List of even-toed ungulates by population

This is a list of even-toed ungulate species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all ungulates have had their numbers quantified.

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis < 750[1]CR[1] Decrease[1] No individuals in captivity. Probably below the minimum viable population. The IUCN presumes extinction in the near future.[1]
Pygmy hog Porcula salvania 250[2]CR[2] Decrease[2] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[2]
Rhim gazelle Gazella leptoceros 250[3]EN[3] Decrease[3] Estimate is for mature individuals only.[3]
Bawean deer Axis kuhlii 250 – 300[4]CR[4] Steady[4] Estimates are for the wild population only; may reach as high as 500.[4]
Addax Addax nasomaculatus 300[5]CR[5] Decrease[5] Maximum estimate for the wild.[5]
Tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis 300[6]CR[6] Decrease[6]
Togian babirusa Babyrousa togeanensis 500[7]EN[7] Decrease[7] Maximum estimate.[7]
Walia ibex Capra walie 500[8]EN[8] Increase[8]
Dama gazelle Nanger dama 500[9]CR[9] Decrease[9] Maximum estimate.[9]
Hirola Beatragus hunteri 500 – 2000[10]CR[10] Decrease[10] May be much lower.[10]
Anhui musk deer Moschus anhuiensis 700 – 800[11]EN[11] Decrease[11] Most recent estimate was in 1998.[11]
Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii 700 – 800[12]EN[12] Decrease[12] Could be underestimated.[12]
Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica 715[13]EN[13] Increase[13] Previously thought to be extinct.[13]
Wild Bactrian camel Camelus ferus 950[14]CR[14] Decrease[14] Wild population only.[14]
South Andean deer Hippocamelus bisulcus 1048 – 1500[15]EN[15] Decrease[15]
Calamian deer Axis calamianensis 1123[16]EN[16] Decrease[16] 1994 estimate; has almost certainly decreased.[16]
Abbott's duiker Cephalophus spadix 1500[17]EN[17] Decrease[17] Maximum estimate.[17]
Cuvier's gazelle Gazella cuvieri 1750 – 2950[18]EN[18] unknown[18]
Nilgiri tahr Nilgiritragus hylocrius 1800 – 2000[19]EN[19] Decrease[19]
Pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis 2000 – 3000[20]EN[20] Decrease[20] Estimate is from 1993; numbers have probably shrunk.[20]
Mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi 2500[21]EN[21] Decrease[21] Maximum estimate.[21]
Visayan spotted deer Rusa alfredi 2500[22]EN[22] Decrease[22] Maximum estimate.[22]
Markhor Capra falconeri 2500[23]EN[23] Decrease[23] Maximum estimate.[23]
Mountain Nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni 2500 – 4000[24]EN[24] Decrease[24] 2500 is a maximum estimate from 1999, but recent work has shown numbers may be as high as 4000.[24]
European bison Bison bonasus 3200[25]VU[25] Increase[25] Includes 1400 domestic animals and 1800 wild. Domestic numbers are likely underestimated.[25]
Chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri 3200[26]EN[26] Decrease[26] Estimate was made in 2002; wide-scale deforestation of their habitat began in 2003.[26]
Wild water buffalo Bubalus arnee 3 400[27]EN Decrease
Jentink's duiker Cephalophus jentinki 3500[28]EN[28] Decrease[28] Maximum estimate; may be less than 2000.[28]
Barasingha Rucervus duvaucelii 3500 – 5100[29]VU[29] Decrease[29]
Nile lechwe Kobus megaceros 4291[30]EN[30] Decrease[30]
Small red brocket Mazama bororo 4500[31]VU[31] Decrease[31] Maximum estimate.[31]
Arabian tahr Arabitragus jayakari 5000[32]EN[32] Decrease[32] Maximum estimate.[32]
West Caucasian tur Capra caucasica 5000 – 6000[33]EN[33] Decrease[33]
Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia 5000 – 10 000[34]LC[34] Steady[34]
Beira Dorcatragus megalotis 7000[35]VU[35] Decrease[35]
Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx 7000 – 8000[36]VU[36] Steady[36] 6000 – 7000 in captivity and ~1000 in the wild.[36]
Hairy-fronted muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons 7000 – 8500[37]VU[37] Decrease[37] Most recent estimate was in 1998.[37]
Banteng Bos javanicus 8000[38]EN[38] Decrease[38] Maximum estimate; may be fewer than 5000. Numbers do not include the non-purebred domestic variety.[38]
Nubian ibex Capra nubiana 10 000[39]VU[39] Decrease[39] Maximum estimate.[39]
Southern pudú Pudu puda 10 000[40]VU[40] Decrease[40] Maximum estimate.[40]
Red goral Naemorhedus baileyi 10 000[41]VU[41] Decrease[41] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[41]
Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis 10 000[42]LC[42] Decrease[42]
Javan rusa Rusa timorensis 10 000[43]VU[43] Decrease[43] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[22]
