever nominated as a professional executioner in Germany; that was in 1276, and for the first time – simultaneously – an executioner's job description was published) |
| Veit Stolz | 1538-1613 |
| Joas Lemler | ~1567 |
| Hans Deibler | 1572-1594 (Before 1561-1571 in Memmingen; ancestor to the French Republic's- executioners Louis Deibler and Anatole Deibler) |
| Michael Deibler | 1594-1621 |
| Dietrich Metz | 1621-1624? |
| Georg Leichumb | 1624-1629 |
| Max Philipp Hartmann | 1677-1679 |
| Johann Adam Hartmann | 1686-1706 |
| Johann Jakob Scheller | ~1705 |
| ? Kuisle | -1714 |
| Franz Trenckhler | 1714-1723 |
| Johann Georg Tränckler | 1723-1730 |
| Johann Adam Scheller | ~1730 |
| Johann Georg Tränckhler | ~1768 |
| Johann Pflügler | -1789 (suicided 1790) |
|
| Benedictus Barsch | 1535-1560 |
| Hermann Rüter, or Hartmann Rüter | 1560–1571 |
| Caspar Spiegel | 1576-1586 |
| Martin Heintze | 1586-? |
| Hans Lissen | 1631-1636 |
| Gottfried Zürek | 1636-1639 |
| ? Gebhart | 1639-1653 |
| Hans Rudolff | 1647-1655 |
| Gottfried ? | 1655 |
| Caspar Götze | 1655-1669 |
| Hans Müller | 1669-1680 |
| Heinrich Müller | 1681-1690 |
| Martin Koblentz | 1690-1702 |
| Hans Michael Eichfeld | 1702-1705 |
| Augustin Konrad Walter | 1705-1710 |
| Hans Michael Eichfeld | 1710-1714 |
| Christopf Stoff | 1714 |
| ? Neumann | 1714-1719 |
| Georg Wilhelm | 1720-1728 |
| Martin Hennings | 1729-1731 |
| Martin Weydemann | ~1731 |
| Gottfried Weydemann | 1745-1748 |
| Jakob Kratzel | 1748-1752 |
| ? Meyer | 1752-1769 |
| Johann Daniel Brandt | 1769-1808 |
| Christian Friedrich Krafft | 1808-1819 |
| August Hellriegel | 1818-1834 |
| ? Hormuth | 1834 |
| A. W. Krafft | 1834-1860 |
|
| Johann Christoph Jeck | 1729-1730 |
| ? Michaelis | 1730-1740 |
| Martin Gottlieb Koch | 1740-1747 |
| Andreas Kleine | 1747-17?? |
| August Heinrich Kaufmann | 1780-1802 |
| Carl Friedrich Kaufmann | 1802-1836? |
| Wilhelm Weber | 1836-1850 |
| Carl Altmann | 1853-1874? |
| Friedrich Schmidt | 1874-1877 |
| Ferdinand August Zimmermann | 1877-? |
|
)
| Barthel Deibler (also Deübler) | ~1637 |
|
| ? Heintze (known as Sohn des Torgauers) | 16..? |
|
Borna
| Claus Frölich | ~1652 |
| Christoph Pfeffer | ~1724 |
| ? Funcke | ~1818 |
|
| ? Adelarius | -1539 |
| Christian Schwarz | 1827–1860 (Unknown when he passed from Bremen City's local executioner to Bremen's state executioner; from 1843 to 1859 he also was Hannover's state executioner) |
| Johann Christian Göppel | 1738- |
|
Brüx
| Franz Joseph Wohlmuth | ~1566 |
|
| Marx Deibler (also Max Deubler) | ~1625 |
| Jakob Bickle | ~1640 |
| Johann Michael Kober | ~1720 |
| Johann Hörmann | 1802-1833 |
|
| Melchior Wahl “von Dreißigacker” | 1630-1647 |
| Melchior Vogel | -1695 |
|
Dühnen
| ? Peter | ~1486 |
| ? Philipp | ~1581 |
| ? Huß | -1781 |
| Karl Huß | 1781-1827 |
|
Frankfurt am Main
| Schelm von Bergen | Mid-12th Century (Most likely not a professional executioner) |
| ? Hans | ~1370 |
| ? Friedrich | ~1446 |
| Jonas Fischer | -1590 |
|
| Bartholomaeus Abrel | -1652 |
| Berthin Aberel | -1659 |
| Barthlome Abrell | -1707 |
| Johann Michael Klingensteiner | 1707-17?? |
| Johann Klingensteiner | -1765 (Günzburg) |
| Josef Anton Klingensteiner | ~1775 (Günzburg) |
|
| Steinmeyer family | ~1750 |
| Jakob Steinmeyer | 1764- |
| Xaver Steinmeyer | ~1779 |
|
| ? Vicko | 1372-1384 |
| Peter Funcke | 1384-1402? |
| ? Rosenfeld | ~1402 |
| Johann Hagedorn | 1471- |
| Michael Dannenberg | -1485 |
| Klaus Flügge | 1485-1488 |
| Hinrich Penningk | 1521-1528 |
| Claus Rose | 1528-1547 |
| Heinrich Wendeborn | 1547-1576 |
| Jürgen Böhme | 1576-1612 |
| Max Graf | 1612-1621 |
| Valtin Matz | 1622-1639 |
| ? Gebhart (or Gevert?) | 1639-? |
| Ismael Asthusen I. | 1653-1664 |
| Berthold Deutschmann | 1664-1674 |
| Jakob Stoeff | 1674-1685 |
| Ismael Asthusen II. | 1685-1703 |
| Ismael Asthusen III. | 1703-1722 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennings I. | 1722-? (1735?) |
| Ismael Asthusen IV. | 17?? (1735?) -1767 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennigs II. | 1767-1773 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennings III. | 1773 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennings IV. | 1773-1790 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennings V. | 1790-1822 |
| Franz Wilhelm Hennings VI. | 1822-1830 |
