List of cities by GDP
This is a list of cities and/or their metropolitan areas in the world by GDP. The methodology may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for non-OECD cities (refer to sources for more information.)
- This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information.
City | Country | Geographical zone[1] |
Official est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
Brookings Institution[2] 2012 est. GDP ($BN) |
PwC[3] 2008 est. PPP-adjusted GDP ($BN) |
McKinsey[4] 2010 est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
Other est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aberdeen | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 11.3 (2008)[5] | ||||
Abidjan | Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) | Africa | 13 | ||||
Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates | Western Asia | 165.9 | 67.1 | |||
Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | Africa | 12 | ||||
Adelaide | Australia | Oceania | 65.8 (2011-12)[6] | 43.4 | |||
Ahmedabad | India | South Asia | 49 | ||||
Albuquerque | United States | North America | 35.19 (2012)[7] | 37.0 | |||
Alexandria | Egypt | Africa | 41.1 | 46 | |||
Algiers | Algeria | Africa | 45 | ||||
Amsterdam | Netherlands | Western Europe | 322.3[Note 1] | 47 | |||
Anápolis | Brazil | South America | 6.740 (2011)[8] | ||||
Ankara | Turkey | Western Asia | 101.2 | 58 | 64.9 | ||
Athens | Greece | Southern Europe | 125.7 | 96 | |||
Atlanta | United States | North America | 294.589 (2012)[7] | 268.9 | 304 | 249.7 | 242.4[9] |
Auckland | New Zealand | Oceania | 44.1 | 55 | |||
Austin | United States | North America | 103.2 (2013)[10] | 91.7 | |||
Baghdad | Iraq | Western Asia | 24 | ||||
Baixada Santista | Brazil | South America | 28.609 (2011)[8] | 28.4 | |||
Baltimore | United States | North America | 157.260 (2012)[7] | 152.8 | 137 | 118.1[9] | |
Bandung | Indonesia | South-East Asia | 21 | ||||
Bangalore | India | South Asia | 34.9 | 69 | 28.6 | ||
Baton Rouge | United States | North America | 47.71 (2012)[7] | 47.7 | |||
Bangkok | Thailand | South-East Asia | 262.4 | 119 | 105.0 | ||
Barcelona | Spain | Southern Europe | 171.0 | 177 | |||
Beijing | China | East Asia | 427.2 | 166 | 206.2 | ||
Belfast | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 10.9 (2008)[5] | ||||
Belo Horizonte | Brazil | South America | 54.996 (2011)[8] | 94.9 | 61 | 78.5 | |
Berlin | Germany | Western Europe | 143.3 | 95 | |||
Bilbao | Spain | Southern Europe | 41.8 | ||||
Birmingham | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 114.3 | 90 | |||
Birmingham | United States | North America | |||||
Bogotá | Colombia | South America | 140.3 | 100 | 221.1 (2015) | ||
Boston | United States | North America | 336.232 (2012)[7] | 320.7 | 363 | 261.1[9] | |
Brasilia | Brazil | South America | 164.482 (2011)[8] | 139.2 | 110 | 101.6 | |
Brisbane | Australia | Oceania | 132.2 (2011-12)[11] | 82.4 | |||
Bristol | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 46.2 | ||||
Brussels | Belgium | Western Europe | 245.3 | 83 | |||
Bucharest | Romania | Eastern Europe | 50.8 | ||||
Budapest | Hungary | Central Europe | 93.4 | 53 | |||
Buenos Aires | Argentina | South America | 348.4 | 362 | 191.7 | ||
Busan | Korea | East Asia | 283.6 | 121 | |||
Cairo | Egypt | Africa | 128.4 | 145 | |||
Calgary | Canada | North America | 79.3 | ||||
Cambridge | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 18.6[12] | ||||
Campinas | Brazil | South America | 40.525 (2011)[8] | 61.5 | |||
Campo Grande | Brazil | South America | 9.211 (2011)[8] | ||||