Taruca Hippocamelus antisensis 12 000 – 17 000[44]VU[44] Decrease[44]
Gaur Bos gaurus 13 000 – 30 000[45]VU[45] Decrease[45]
Soemmerring's gazelle Nanger soemmerringii 14 000[46]VU[46] Decrease[46]
Mountain gazelle Gazella gazella 15 000[47]VU[47] Decrease[47] Maximum estimate.[47]
Wild yak Bos mutus 15 000[48]VU[48] Decrease[48] Estimate is from 1995.[48]
Giant eland Tragelaphus derbianus 15 000 – 20 000[49]LC[49] Decrease[49]
Black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou 18 000[50]LC[50] Increase[50] Minimum estimate (11 000 wild and 7000 domesticated).[50]
Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus 18 000[51]LC[51] Steady[51]
Harvey's duiker Cephalophus harveyi 20 000[52]LC[52] Decrease[52] Numbers may be overestimated.[52]
Pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus 20 000 – 80 000[53]NT[53] Decrease[53]
Red-fronted gazelle Eudorcas rufifrons 25 000[54]VU[54] Decrease[54]
Zebra duiker Cephalophus zebra 28 000[55]VU[55] Decrease[55] Could be overestimated; may be less than 15 000.[55]
Bongo Tragelaphus eurycerus 28 000[56]NT[56] Decrease[56] Two subspecies: Mountain (75 – 140) and Lowland (28 000).[56]
Alpine ibex Capra ibex 30 000[57]LC[57] Increase[57] Was as low as 100 individuals in the 1800s.[57]
Silver Dik-dik Madoqua piacentinii 30 000[58] DD[58] Decrease[58] Possibly overestimated.[58]
Nyala Tragelaphus angasii 32 000[59]LC[59] Steady[59]
Ogilby's duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi 35 000[60]LC[60] Decrease[60]
Okapi Okapia johnstoni 35 000 – 50 000[61]NT[61] Steady[61]
Mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula 36 000[62]LC[62] Steady[62] Minimum estimate, divided into three subspecies: Southern (33 000), Chanler's (2900), and Western (450).[62]
Red forest duiker Cephalophus natalensis 42 000[63]LC[63] Decrease[63] Numbers may be underestimated.[63]
Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus 42 000[64]LC[64] Steady[64] Estimate is considered conservative.[64]
Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra 50 000[65]NT[65] Steady[65] Numbers have increased from 20 – 24 000 in the 1970s.[65]
Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica 50 000[66]LC[66] Increase[66] Numbered only ~7900 in the early 1990s.[66]
Saiga Antelope Saiga tatarica 50 000[67]CR[67] Decrease[67] Numbers stood at 1 250 000 in the mid-1970s.[67]
Royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus 62 000[68]LC[68] Decrease[68] Possibly underestimated.[68]
East African oryx Oryx beisa 67 000[69]NT[69] Decrease[69] Divided into two subspecies: Beisa (50 000) and Fringe-eared (17 000).[69]
Southern reedbuck Redunca arundinum 73 000[70]LC[70] Steady[70]
Sable antelope Hippotragus niger 75 000[71]LC[71] Steady[71]
Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus 76 000[72]LC[72] Decrease[72]
Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis 80 000[73]LC[73] Decrease[73] Maximum estimate.[73]
Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus 80 000 – 119 000[74]LC[74] Steady[74]
Gerenuk Litocranius walleri 95 000[75]NT[75] Decrease[75]
Sharpe's Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei 95 000[76]LC[76] Steady[76] Difficult to study due to the animal's nocturnal nature; numbers may be underestimated.[76]
Japanese serow Capricornis crispus 100 000[77]LC[77] Increase[77]
Black duiker Cephalophus niger 100 000[78]LC[78] Decrease[78]
Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca 101 000[79]LC[79] Decrease[79] Probably underestimated.[79]
Dall sheep Ovis dalli 111 500 – 116 500[80]LC[80] Steady[80]
Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis 118 000[81]NT[81] Decrease[81] Minimum estimate.[81]
Goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa 120 000 – 140 000[82]VU[82] Decrease[82]
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius 125 000 – 148 000[83]VU[83] Decrease[83]
Puku Kobus vardonii 130 000[84]NT[84] Decrease[84]
Common eland Tragelaphus oryx 136 000[85]LC[85] Steady[85]
Yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor 160 000[86]LC[86] Decrease[86]
Red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus 170 000[87]LC[87] Decrease[87]
Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii 170 000[88]LC[88] Decrease[88] Yet-to-be-published research suggests the population has been overestimated.[88]
Weyns's duiker Cephalophus weynsi 188 000[89]LC[89] Decrease[89]
Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus 200 000[90]LC[90] Decrease[90] About 95 000 of the Defassa subspecies and 105 000 of the Common.[90]