| Raphael Georg Voigt | 1830-1852 |
|
Hannover
| Johann Hartmann | 1818–1831 |
| Johann Voß | –1843 |
| Christian Schwarz | 1843–1857 (from 1857 to 1859 Hannover's state executioner; local executioner in Bremen from 1827 to 1860) |
|
| Christian Ludwig Fröhlich | 1830- |
|
| Albert Möller | -1630 |
| Philipp Möller | -1630 |
|
| Hans Abril | ~1659 |
| Hans Conrad Näher | -1666 |
| Christoph Seitz | ~1685 |
| Conrad Fuchs | ~1705 |
| Johannes Seitz | ~1715 |
| Mattheß Fux | ~1720 |
| Johann Seitz | ~1732 |
| Johann Michael Weydenkeller | 1732-1757 |
| Johann Georg Fux | 1773- |
|
| Georg Kuisl | ~1665 |
| Andreas Klingensteiner | ~1701 (Kempten) |
| ? Deigentesch | -1708 (Kempten) |
|
| ? Pickel (also Bickel) | ~1722 |
|
| Johann Christoph Neumann | 1756- |
|
| Heyland family | 1600- |
| Christoph Hain | ~1621 |
| Christoph Heintze | -1695 |
| Polster family | 1695- |
|
Lentzen
| Heintze (known as Sohn des Torgauers) | mid-17th Century |
|
| Johann Näher | 1623-1640 / 1650- (1639-1650 in Zurich, Switzerland) |
|
Markt Oberdorf
| Hans Enderes Abrel | ~1628 |
| Andreas Kuisl | 1655-1678 |
| Wilhelm Kober | -1714 |
| Nikolaus Kober | 1714-1763 |
| Wilm Kober | 1763–1786 |
| Baptist Trinkler | ~1786 |
|
| Hans Leycham | 1553-1561? |
| Hans Deibler | 1561-1571 (After 1571 til 1594 in Augsburg; ancestor to the French Republic's executioners Louis Deibler and Anatole Deibler) |
| Jakob Deibler (also Teübler) | 1571- |
| Bartholme Deibler (also Teubler) | 1607- |
| Matheus Fux (also Matheiß Fux) | 1656-1696 |
| Conrad Fux | ~1696 |
| Johann Fuchs | -1720 |
| Johann Conrad Nejer | ~1720 |
| ? Widemann | 1743-1767 |
| Heinrich Widmann | ~1772 |
| Jakob Bickel | ~1773 |
| Johann Michael Widemann | ~1777 |
| Heinrich Widmann | ~1778 |
|
| Martin ? | ~1760 |
| Martin Hörmann | 1813–1841 (Munich) |
| Lorenz Scheller | 1829–1854 (after 1854, Scheller was Bavaria's state executioner) |
|
| Dietrich Brenner | ~1469 |
| Ulrich Tucher | ~1515 |
| Conrat Raab | 1557-1565 |
| Conrad Fischer | 1565-1568 |
| Ulrich Fischer | 1568- |
| Hans Jerg Defner | ~1677 |
|
Nürnberg
| Hans Wintter | 1460-1470 |
| Hans ? | ~1479 |
| ? Gilg | 1525 |
| Franz Schmidt (also known as Meister Franz) | 1572-1617; was the first executioner to ever write a book about his "work"; deceased 1634) |
| Bernhard Schlegel | 1617- |
| Valentin Deusser | -1641 (carried out sentences just a few months) |
| Matthäus Perger | 1645- |
| Johann Michael Widmann | 1738–1757 (Nürnberg) |
|
Ohlau
Öttingen
| Caspar Vollmer | -1640 |
| Philipp Deibler (also Deubler) | 1643- |
| Johann Fuchs | ~1650 (deceased 1672) |
| Georg Vollmer | 1668- |
| Georg Schöppelen | 1690- |
|
| Johann Adam Scheller | 1718- |
|
Sangershausen
| Jörg Abriel (also Georg Abrellen) | 1572-1594? |
| Hans Kuisl | -1627 |
| Georg Abrellen | -1643 |
| Hans Jakob Kuisl | 1683-1696 |
| Hans Kuisl | 1711-1734 |
| Jakob Kuisl | 1735- |
| Johann Georg Widmann | 1751–1781 |
| Josef Benedikt Kuisl | 1783–1807 |
| Johann Michael Kuisl | 18??- (Most likely the last executioner for Schongau) |
|
| Jakob Stangel | 1583- |
| Leonhard Tallhover | ~1720 |
| ? Rörle | -1800 |
|
| ? Hansen (known as “Dr. Hansen”) | -1694 |
|
| Andreas Kuisl | 1678- |
| Johann Michael Kopp | 1703–1753 |
| Johannes Georg Kopp | 1753–1801 |
| Remigus Metz | 1801- |
|
| Markus Bickel | 1660- |
| Jakob Bickel | |
| Andreas Bickel | |
| Johannes Bickel | -1691 |
| Adolph Grossholz | ~1720 (Stuttgart) |
|
| ? Heintze | before 1695 (father of Leipzig executioner Christoph Heintze) |
|
| Hans Conrad Näher | 1666- |
| Dietrich Deigentesch | ~1680 |
|
| Johann Georg Igel | -1783 |
| Franz Xaver Igel | 1783- |
|
Wassertüdingen
| two brothers Metz | ~1640 |
| Jakob Igel | ~1787 |
| Josef Igel | ~1798 |
|
|
Hans ? | 1537 |
|
Wrietzen
State Executioners (from 1848 and 1871 to 1936/37)
| Michael Müller | 1854–1886 |
| Franz Müller | 1886–1888 |
| Jakob Müller | 1888–1908 |
| Karol Wypyszewski | 1893-1896 (Baden) |
| Benjamin Burckhardt | 1884–1896 (Baden) |
| Karl Burckhardt | 1896–1935 (state executioner also for Württemberg and Hesse) |
| Karl Müller | 1908– after 1922 (Since 1921 state executioner also for Hesse) |
| Konrad Widder | 1922–1923 (Baden) |
| Friedrich Hehr | 1935–1949 (state executioner also for Württemberg and Hesse, from 1937 on imperial executioner) |
|
| Anton Leisner | -1852 |
