List of concurrent and parallel programming languages
This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorising them by a defining paradigm. A concurrent language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library.
The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.
Actor model
- Axum - a domain-specific language being developed by Microsoft.
- Elixir (runs on the Erlang VM)
- Erlang
- Janus
- SALSA
- Scala
- Smalltalk
Coordination languages
- CnC (Concurrent Collections)
- Glenda
- Linda coordination language
- Millipede
Dataflow
- CAL
- E (also object-oriented)
- Joule (also distributed)
- LabView (also synchronous)
- Lustre (also synchronous)
- Signal (also synchronous)
- SISAL
Distributed
- Bloom
- Julia
- Limbo
- MPD
- Oz - Multi-paradigm language with particular support for constraint and distributed programming.
- Sequoia
- SR
Event-driven and hardware description
- Esterel (also synchronous)
- SystemC
- Verilog
- Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
- VHDL
Functional
Logic programming
Multi-threaded
- C=
- Cilk
- Cilk Plus
- Clojure
- Fork - Programming language for the PRAM model.
- Go
- Java
- ParaSail
- SequenceL
Object-oriented
- μC++
- Ada
- C*
- C++ AMP
- Charm++
- D Programming Language
- Eiffel SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming)
- Emerald (also distributed)
- Java
- Join Java - A Java-based language with features from the join-calculus.
- ParaSail
- Smalltalk
Partitioned global address space (PGAS)
Message passing
CSP based
- Alef
- Concurrent Pascal (developed by Per Brinch Hansen)
- Limbo
- Ease
- FortranM
- JoCaml
- Joyce (developed by Per Brinch Hansen)
- Limbo (also distributed)
- Newsqueak
- Occam
- Occam-π - A derivative of Occam that integrates features from the pi-calculus
- PyCSP
- SuperPascal (developed by Per Brinch Hansen)
- XC - A C-based language, integrating features from Occam, developed by XMOS
APIs/frameworks
These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.