Lechwe Kobus leche 212 000[91]LC[91] Steady[91] Combined numbers of three subspecies: Red (98 000), Kafue (78 000), and Black (36 000).[91]
Bates's pygmy antelope Neotragus batesi 219 000[92]LC[92] Steady[92]
Water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus 278 000[93]LC[93] Decrease[93]
White-bellied duiker Cephalophus leucogaster 287 000[94]LC[94] Decrease[94]
Black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons 300 000[95]LC[95] Decrease[95]
Vicuña Vicugna vicugna 347 273[96]LC[96] Increase[96]
Grant's gazelle Nanger granti 350 000[97]LC[97] Decrease[97]
Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus 362 000[98]LC[98] Decrease[98]
Suni Nesotragus moschatus 365 000[99]LC[99] Steady[99]
Gemsbok Oryx gazella 373 000[100]LC[100] Steady[100]
Peters's duiker Cephalophus callipygus 382 000[101]LC[101] Decrease[101]
Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa 400 000[102]LC[102] Unknown[102] Estimate has dropped from 2 700 000 since 1998.[102]
Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros 482 000[103]LC[103] Steady[103]
Salt's dik-dik Madoqua saltiana 485 600[104]LC[104] Steady[104]
Günther's dik-dik Madoqua guentheri 511 000[105]LC[105] Steady[105]
American bison Bison bison 530 000[106]NT[106] Steady[106] Includes 500 000 domestic animals and 30 000 wild (19 000 plains bison and 11 000 wood bison).[106]
Guanaco Lama guanicoe 535 750 – 589 750[107]LC[107] Steady[107]
Thomson's gazelle Eudorcas thomsonii 550 000[108]NT[108] Decrease[108]
Steenbok Raphicerus campestris 600 000[109]LC[40] Steady[109] Considered an underestimate.[109]
Pronghorn Antilocapra americana 700 000[110]LC[110] Steady[110] Numbered over 35 million in the early 1800s and as little as 20 000 in the early 1920s.[110]
Bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis 725 000[111]LC[111] Decrease[111]
Oribi Ourebia ourebi 750 000[112]LC[112] Decrease[112]
African buffalo Syncerus caffer 890 000[113]LC[113] Decrease[113] Considered conservative. Divided into four subspecies: West African Savanna (27 000), Central African Savanna (133 000), Southern Savanna (670 000), & Forest (60 000).[113]
Kirk's dik-dik Madoqua kirkii 971 000[114]LC[114] Steady[114]
Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus 1 000 000[115]LC[115] Decrease[115] About 500 000 were hunted annually in Russia in the 1800s.[115]
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus 1 340 000[116]LC[116] Steady[116] Estimate is considered conservative.[116]
Eurasian elk Alces alces 1 500 000[117]LC[117] Increase[117]
Blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus 1 550 000[118]LC[118] Steady[118]
Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia 1 660 000[119]LC[119] Steady[119] Considered extremely conservative; yet-to-be-published research shows it may number as high as 10 000 000.[119]
Impala Aepyceros melampus 2 000 000[120]LC[120] Steady[120]
Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis 2 000 000 – 2 500 000[121]LC[121] Increase[121]
Maxwell's duiker Philantomba maxwellii 2 137 000[122]LC[122] Decrease[122] Quite possibly underestimated.[122]
Blue duiker Philantomba monticola 7 000 000[123]LC[123] Steady[123] Estimate is considered conservative.[123]
Domestic goat Capra aegagrus hircus 850 000 000[124] Domesticated
Cattle Bos primigenius 1 000 000 000[125] Domesticated
Domestic pig Sus scrofa domesticus 1 000 000 000[126] Domesticated
Domestic sheep Ovis aries 1 000 000 000[126] Domesticated
Water buffalo Bubalus bubalis 172 000 000
incl. 3.2 Million Carabao in the Philippines[127]		 Domestic

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Timmins, R. J., Robichaud, W. G., Long, B., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R., Abramov, A., Do Tuoc, Mallon, D. P. (2008). "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Narayan, G., Deka, P. & Oliver, W. (2008). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mallon, D. P., Cuzin, F., de Smet, K. & Hoffmann, M. (2008). "Gazella leptoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Semiadi, G., Pudyatmoko, S., Duckworth, J. W. & Timmins, R. J. (2008). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Newby, J. & Wacher, T. (2008). "Addax nasomaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hedges, S. & Duckworth, J.W. (IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group); de Leon, J., Custodio, C. & Gonzales, J.C. (2008). "Bubalus mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Macdonald, A.A., Burton, J. & Leus, K. (2008). "Babyrousa togeanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Geberemedhin, B. & Grubb, P. (2008). "Capra walie". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Newby, J., Wacher, T., Lamarque, F., Cuzin, F. & de Smet, K. (2008). "Nanger dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Wang, Y. & Harris, R.B. (2008). "Moschus anhuiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Procapra przewalskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Rabiei, A. & Saltz, D. (2011). "Dama mesopotamica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hare, J. (2008). "Camelus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Jiménez, J., Guineo, G., Corti, P, Smith, J.A., Flueck, W., Vila, A., Gizejewski, Z., Gill, R., McShea, B. & Geist, V. (2008). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Oliver, W., Widmann, P. & Lastica, E. (2008). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Moyer, D.C., Jones, T. & Rovero, F. (2008). "Cephalophus spadix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Mallon, D.P. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Gazella cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Alempath, M. & Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lewison, R. & Oliver, W. (IUCN SSC Hippo Specialist Subgroup) (2008). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Semiadi, G., Burton, J., Schreiber, A. & Mustari, A.H. (2008). "Bubalus quarlesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Heaney, L. & Lastica, E. (2008). "Rusa alfredi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Valdez, R. (2008). "Capra falconeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). "Tragelaphus buxtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Olech, W. (IUCN SSC Bison Specialist Group) (2008). "Bison bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Altrichter, M., Taber, A., Noss, A. & Maffei, L. (2008). "Catagonus wagneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  27. ↑ Choudhury, A. (2010). The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus jentinki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Duckworth, J.W., Samba Kumar, N., Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, Sagar Baral, H. & Timmins, R.J. (2008). "Rucervus duvaucelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus megaceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Duarte, J.M.B. (2008). "Mazama bororo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Insall, D. (2008). "Arabitragus jayakari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Weinberg, P. (2008). "Capra caucasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Cassinello, J., Cuzin, F., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I. & de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Heckel, J.-O., Rayaleh, H.A., Wilhelmi, F. & Hammer, S. (2008). "Dorcatragus megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2011). "Oryx leucoryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Harris, R.B. (2008). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R. & Pattanavibool, A. (2008). "Bos javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Alkon, P.U., Harding, L., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K., Cuzin, F. & Saltz, D. (2008). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Jimenez, J. & Ramilo, E. (2008). "Pudu puda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Duckworth, J.W. & MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Naemorhedus baileyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Tetracerus quadricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R.J., Semiadi, G. & Priyono, A. (2008). "Rusa timorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Barrio, J. & Ferreyra, N. (2008). "Hippocamelus antisensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Duckworth, J.W., Steinmetz, R., Timmins, R.J., Pattanavibool, A., Than Zaw, Do Tuoc & Hedges, S. (2008). "Bos gaurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Heckel, J.-O., Wilhelmi, F., Kaariye, X.Y., Rayaleh, H.A., Amir, O.G. & Künzel, T. (2008). "Nanger soemmerringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Mallon, D.P. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Gazella gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Harris, R.B. & Leslie, D. (2008). "Bos mutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Connochaetes gnou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Pelea capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus harveyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Gonzalez, S. & Merino, M.L. (2008). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus eurycerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Aulagnier, S., Kranz, A., Lovari, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Capra ibex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua piacentinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus ogilbyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca fulvorufula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oreotragus oreotragus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Antilope cervicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Herrero, J. & Pérez, J.M. (2008). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Saiga tatarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Neotragus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oryx beisa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca arundinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus equinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 Fennessy, J. & Brown, D. (2010). "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Festa-Bianchet, M. (2008). "Oreamnos americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Litocranius walleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Raphicerus sharpei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Tokida, K. (2008). "Capricornis crispus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca redunca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Festa-Bianchet, M. (2008). "Ovis dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus imberbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Gazella subgutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Lewison, R. & Oliver, W. (IUCN SSC Hippo Specialist Subgroup) (2008). "Hippopotamus amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus vardonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus oryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus silvicultor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus rufilatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus spekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus weynsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus leche". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Neotragus batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Vicugna vicugna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Nanger granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Nesotragus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oryx gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus callipygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Procapra gutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus strepsiceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Heckel, J.-O., Wilhelmi, F., Kaariye, X.Y., Rayaleh, H.A. & Amir, O.G. (2008). "Madoqua saltiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 Gates, C. & Aune, K. (2008). "Bison bison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Baldi, B., Lichtenstein G., González, B., Funes, M., Cuéllar, E., Villalba, L., Hoces, D. & Puig, S. (2008). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Raphicerus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 Hoffmann, M., Byers, J. & Beckmann, J. (2008). "Antilocapra americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 113.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Syncerus caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 Gonzalez, T. & Tsytsulina, K. (2008). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus scriptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Connochaetes taurinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Sylvicapra grimmia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Philantomba maxwellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Philantomba monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  124. ↑ http://www.lohmann-information.com/content/l_i_45_artikel17.pdf
  125. ↑ http://www.statista.com/statistics/263979/global-cattle-population-since-1990/
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 http://www.hobbyfarms.com/farm-industry-news/2011/11/22/2011-livestock-population-trends.aspx
  127. ↑ Borghese, A. (2011). Situation and Perspectives of Buffalo in the World, Europe and Macedonia. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science 1 (2): 281–296.