| Heinrich Graul | ~1852 (Bavarian Palatinate) |
| Lorenz Scheller | 1854–1880 |
| Franz Reichhart | after 1854 |
| ? Kisslinger | -1894 |
| Franz Xaver Reichhart | 1894–1924 (Bavaria) |
| Johann Baptist Reichhart | (Bavaria) 1924-1937 (from 1937 on imperial Executioner) |
|
| Christian Schwarz || 1827–1860 (Unknown when he was nominated from Bremen City's local executioner to Bremen state executioner; from 1843 to 1859 he also was the state's executioner in Hannover)
Hannover
| Christian Schwarz | 1857–1859 (from 1843 til 1857 local executioner for Hannover; also local executioner in Bremen from 1827 to 1860) |
| ? Bormann | 1859–1870 |
| Julius Krautz | 1870-1878 (after 1878 state executioner for Prussia) |
|
| Karl Burckhardt | 1896–1935 (state executioner also for Baden and Württemberg) |
| Karl Müller | 1921 (from 1908 to after 1922 also state executioner in Baden) |
| Friedrich Hehr | 1935–1949 (state executioner also for Baden and Württemberg, from 1937 on imperial executioner) |
|
| Georg Eduard Voigt | 1852– |
| Julius Krautz | 1878–1889 (until 1878 state executioner of Hannover) |
| Friedrich Reindel | 1889–1898 |
| Wilhelm Reindel | 1899–1901 |
| Alwin Engelhardt | 1900–1906 (executioner for once more, and also for Saxony, from 1933 to 1936) |
| Lorenz Schwietz | 1900–1914 |
| Richard Schwietz | 1913–1915 |
| Carl Gröpler | 1906–1937 (after 1927 executioner also for Saxony) |
| Paul Spaethe | 1912–1924 (1923 also Saxony) |
| Joseph Kurz (also Kurzer) | 1924–1927 |
| Fritz Reichelt | 1927–1933 |
| Alwin Engelhardt | 1933–1936 (executioner also for Saxony from 1933 to 1936) |
|
| ? Fritzsche | active in the 1840s and 50s |
| Otto Oswald Brand | -1885 () |
| w:de:Moritz Brand | 1885-1923/1927 |
| Paul Spaethe | 1923-1927 (state executioner for Prussia from 1912 to 1924) |
| Carl Gröpler | 1927–1937 (from 1906 til 1937 executioner also for Prussia) |
| Alwin Engelhardt | 1933–1936 (executioner also for Saxony from 1933 to 1936; executed Martinus van der Lubbe) |
|
Unknown
| Hans Kordess | –1918 (according to the New York Times April 25, 1918) |
|
Imperial Executioners (from 1936/37 to 1945)
| Ernst Reindel | 1936–1943 (sources vary about his start) |
| Johann Baptist Reichhart | (Bavaria) 1937-1945 (from 1924 to 1937 state executioner for Bavaria; from 1945 to 1947 Interim time and Occupation executioner) |
| Friedrich Hehr | 1937–1945 (from 1935 to 1937 state executioner for Baden, Württemberg and Hesse; from 1945 to 1949 Interim time and Occupation executioner) |
| Karl Burckhardt | 1937–1945 (before 1935 state executioner for Baden, Hesse and Württemberg) |
| Gottlob Bordt | 1940–1945 |
| Alfred Roselieb | 1941–1945 |
| Wilhelm Friedrich Röttger | 1942–1945 |
| Karl Henschke | 1943–1945 |
| August Köster | 1943–1945 |
| Alois Weiß | 1943–1945 |
| Johann Mühl | 1943–1945 (from 1946 to 1947 Interim time executioner) |
| Fritz Witzka | 1943–1945 |
|
Interim Executioners (from 1945 to 1949)
| Johann Baptist Reichhart | (Bavaria) 1945-1947 (from 1924 to 1937 state executioner for Bavaria; from 1937 to 1945 Imperial executioner; also Occupation executioner with the rope for the American Military justice) |
| Friedrich Hehr | 1945–1949 (from 1935 to 1937 state executioner for Baden, Württemberg and Hesse; from 1937 to 1945 Imperial executioner; after 1946 also Occupation executioner with the rope for the British Military justice) |
| Johann Mühl | 1946-1947 (from 1943 to 1945 Imperial executioner) |
| Wilhelm Burckhard | 1945-1949 |
| Clemens Dobbek | after 1945, “working” in 1947 |
| Horst Schwenke | after 1945-1949 (possibly still nominated/active for Western Berlin after 1949; executed Berthold Wehmeyer May 11, 1949, the last sentence carried out by order of a German court in Germany) |
| Walter Böttcher after 1945 (from 1949 on executioner in the German Democratic Republic) |
| Heinz M. | 1946– |
| Clemens Dobbek | - 1949 (after 1949 executioner for Western Berlin) |
|
West Germany (1949 to 1951/53)
Except for Western Berlin where the Allied did not validate the new German constitution, West Germany had abolished capital punishment May 23, 1949. For West Berlin, the death penalty would still continue in law until January 20, 1951. Despite at least one executioner continued nominated, no death sentences or executions ordered by German courts in that period have been reported so far.