Campos dos Goytacazes | Brazil | South America | 16.174 (2011)[8] | ||||
Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 56.8 | 103 | |||
Caracas | Venezuela | South America | 99 | ||||
Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | 36.1 | 33 | |||
Changchun | China | East Asia | 101.6 | 26 | |||
Changsha | China | East Asia | 150.2 | 40.3 | |||
Changzhou | China | East Asia | 93 | 34.3 | |||
Charlotte | United States | North America | 137.189 (2012)[7] | 99.3 | |||
Chattanooga | United States | North America | |||||
Chennai | India | South Asia | 44 | 66 | 17 | ||
Chengdu | China | East Asia | 179.7 | 33 | 57.8 | ||
Chicago | United States | North America | 571.008 (2012)[7] | 524.6 | 574 | 496.4 | 461.4[9] |
Cincinnati | United States | North America | 108.236 (2012)[7] | 98.5 | |||
Chittagong | Bangladesh | South Asia | 24 | ||||
Chongqing | China | East Asia | 232.22 | 264.7 | 57 | 88.6 | |
Cleveland | United States | North America | 111.597 (2012)[7] | 101.0 | 112 | 99.3[9] | |
Colombo | Sri Lanka | South Asia | |||||
Columbus | United States | North America | 100.512 (2012)[7] | 92.0 | |||
Copenhagen | Denmark | Northern Europe | 116.5[Note 2] | 49 | |||
Coventry | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 7.4 (2008)[5] | ||||
Curitiba | Brazil | South America | 58.082 (2011)[8] | 65.2 | 44 | ||
Daegu | Korea | East Asia | 50.5 | 43 | |||
Daejeon | Korea | East Asia | 37.5 | ||||
Dalian | China | East Asia | 166.6 | 53.8 | |||
Dallas | United States | North America | 420.340 (2012)[7] | 368 | 338 | 324.9 | 315.5[9] |
Dar es Salaam | Tanzania | Africa | 8 | ||||
Delhi | India | South Asia | 211.3 | 167 | 47.6 | ||
Denver | United States | North America | 167.886 (2012)[7] | 150.5 | 165 | 131.6[9] | |
Detroit | United States | North America | 208.379 (2012)[7] | 184.3 | 253 | 198.6[9] | |
Dhaka | Bangladesh | South Asia | 78 | 29 | |||
Doha | Qatar | Western Asia | 98.8 | ||||
Dongguan | China | East Asia | 124.5 | 62.7 | |||
Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Western Asia | 64.9 | ||||
Dublin | Ireland | Northern Europe | 87.4 | 61 | |||
Durban | South Africa | Africa | 47.6 | ||||
East Rand | South Africa | Africa | 51.9 | 54 | |||
Edinburgh | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 20.5 (2008)[5] | 33.1 | |||
Edmonton | Canada | North America | 63.0 | ||||
Faisalabad | Pakistan | South Asia | 14 | ||||
Fortaleza | Brazil | South America | 42.010 (2011)[8] | 31.1 | 25 | ||
Foshan | China | East Asia | 174.7 | 83.5 | |||
Frankfurt | Germany | Western Europe | 226.9 | ||||
Fukuoka | Japan | East Asia | 185.6 | 88 | |||
Fuzhou | China | East Asia | 98.5 | 23.4 | |||
Glasgow | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 21.3[5] | 55.5 | |||
Goiania | Brazil | South America | 22.763 (2011)[8] | ||||
Guadalajara | Mexico | North America | 77.4 | 81 | |||
Guangzhou | China | East Asia | 320.4 | 143 | 146.1 | ||
Gwangju | Korea | East Asia | 34 | ||||
Hanoi | Vietnam | East Asia | 42 | ||||
Hamburg | Germany | Western Europe | 157 | 74 | |||
Hangzhou | China | East Asia | 182.7 | 70.5 | |||
Harbin | China | East Asia | 113.7 | 38.8 | |||
Hefei | China | East Asia | 96.7 | 31.2 | |||
Helsinki | Finland | Northern Europe | 75.5 | 58 | |||
Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | South-East Asia | 58 | ||||
Hong Kong | Hong Kong | East Asia | 293 (2013)[13] | 350.4 | 320 | 224.5 | 258.0[14] |
Houston | United States | North America | 449.439 (2012)[7] | 399.7 | 297 | 341.1 | 316.3[9] |
Huntsville | United States | North America | 21.56 (2012)[7] | ||||