| Clemens Dobbek | 1949-1951 (before 1949 interim executioner, most likely in West Berlin only) |
|
East Germany (1949 to 1987)
| Walter Böttcher | 1949-1960s |
| Hermann Lorenz | 1968–1987 (last execution carried out June 25, 1981) |
|
Concentration Camp Executioners (from 1938 to 1945)
Buchenwald
Occupation Executioners (from 1945 to 1992)
Germans
| Johann Baptist Reichhart | (Bavaria) 1945-1947 (from 1924 to 1937 state executioner for Bavaria; from 1937 to 1945 Imperial executioner; after 1945 also Interim time executioner with the guillotine for German justice; executed for the US Military justice) |
| Friedrich Hehr | 1946–1952 (from 1935 to 1937 state executioner for Baden, Württemberg and Hesse; from 1937 to 1945 Imperial executioner; after 1945 also Interim time executioner with the guillotine for German justice; executed for the British Military justice) |
| Gustav Völpel | 1945–1950 (in 1950 arrested, condemned for burglary and armed robberies and in jail until 1957; executed for the Soviet Military) |
|
Americans
British
| Albert Pierrepoint | 1945-1949 (from 1932 to 1941 assistant executioner and then chief executioner until 1956 in England) |
|
Soviet
| Elizabeth "Betty" Sugrue (known as "Lady Betty") | probavly 1776–1802 (Roscommon)[4] |
|
| Yamada Asaemon (山田浅右衛門) | 1736?−1881 |
| Tadashi Suzuki | 1941-1945 (Japanese occupation executioner for Butterworth and Pulau Pinang) [6] |
| Rajendran Kuppusamy | -1986 (died Nov. 15, 2011) [7] |
|
Monsieur de la Bagne
All executioners of New Caledonia's Bagne were inmates themselves.
| Jugaret | 1937–1943 (nicked "La Gueule" by the other inmates) |
| Giovanni Bugatti | 1796–1865 |
| Antonio Balducci | 1865–1870 |
| Jan Mueller | –1793 |
| Stefan Böhm | 1793-1813 or before |
| Maciejewski | -1928 |
| Jan Maciejewski | -1932 |
| Artur Braun | 1932 (no executions, fired the morning after his nomination for shooting around woefully drunk while celebrating his new "job") |
| Piotr Śmietański | 1948 or before-1951 |
| Ionel Boeru | leader of the Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu couple firing squad December 25, 1989 |
| Dorin Cârlan | member of the Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu couple firing squad December 25, 1989 |
| Octavian Gheorghiu | member of the Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu couple firing squad December 25, 1989 |
| Mikhail Rodionovich Matveev | 1918-1923 / 1927-1937 or 1939 |
| Vasili Blokhin | 1926–1952 |
| Dmitry Vladimirovitch Uspensky | 1929 (or before) - 1931 (or after) |
| Piotr Ivanovich Maggo | 1931-1940 |
| Ernst Ansovich Mach | 1937- before 1948 |
| ? Seymour | -1959 |
| Darshan Singh | 1959–2005 (sacked); 2005-2006 (readmitting to retirement) (so Singh did not carry out the execution of Van Tuong Nguyen in 2005)[10][11][12] |
Audiencia de Madrid
Audiencia de Burgos
Audiencia de Sevilla
| Anders Persson Trafware | 1702-1721 (Gävleborg) |
| Anders Pettersson (Blekinge, Skåne) | 1838–c. 1868 |
| Johan Fredrik Hjort (Stockholm) | 1862–1882 |
| Per Petter Christiansson Steineck (Jönköping/Vadstena) | 1861–1887 |
| Albert Gustaf Dahlman (originally in Stockholm, from 1901 for the entire country) | 1885–1920 |
Aargau
| Franz Josef Mengis | carried out Canton (= State) of Aargau's last public execution May 24, 1854, in Lenzburg |
|
Bâle
| Bernhard Schlegel | -1374 (murdered by theft victim Peter Agsten after the thief hanged got back to live) |
| Claus von Offenburg | 1393- or -1393 (?) |
| Hans Körber | 1424-1436 |
| Hans Seckeler | 1430-1445 |
| Hans Krämer 1445-1448 (nicknamed "Gangkly") |
| Hans Heyd | 1448-1449 |
| Ulrich von Eger | 1449-1458 |
| Ulrich von Honwile | 1458-1467 or -1474 (?) |
| Hans Schatz | 1474-1476 |
| Jakob Rennisfeld | 1476-1488 |
| Jakob Nydegger | 1488-1497 |
| Ulrich ? | 1497-1509 |
| Conrad von Horn | 1509-1511 or -1516 (?) |
| Hans Schenk | 1516-518 |
| Gilg Beck | 1518-1529 |
| Jakob ? | 1529-1537 |
| Niklaus Rod | 1537-1541 |
| Jörg Volmar | 1541 (himself decapitated for murder still in 1541) |
| Niklaus Schnatz | 1545-1546, 1552 (contract executioner from Berne) |
| Pauli Fuerer | 1559-1569 or - 1572 (?) |
| Georg Käser | 1572-1592 or -1612 (?) |
| ? Iseli | 1612-1633 |
| Thomas Iseli | 1633 |
| Conrad von Hagen | 1633-1635 |
| Georg ? | 1635-1652 |
| Paulus Stunzt | 1652 (contracted executioner from Saint-Gall) |
| Jakob Günther | 1652-1692 |
| Georg Friedrich Günther | 1692-1714 or -1726 (?) |
| Hans Jakob Günther | 1692 |
| ? von Hagen | 1694-1695 or -1726 (?) |
| Sebastian Näher | 1726-1745 |
| Friedrich Näher | 1745-1758 or -1766 (?) |
| Martin Mengis | 1766-1804 |
| Peter Mengis | 1804-1838 |
| Jacob Mengis | 1838-1850 (contracted executioner from Aargau since Bâle chose to not have an own executioner after 1838. |
|
| ? Vollmer | ~1782 |
| see also Schwyz |
| Baltzer Mengis | ~1652 (also referred to as Balthasar Mengis) |
|
| Vollmar family | 1695- |
| Johannes Bettenmann | -1843 |
| see also Schwyz |
| Christoph Mengis | -1651 |
| Christoph II. Mengis | 1651-1681 |
| Johannes Mengis | 1681-1695 |
| Balthasar Mengis | 1695-1723 |
| Bernhard Mengis | 1723- |
| ? Mengis | -1779 |
| Johann Melchior Grossholz | -1815 |
| Augustin Grossholz | 1815–1826 |
| Joseph Pickel | 1826–1829 |
| Oswald Schlumpf | 1829–1830 |
| Johann Bettenmann | 1855–1857 (also for Saint-Gall) |
| Franz Xaver Schmid | 1830–1855 (also for Zug and Glarus) |
| Franz Josef Grossholz | active in 1765 |
| Nikolaus Grossholz | active in 1833 |
| Vinzenz Grossholz | 1861- |
|
| Franz Grossholz | 1822– |
| Arthur X. | August 25, 1939 (official reference to the executioner of Paul Irniger, the "taxi killer of Baar"; died in 1960 of paranoid schizophrenia at Burghölzli mental institution in Zurich) |
| see also Schwyz |
Zurich
| Cunrat Grossholz | 1473- |
| Paulus Volmar | 1587- |
| Hans Jakob Volmar | |
| Hans Jakob II. Volmar | |
| Johann Näher | 1639-1650 (1623-1640 and again after 1650 in Lindau, Germany) |
| Hans Jakob III. Volmar | -1697 |
| Hans Jakob IV. Volmar | 1697- 1711 |
| ? Vollmer | 20ies of the 19th century |
|
| Theodor Mengis | 1879–1918 |
| Theodor Mengis Junior | 1918-1958 |
| Chavoret Jaruboon | 1984-2003 |
|
| Cratwell | to 1538 (when he was himself hanged for robbery)[13][14] |
| "Stump-leg" | to 1556 (when he was himself hanged for theft)[13][15] |
| ? Bull | before 1593–1601 |
| Thomas Derrick | 1601- before 1616 |
| Gregory Brandon | before 1616- before 1640 |
| Richard Brandon | before 1640–1649 |
| William Lowen | 1649[16] |
| Edward Dun | 1649–1663[17] (the subject of Groanes from Newgate, or an Elegy upon Edward Dun. Esq., the Citie's Common Hangman, who died naturally in his bed the 11th of September, 1663. Written by a person of Quality)[18] |
| Jack Ketch | 1663–1686 |
| Paskah Rose | 1686 (Bleackley (1929) graphs his name as Pasha Rose) |
| John Price | 1714–1715 |
| William Marvell | 1715–1717 |
| James Aird | 1715–1723 |
| ? Banks (known as Banks the Bailiff) | 1717- after 1718[19] |
| Richard Arnet | before 1726–1728[19] (hanged Jonathan Wild in 1725[20]) |
| John Hooper | 1728–1735[21] (known as "the laughing hangman"[21]) |
| John Thrift | 1735–1752 (convicted of murder in 1750, but pardoned and continued in office;[22][23] executed Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat on 9 April 1747, the last man to be beheaded in England.[24]) |