Hyderabad | India | South Asia | 31.8 | 58 | 16 | ||
Istanbul | Turkey | Southern Europe | 301.1 | 182 | 188.2 | ||
Izmir | Turkey | Western Asia | 79.6 | 42 | |||
Jackson | United States | North America | |||||
Jacksonville | United States | North America | |||||
Jaipur | India | South Asia | 24 | ||||
Jakarta | Indonesia | South-East Asia | 224.9 | 92 | 70.7 | ||
Jeddah | Saudi Arabia | Western Asia | 162 | 72 | 75.9 | ||
Jinan | China | East Asia | 115 | 43.2 | |||
Johannesburg | South Africa | Africa | 76 | 110 | |||
Jundiaí | Brazil | South America | 20.081 (2011)[8] | ||||
Kabul | Afghanistan | South Asia | 14 | ||||
Kano | Nigeria | Africa | 9 | ||||
Kanpur | India | South Asia | 26 | ||||
Kansas City | United States | North America | 113.090 (2012)[7] | 99.7 | 91.2[9] | ||
Karachi | Pakistan | South Asia | 78 | 28 | |||
Karlsruhe | Germany | Western Europe | 132.5 | ||||
Katowice | Poland | Central Europe | 114.5 | ||||
Khartoum | Sudan | Africa | 35 | ||||
Kingston-upon-Hull | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 5.5 (2008)[5] | ||||
Kinshasa | DR Congo | Africa | 17 | ||||
Knoxville | United States | North America | |||||
Kolkata | India | South Asia | 46.1 | 104 | 28 | ||
Kraków | Poland | Central Europe | 29.8 | 13 | |||
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | South-East Asia | 139.9 | ||||
Kuwait City | Kuwait | Western Asia | 161.5 | 117.5 | |||
Lahore | Pakistan | South Asia | 40 | 13 | |||
Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | 74.67 (2010)[15] | 35 | |||
Las Vegas | United States | North America | 95.602 (2012)[7] | 94.0 | |||
Leeds | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 69.8 | 60 | |||
Leicester | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 28.7[16] | ||||
Lille | France | Western Europe | 95.2 | 33 | |||
Lima | Peru | South America | 177.4 | 109 | 77.3 | ||
Lisbon | Portugal | Southern Europe | 95.2 | 98 | |||
Liverpool | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 10.9 (2008)[5] | ||||
London | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 731.2 | 565 | 751.8 | ||
Los Angeles | United States | North America | 765.759 (2012)[7] | 789.7 | 792 | 731.8 | 632.4[9] |
Lyon | France | Western Europe | 90.4 | 69 | 197 [17] | ||
Luanda | Angola | Africa | 33 | 38.6 | |||
Lucknow | India | South Asia | 22 | ||||
Luton | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 7.2[18] | ||||
Macau | Macau | East Asia | 33.0 | ||||
Madrid | Spain | Southern Europe | 264.0 | 230 | |||
Malaga | Spain | Southern Europe | 20.7 | ||||
Manaus | Brazil | South America | 51.025 (2011)[8] | 31 | |||
Manchester | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 88.3 | 85 | |||
Marseille | France | Western Europe | 58.9 | ||||
Medellín | Colombia | South America | 37.2 | 50 | |||
Manila | Philippines | South-East Asia | 153.7 | 149 | |||
Melbourne | Australia | Oceania | 253.1 (2011-12)[19] | 166.2 | 172 | 221.4 | |
Memphis | United States | North America | |||||
Mexico City | Mexico | North America | 411.4 | 390 | 255.1 | ||
Miami | United States | North America | 274.105 (2012)[7] | 246.1 | 292 | 235.9 | 231.8[9] |
Milan | Italy | Southern Europe | 289.3 | 136 | |||
Milwaukee | United States | North America | 88.708 (2012)[7] | 80.9 | |||
Minneapolis-St. Paul | United States | North America | 220.167 (2012)[7] | 192 | 194 | 171.6[9] | |
Monterrey | Mexico | North America | 130.7 | 102 | |||
Montevideo | Uruguay | South America | 38.9[20][Note 3] | ||||
Montreal | Canada | North America | 142.8 | 148 | |||
Moscow | Russia | Eastern Europe | 520.1 | 321 | 325.8 | ||