| Thomas Turlis | 1752–1771 (hanged Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers with a silken rope, the last nobleman to be hanged in England[25]) |
| Edward Dennis | 1771–1786 (the last hangman at Tyburn and the first at Newgate;[26] died 21 November 1786 at his home in the Old Bailey[27]) |
| Edward Barlow | 1781–1812 |
| William Brunskill | career lasted from 1786 to 1814[28] (started as assistant to Edward Dennis;[26] executed Catherine Murphy in 1789, the last woman to be burned at the stake in England) |
| William Taylor | −1810 |
| James Botting | 1813/17-1819 |
| John Langley | 1814–1817[29] |
| James Botting | 1817–1820 |
| Thomas Cheshire | 1820 (known as "Old Cheese";[30] assistant from 1808 to 1820 and from 1820 to 1840)[31] |
| James Foxen | 1820–1829 |
| William Lee | −1827 |
| William Calcraft | 1829–1874 |
| John Scott | 1835–1847 (last executioner of Edinburgh)[32] |
| George Smith | 1849–1872 |
| Thomas Askern | 1853–1877 |
| Robert Anderson Evans | 1873–1875 |
| William Marwood | 1874–1883 |
| George Meker, or George Incher | 1875–1881 |
| Bartholomew Binns | 1883–1884 |
| James Berry | 1884–1891 |
| James Billington | 1884–1901 |
| Thomas Henry Scott | 1892–1895 |
| Thomas Billington | 1897–1901 |
| William Billington | 1902–1905 |
| John Billington | 1901–1905 |
| John Ellis | 1901–1923/24 |
| Henry Pierrepoint | 1901–1910 |
| William Willis | 1906–1926 (assistant to John Ellis from 1906;[33] assisted him in the execution of Hawley Harvey Crippen[34]) |
| Thomas Pierrepoint | 1909–1946 |
| Robert Baxter | 1915–1935 |
| Thomas Phillips | 1918–1941 |
| Robert Wilson | 1920–1936 |
| Alfred Allen | 1928–1937 |
| Stanley Cross | 1932–1941 |
| Albert Pierrepoint | 1932–1956 |
| Henry Kirk, or Harry Kirk | 1941–1950 |
| Stephen Wade, or Steve Wade | 1941–1955 |
| Harry Bernard Allen | 1941–1964 |
| Syd Dernley | 1949–1954 |
| Robert Leslie Stewart | 1950–1964 |
| Royston Lawrence Rickard | 1953–1964 |
| Harry Frank Robinson | 1958–1964 |
| Samuel Barrass Plant | 1961–1964 |
| John Underhill | 1963–1964 |
John C. Woods (1911–1950). Hangman for the Third Army in WWII. He was one of the hangmen who executed Nazi war criminals.
Joseph Malta (1918–1999) was the hangman who, with John C. Woods, executed the top 10 leaders of the Third Reich in Nuremberg on October 16, 1946, for crimes against humanity.
|
| Clarence Burford, warden at Kilby Prison from 1952–1965, was involved in several executions[35] |
| Murray Daniels, assistant warden at Kilby Prison in the 1950s, involved in eleven executions[36] |
| J.D. White, warden at Holman Correctional Facility from 1980 to 1983, required by state law to be the executioner of death sentences. Executed Alabama's first post-Furman inmate, John Louis Evans on April 22, 1983.[37] |
| Willie Johnson, warden at Holman Correctional Facility from 1983 to 1988, required by state law to be the executioner of death sentences[38] |
|
| Charlie Jones, warden at Holman Correctional Facility from 1988–2002, required by state law to be the executioner of death sentences[39] |
| Grantt Culliver, warden at Holman Correctional Facility from 2002–2009, required by state law to be the executioner of death sentences[40] |
| Gary Hetzel, warden at Holman Correctional Facility since 2012, required by state law to be the executioner of death sentences[41] |
During the first part of the 20th century, operators of the electric chair were known as "State electricians".
| Max Brice – executioner from mid-1950s to 1967 |
Daniel Vasquez – warden of San Quentin prison who served as executioner at the gas chamber executions of Robert Alton Harris in 1992 and the execution of David Mason the following year.
| John J. "Jack" Eeles – corrections officer who served as hangman at Colorado State Penitentiary until he was murdered in a prison riot on October 3, 1929.[42] |
| Wayne K. Patterson – warden at Colorado State Penitentiary who pulled the lever to start execution of Luis Jose Monge on June 2, 1967. This was the last execution in the United States prior to the 1972 US Supreme Court case Furman vs. Georgia, which temporarily invalidated the death penalty nationwide. Patterson was opposed to capital punishment.[43] |
| Jack P. Duckworth | 1981 – Warden of Indiana State Prison at Michigan City who was required by law to throw the switch at the electrocution of Steven Timothy Judy[44] |
| Edwin B. Currier | circa 1910 – Chief Engineer at Massachusetts General Hospital who operated electric chair control panel during executions at Charlestown Prison.[45] |
| Alan R. Doerhoff | (apparently involved in executions also in Indiana, Arizona and at least one Federal) |
State Executioners
Before Statehood
| Sheriff John Ludlow | November 15, 1792 (today's Hamilton County) |
|
| Sheriff John Ellison, Jr. | December 10, 1808 |
|
| Sheriff Samuel S. Baldwin / Deputy Sheriff & Coroner Levi Johnson | June 26, 1812 |
| Sheriff Miller S. Spangler | June 1st, 1855 |
| Sheriff Felix Nicola | February 09 or 10, 1866 and August 10, 1866 |
| Sheriff John Frazee | February 04 or 13, 1869 and April 25, 1872 |
| Sheriff Pardon B. Smith | April 29, 1874 |
| Sheriff A. P. Winslow | June 22, 1876 |
| Sheriff John Wilcox | February 13, 1879 |
|
| Sheriff Daniel Kishler / Coroner John Heck | October 14, 1836 |
|
| Sheriff William Domigan / Coroner A. W. Reader | February 9, 1844 (a double execution, including the first reported execution of a woman in Ohio's history) |
| Sheriff Silas W. Park / Coroner Elias Gaver | December 17, 1858 |
|
| Sheriff Samuel Holcomb | September 9, 1817 |
|
| Sheriff Jeremiah McLene / Coroner Benjamin Urmston | August 3, 1804 |
|
| Sheriff Asa Burroughs | November 30, 1816 |
|
State Executioners with the Gallows
| Warden Isaac Peetry | 1885-1886 |
| Warden E.G. Coffin | 1886-1890 |
| Warden B.F. Dyer | 1890-1892 |
| Warden C.C. James | 1892-1896 |
| Warden E.G. Coffin | 1896-1897 |
State Executioners with the Electric Chair
| Warden E.G. Coffin | 1897-1900 |
| Warden W.N. Darby | 1900-1903 |
| Warden E. A. Hershey | 1903-1904 |
| Warden O.B. Gould | 1904-1909 |
| Warden T.H.B. Jones | 1909-1913 |
| Warden D.E. Thomas | 1913-1935 |
| Warden J.C. Woodard | 1935-1939 |
| Warden F.D. Henderson | 1939-1948 |
| Warden R.W. Alvis | 1948-1959 |
| Warden B.C. Sacks | 1959-1961 |
| Warden E.L. Maxwell | 1961-1963 |
|
| S.C. Treadwell or Mack Treadwell before 1909-1919 |
| Rich Owens 1918–1947 [50] |
| Mike Mayfield, corrections officer- 1962–1966 [51] |
| Zoe Himes | 1911 (a secretary of Clarion County, PA, Court House, she reportedly executed Vincent Voycheck on June 1st, 1911) |
| Frank Wilson electrical industry superintendent from Pittsburgh area who served as executioner between 1949 and 1953 at Rockview Prison.[52] |
- Joe Byrd – Captain of the guard at the Walls Unit who served as executioner between 1936 and 1964.[36] The nearby prison cemetery, where unclaimed remains of executed inmates are buried by the state, is named in his honor.
- W. James "Jim" Estelle – Director of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) between 1972 to 1983. Was designated executioner under policy developed by the TDCJ in 1976.[53] Was the individual pushing the drugs into the IV lines at the December, 1982 execution of Charlie Brooks, the first inmate in the United States to be executed by lethal injection.
| Jerry Givens | 1982–1999 – Givens, a corrections officer at Virginia State Penitentiary and later Greensville Correctional Center, served as official executioner for all executions carried out in the state during this time period. |
| Sheriff James W. Campbell and Deputy Sheriff John Avis | (hanged John Brown December 2, 1859) |
| Jack Catchpole | predecessor to "Ted" "Lofty" Milton; former Rhodesia's chief executioner until 1963 |
| Edward "Lofty" Milton | 1954 - after 1968; former Rhodesia's chief executioner after 1963 |
Sources
- Anderson, Patrick R.: "Expert witnesses: Criminologists in the Courtroom".|Albany: State University of New York, 1987
- Evans, Richard J.: Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600–1987. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; London: Penguin Books, 1997
- Goulart, José Alípio: Da Palmatória ao Patíbulo: Castigos de Escravos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora Conquista, 1971
- Koch, Tankred: Die Geschichte der Henker: Scharfrichterschicksale aus acht Jahrhunderten. Heidelberg: Kriminalistikverlag, 1988; Herrsching: Manfred-Pawlak-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1991
- Martschukat, Jürgen: Inszeniertes Töten: Eine Geschichte der Todesstrafe vom 17. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Köln: Böhlau, 2000; Hamburg: 2006
- Nowosadtko, Jutta: Scharfrichter und Abdecker: Der Alltag zweier "unehrlicher Berufe" in der Frühen Neuzeit. Paderborn: 1994
- Ribeiro, João Luiz: No Meio das Galinhas as Baratas Não Têm Razão: A Lei de 10 de Junho de 1835 - Os Escravos e a Pena de Morte no Império do Brasil 1822-1889. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Renovar, 2005.
- Rossa, Kurt: Todesstrafen: Von den Anfängen bis heute. Bergisch-Gladbach: Bastei-Lübbe-Verlag, 1979
- Newspaper Sources
See also
References
- ↑ Did not carry out any execution; officially nominated that day, he refused the “job” and persisted in his refusal, changing his mind not even when tortured to make him reconsider. The next day, April 28, 1825, two anonymous convicts of whose names have not appeared records so far, if there are any surviving somewhere, refused the “job” either and so persisted when being shown the gallows and in front of them announced they'd be hanged there later; they preferred their own hangings
- ↑ "Chinese executioner says job not "complicated"". Reuters. November 14, 2011.
- ↑ View to a kill: Indian hangman prepares for his first execution The Guardian 18.09.2014
- ↑ Christopher Winn (2006). I Never Knew That About Ireland. Random House. p. 30. ISBN 0091910250.
- ↑ Meo, Nick (March 6, 2011). "'Huda the executioner' - Libya's devil in female form". The Daily Telegraph (London).