Mumbai | India | South Asia | 227 | 209 | 55.9 | 74.16[21] | |
Munich | Germany | Western Europe | 210.3 | 64 | |||
Nagoya | Japan | East Asia | 367.0 | ||||
Nairobi | Kenya | Africa | 12 | ||||
Nanjing | China | East Asia | 241.7 | 68.5 | |||
Naples | Italy | Southern Europe | 43 (2005)[22] | 83.6 | 51 | ||
Nashville | United States | North America | |||||
Newcastle | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 44.4 | ||||
New Bern | United States | North America | 4.2 (2012)[7] | ||||
New Haven | United States | North America | 34.381 (2012)[7] | 47.1 | |||
New Orleans | United States | North America | 84.835 (2012)[7] | 71.9 | |||
New York City | United States | North America | 1,358.416 (2012)[7] | 1,210 | 1,406 | 1,180.3 | 1,056.4[9] |
Oxnard | United States | North America | 33.62 (2012)[7] | 42.6 | |||
Nice | France | Western Europe | 47.7 | ||||
Ningbo | China | East Asia | 153.2 | 45.0 | |||
Orlando | United States | North America | 106.123 (2012)[7] | 108.8 | |||
Osaka/Kobe | Japan | East Asia | 654.8 | 417 | |||
Oslo | Norway | Northern Europe | 76 | 40 | |||
Paris | France | Western Europe | 731 (2009)[23] | 669.2 | 564 | 764.2 | |
Perth | Australia | Oceania | 118.6 (2011-12)[24] | 103.7 | |||
Philadelphia | United States | North America | 364.009 (2012)[7] | 324.2 | 388 | 314.5 | 295.2[9] |
Phoenix | United States | North America | 201.653 (2012)[7] | 194.5 | 200 | 181.6 | 160[9] |
Pittsburgh | United States | North America | 123.577 (2012)[7] | 123.8 | 99 | 102.1[9] | |
Porto | Portugal | Southern Europe | 41.6 | ||||
Portland | United States | North America | 146.975 (2012)[7] | 139.3 | 110 | 95.6[9] | |
Porto Alegre | Brazil | South America | 45.506 (2011)[8] | 74.8 | 66 | ||
Portsmouth | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 5.5 (2008)[5] | 50.0[Note 4] | |||
Prague | Czech Republic | Central Europe | 91.7 | 49 | |||
Pretoria | South Africa | Africa | 46.5 | ||||
Puebla | Mexico | North America | 42 | ||||
Pune | India | South Asia | 48 | 19 | |||
Pyongyang | North Korea | East Asia | 10 | ||||
Qingdao | China | East Asia | 174.5 | 48.1 | |||
Raleigh | United States | North America | |||||
Rangoon | Myanmar | South-East Asia | 24 | ||||
Recife | Brazil | South America | 36.448 (2011)[8] | 36.5 | 35 | ||
Rhine-Ruhr | Germany | Western Europe | 465.2 | 39[Note 5] | 484.6 | ||
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | South America | 209.366 (2011)[8] | 194.9 | 201 | 180.9 | |
Riyadh | Saudi Arabia | Western Asia | 166.9 | 107 | 122.7 | ||
Rome | Italy | Southern Europe | 167.8 | 144 | |||
Rotterdam | Netherlands | Western Europe | 322.3[Note 6] | 46 | |||
Sacramento | United States | North America | 97.558 (2012)[7] | 106.3 | |||
St. Louis | United States | North America | 136.677 (2012)[7] | 132.7 | 126 | 116.2[9] | |
Saint Petersburg | Russia | Eastern Europe | 102.1 | 91 | |||
Salvador | Brazil | South America | 38.819 (2011)[8] | 54.6 | 10 | ||
San Antonio | United States | North America | 96.8 (2011)[25] | 93.2 | 146.3[9] | ||
San Diego | United States | North America | 177.410 (2012)[7] | 188.4 | 191 | 172.9 | 146.3[9] |
San Francisco | United States | North America | 360.395 (2012)[7] | 306.6 | 301 | 283.3 | 268.3[9] |
San Jose | United States | North America | 173.908 (2012)[7] | 145.5 | |||
Santiago | Chile | South America | 150.3 | 120 | 93.0 | ||
São José dos Campos | Brazil | South America | 30.148 (2011)[8] | ||||
São José dos Pinhais | Brazil | South America | 14.726 (2011)[8] | ||||
São Paulo | Brazil | South America | 477.005 (2011)[8] | 473 | 388 | 437.3 | |
Seattle | United States | North America | 258.819 (2012)[7] | 231.6 | 235 | 211.0 | 182.2[9] |
Seoul | Korea | East Asia | 532.6 (2012)[26] | 773.9 | 291 | 233.3 | |
Seville | Spain | Southern Europe | 35.7 | ||||
Shanghai | China | East Asia | 516.5 | 233 | 250.7 | 200.0[27] | |
Sheffield | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 12.2 (2008)[5] | 38.8 | |||
Shenyang | China | East Asia | 161.9 | 44 | 64.3 | ||
Shenzhen | China | East Asia | 271.84 | 302.4 | 141.5 | ||
Singapore | Singapore | South-East Asia | 263.6 (2011)[28][29] | 327.2 | 215 | 222.7 | 267.9[30] |
Sofia | Bulgaria | Eastern Europe | 41.5 | ||||
Sorocaba | Brazil | South America | 21.313 (2011)[8] | ||||
Southampton | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 6.8 (2008)[31] | 50.0[Note 7] | |||
Stockholm | Sweden | Northern Europe | 133.6 | 70 | 208[32] | ||
Stuttgart | Germany | Western Europe | 142.9 | ||||
Surat | India | South Asia | 36 | 14 | |||
Suzhou | China | East Asia | 280.6 | 52.7 | |||
Sydney | Australia | Oceania | 319.5 (2011-12)[33] | 203.1 | 213 | 268.9 | |
Taichung | Taiwan | East Asia | 108.0 | ||||
Taipei | Taiwan | East Asia | 298.3 | 160.3 | 172.5[34] | ||
Tampa | United States | North America | 119.926 (2012)[7] | 124.7 | 123 | 101[9] | |
Tangshan | China | East Asia | 142.8 | 33.6 | |||
Tehran | Iran | South Asia | 127 | ||||
Tel Aviv | Israel | Western Asia | 132 | 122 | 114.8 | ||
Tianjin | China | East Asia | 234.91 | 308.7 | 74 | 128.8 | |
Tokyo | Japan | East Asia | 1,900 (2007)[35] | 1,520 | 1,479 | 1,874.7 | 1,997.5[36] |
Toronto | Canada | North America | 323[37] | 260.6 | 253 | 270.0 | |
Tulsa | United States | North America | 47.891 (2012)[7] | 43 | 46.4[38] | ||
Turin | Italy | Southern Europe | 76.7 | 68 | |||
Uberlandia | Brazil | South America | 14.728 (2011)[8] | ||||
Valencia | Spain | Southern Europe | 52.7 | ||||
Vancouver | Canada | North America | 101.2 | 95 | |||
Vienna | Austria | Central Europe | 179.8 | 122 | |||
Virginia Beach | United States | North America | 84.836 (2012)[7] | 86.4 | |||
Visakhapatnam | India | South Asia | 26[39] | ||||
Vitória | Brazil | South America | 28.357 (2011)[8] | 33.8 | |||
Warsaw | Poland | Central Europe | 131.4 | 68 | |||
Washington | United States | North America | 448.741 (2012)[7] | 415.2 | 375 | 392.2 | |
Wuhan | China | East Asia | 178.3 | 52 | 82.2 | ||
Wuxi | China | East Asia | 179.3 | 47.0 | |||
Xiamen | China | East Asia | 62.9 | 30.4 | |||
Xian | China | East Asia | 101.8 | 31 | 40.6 | ||
Xuzhou | China | East Asia | 92.8 | 22.4 | |||
Zurich | Switzerland | Western Europe | 94.9 | 52 |
- Notes
See also
- List of countries by GDP
- List of country subdivisions by GDP over 100 billion US dollars
- List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP
- List of metropolitan areas in the United States by GMP
- List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
- List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP
References
- ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ↑ "Global city GDP 2011-2012". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ↑ "Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
- ↑ "The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "2008 estimate" (XLS). Office for National Statistics. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 65,711 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$65.8 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 "ECONOMIC GROWTH WIDESPREAD ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS IN 2012" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis. September 17, 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 "Posição ocupada pelos maiores municípios brasileiros em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto, Est. 2011". IBGE. 2011.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 "2005 est. / Metropolitan Area G" (PDF).