- ↑ "Old Penang: Suzuki, the "Hippy" Executioner: October 2013". Anilnetto.com. 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
- ↑ murmurs (2011-12-29). "murmurs: December 2011". Kharleezzubin.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
- ↑ "Saudi executioner tells all". BBC News. June 5, 2003.
- ↑
- ↑ "Singapore executioner 'sacked'". BBC News Online. 28 November 2005.
- ↑ Levett, Connie; Butcher, Steve (30 November 2005). "Hangman ignites outrage". Melbourne: Reuters.
- ↑ Darshan didn't do it, The Age, 3 December 2005
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Donald Rumbelow (1982). The Triple Tree: Newgate, Tyburn, and Old Bailey. Harrap. p. 176. ISBN 0245538771.
- ↑ Richard Grafton (1809). Grafton's chronicle, or history of England: to which is added his table of the bailiffs, sheriffs and mayors of the city of London from the year 1189, to 1558, inclusive : in two volumes 2. Johnson. p. 463.
- ↑ Andrew Barrett; Christopher Harrison, eds. (1999). Crime and punishment in England: a sourcebook. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 1857288718.
- ↑ Frederic George Stephens; Mary Dorothy George, eds. (1870). Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum: Division I. Political and personal satires 1. Trustees of the British Museum. p. 421.
- ↑ Bleakley (1929) p.4
- ↑ William Thomas Lowndes (1834). The bibliographer's manual of English literature containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, published in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland, from the invention of printing: with bibliographical and critical notices, collations of the rarer articles, and the prices at which they have been sold in the present century. W. Pickering. p. 628.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bleakley (1929) p.39
- ↑ Gerald Howson (1985). Thief-Taker General: Jonathan Wild and the emergence of crime and corruption as a way of life in eighteenth-century England. Transaction Publishers. pp. 132, 276. ISBN 0887380328.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bleakley (1929) p.55
- ↑ John Brown (1820). Memoirs of George the Third, late king of Great Britain: including characters and anecdotes of the British court. H. Fisher. p. 129.
- ↑ Pat Rogers (1980). Hacks and dunces: Pope, Swift and Grub Street. University paperbacks 704. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 0416742408.
- ↑ Lloyd Bradley; Thomas Eaton (2005). Book of Secrets. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 0740755617.
- ↑ Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn (2002). From noose to needle: capital punishment and the late liberal state. Law, meaning, and violence. University of Michigan Press. p. 77. ISBN 0472088904.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Jeremy Beadle; Ian Harrison (2008). Firsts, Lasts & Onlys: Crime. Anova Books. p. 39. ISBN 1905798040.
- ↑ John Laurence (1971). A history of capital punishment: with special reference to capital punishment in Great Britain. Kennikat Press. p. 104. ISBN 0804611149.
- ↑ Bleakley (1929) p.135
- ↑ Bleakley (1929) p.151
- ↑ Notes and Queries. 2nd ser XI. 20 April 1861. p. 315.
- ↑ Bleakley (1929) pp.192-202
- ↑ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people 4. W. & R. Chambers. 1862. p. 190.
- ↑ Kenneth Fields (1998). Lancashire magic & mystery: secrets of the Red Rose County. Sigma. p. 115. ISBN 1850586063.
- ↑ David James Smith (2010). Supper with the Crippens. Hachette UK. ISBN 140913413X.
- ↑ Russell Tate (December 3, 1967). "Kilby electric chair – will anyone else ride lightning?". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Applications for executioner posts run high". Wilmington Morning Star. May 11, 1976. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ United Press International (May 21, 1986). "Warden Transfers to Fulfill Promise". Florence Times-Daily. Retrieved June 1, 1983.
- ↑ Associated Press (May 21, 1986). "Mother Relieved After Execution". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ Stan Bailey (August 4, 2002). "Retired executioner has no regrets". The Birmingham News. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ Tom Gordon (March 14, 2010). "After 20 executions, Grantt Culliver has a serene outlook". The Birmingham News. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ Associated Press (July 26, 2013). "Andrew Reid Lackey executed in Alabama for killing elderly man.". The Epoch Times. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ↑ Michael Radelet. "History- Capital Punishment in Colorado, 1859-1972". Office of the Colorado State Public Defender. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ↑ Terje Langeland (July 18, 2002). "The Executioner's Song - Job is Not All That It's Cracked Up to Be". Colorado Springs Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ↑ "Judy Is Getting Something He Wants". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. March 8, 1981. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "WILL ACCEPT $100 LESS FOR EXECUTIONS". The Boston Globe. November 9, 1914. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "MISSISSIPPI: Death on Wheels". Time. January 18, 1943. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "Mississippi's executioner leaves job after 30 years". The Advocate. May 15, 1987. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "Former state executioner dies". Associated Press – WAFF. March 5, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "When Grover Cleveland Acted As Hangman". The New York Times. July 7, 1912.
- ↑ Gene Curtis (July 10, 2007). "Only in Oklahoma: Executing criminals just another job". Tulsa World. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "Executioner plugs electric chair". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. May 16, 1977. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "EXECUTIONER RESIGNS POST". Gettysburg Times. May 23, 1953. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ Bad News on Death Row. Texas Monthly. October 1976. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- Bleakley, Horace (1929). The Hangmen of England: How They Hanged and Whom They Hanged, The Life Story of "Jack Ketch" through two Centuries. London: Chapman and Hall.
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