- ↑ "2013 est.".
- ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 131,999 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$132.2 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ "Booming city adding £12 billion to GDP". Cambridge News. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ↑ "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ↑ "2012 est. / CIA World Factbook: Hong Kong". CIA. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ↑ "Lagos Gross Domestic Product" (PDF). Lagos State Government. 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ↑ "Leicester" (PDF). Leicester and Leicestershire Enterprise Partnership. Autumn 2009.
/catid/22/ LLEP
- ↑ "GDP of Lyon". Insee. October 2014.
/catid/22/ LLEP
- ↑ "GDP". Timetric. 1 January 2010.
- ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 252,732 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$353.1 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ "Global Cities of the Future". McKinsey. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ↑ "2008 est. / GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest". The Financial Express. 2008-01-29. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ↑ "2005 est. / City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". Citymayors.com. 2007-03-11. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ↑ 2009 est. / INSEE €533,564 million according to the INSEE Excel table, i.e. US$731.3 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2007 euro/dollar exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 118,464 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$118.6 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ US Bureau of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2011b/pdf/gdp_metro0211b.pdf
- ↑ 2012 est. Statistics Korea Assuming 2012 average exchange rate at 1,126.8KRW per USD.
- ↑ "2008 est. / Global woes pinch rise in city GDP". ShanghaiDaily. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ↑ "2011 est. / Singapore: Economic Indicators". Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ↑ Singapore GDP in 2011 estimate is 326.8 Billion SGD, which is equivalent to 263.6 Billion USD using 3 February 2013 exchange rate
- ↑ "2012 est. / CIA World Factbook: Singapore". CIA. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ↑ Hampshire County Council, 2008. Economic performance – State of the economy.
- ↑ http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/
- ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 319,014 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$319.5 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ↑ 2009 est. Taipei city has second-highest per capita GDP in Asia
- ↑ Approx., 2007 est. / GDP of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Prefecture of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba) is 165 trillion yen (approximately US$1.9 trillion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ↑ "2009 est. / World’s Largest Metropolitan Regions by LRP" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved March 2009.
- ↑ http://www.greatertoronto.org/why-greater-toronto/top-ten-reasons
- ↑ 2011 est., U.S. Metro Economies by IHS Global Insight for The U.S. Conference of Mayors
- ↑ 2011 est., by Yahoo! Finance India