List of carnivorans by population

This is a list of Carnivora species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all carnivorans have had their numbers quantified.

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus 84 – 143[1] CR[1] Decrease[1] Estimate is for adult population only. Population declined 80% from 1960 to 1978. Appears to have fallen a further 80% since 1987.[1]
Iriomote cat Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis 100 – 109[2] CR[3] Decrease[3] A subspecies of the leopard cat living exclusively on the Japanese island of Iriomote. Population size is declining, and consists of a single subpopulation.[2]
Red wolf Canis rufus 150[4]CR[4] Increase[4] Maximum estimate. No more than 50 mature individuals. Previously extinct in the wild.[4]
Malabar large-spotted civet Viverra civettina 250[5] CR[5] Unknown[5] Maximum estimate. Previously considered possibly extinct.[5]
Darwin's fox Pseudalopex fulvipes 250[6] CR[6] Decrease[6] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[6]
Cozumel raccoon Procyon pygmaeus 323 – 955[7]CR[7] Decrease[7] Mature individuals number less than 250. Populations can be severely affected by hurricanes.[7]
Saimaa ringed seal Pusa hispida saimensis 310[8] CR[8] Decrease[8] The most endangered pinniped.[8]
Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus 350 – 450[9]CR[9] Decrease[9] The second most endangered pinniped.[9]
Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis 360 – 440[10]EN[10] Decrease[10] One of the world's rarest canids, and Africa's most endangered carnivore.
Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi 935[11]CR[11] Decrease[11] Numbered 1448 in 1983. Rate of decrease appears to be rising.[11]
Marine otter Lontra felina 1000[12]EN[12] Decrease[12] Maximum estimate from 1991; numbers have probably fallen.[12]
Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis 1000 – 5000[13]EN[13] Decrease[13]
Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes 1300[14]EN[14] Increase[14] Maximum estimate. 1000 wild and 300 domestic. Almost went extinct in the 1980s.[14]
Island fox Urocyon littoralis 1500[15]CR[15] Decrease[15] Maximum estimate in 2002. Numbers had declined from 6000 in 1994 and appear to be continuing the trend, so present numbers are likely much lower.[15]
Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca 2500[16]EN[16] Decrease[16] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[16]
Bay cat Pardofelis badia 2500[17]EN[17] Decrease[17] Maximum estimate.[17]
Dhole Cuon alpinus 2500[18]EN[18] Decrease[18] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[18]
Fossa Cryptoprocta ferox 2500[19]VU[19] Decrease[19] Maximum estimate.[19]
Andean mountain cat Leopardus jacobita 2500[20]EN[20] Decrease[20] Maximum estimate.[20]
Grandidier's mongoose Galidictis grandidieri 2650 – 3540[21]EN[21] Decrease[21]
Tiger Panthera tigris 4000[22]EN[22] Decrease[22]
Snow leopard Panthera uncia 4080 – 6590[23]EN[23] Decrease[23]
Brown hyena Hyaena brunnea 5000 – 8000[24]NT[24] Decrease[24]
Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena 5000 – 14 000[25]NT[25] Decrease[25]
African wild dog Lycaon pictus 6600[26]EN[26] Decrease[26]
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus 7500[27]VU[27] Decrease[27] Estimate is for mature individuals only. Number may reach as high as 10 000.[27]
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx 8000[28] LC[28] Steady[28]
Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi 10 000[29]VU[29] Decrease[29] Maximum estimate.[14]
Marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata 10 000[30]VU[30] Decrease[30] Maximum estimate.[30]
Rusty-spotted cat Prionailurus rubiginosus 10 000[31]VU[31] Decrease[31]
Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa 10 000[32]VU[32] Decrease[32] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[32]
Red panda Ailurus fulgens 10 000[33]VU[33] Decrease[33]
African golden cat Caracal aurata 10 000[34]NT[34] Decrease[34] Minimum estimate for mature individuals.[34]
Kodkod Leopardus guigna 10 000[35]VU[35] Decrease[35] Maximum estimate.[35]
Chinese mountain cat F. silvestris bieti 10 000[36]VU[36] Decrease[36] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[36]
Galápagos fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis 10 000 – 15 000[37]EN[37] Decrease[37] Down from 30 – 40 000 in 1978.[37]
New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri 11 855[38]VU[38] Decrease[38]
Juan Fernández fur seal Arctocephalus philippii 12 000[39]NT[39] Increase[39] Estimate is from the early 1990s; numbers appear to be increasing.[39]
Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea 13 790[40]EN[40] Decrease[40]
Sechuran fox Lycalopex sechurae 15 000[41]NT[41] Unknown[41] Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[41]
Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi 15 000 – 17 000[42]NT[42] Increase[42] Numbered 200 – 500 in the 1950s.[42]
Sloth bear Melursus ursinus 20 000[43]VU[43] Decrease[43] Maximum estimate.[43]
Polar bear Ursus maritimus 20 000 – 25 000[44]VU[44] Decrease[44]
Galápagos sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki 20 000 – 40 000[45]EN[45] Decrease[45]
Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus 23 600[46]NT[46] Unknown[46]
Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta 27 000 – 47 000[47]LC[47] Decrease[47] Tentative estimate.[47]
Lion Panthera leo 29 400 – 47 400[48]VU[48] Decrease[48] This species comprises two major subspecies: the African and the Asian. The former has higher population: a recent study has given a global range of 29 000 – 47 000. The Asiatic subspecies numbers an estimated 359, +/- 10.[48]
Leopard Panthera pardus 75,000[49]NT[49] Decrease
Baikal seal Pusa sibirica 80 000 – 100 000[50]LC[50] Steady[50]
Sea otter Enhydra lutris 106 822[51]EN[51] Decrease[51]
Bush dog Speothos venaticus 110 000[52]NT[52] Decrease[52] Considered an overestimate.[52]
Caspian seal Pusa caspica 111 000[53]EN[53] Decrease[53] Once numbered over 1 000 000.[53]
Ross seal Ommatophoca rossii 130 000[54]LC[54] Unknown[54]
Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus 143 000[55]NT[55] Increase[55] Divided into two subspecies: Western Steller (78 000) and Loughlin’s Northern (65 000).[55]
Northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris 171 000[56]LC[56] Increase[56] Numbered 113 000 in 1991.[56]
New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri 200 000[57]LC[57] Increase[57]
Brown bear Ursus arctos 200 000[58]LC[58] Steady[58] Minimum estimate. Russia has the largest number of brown bears, believed to exceed 100,000, while estimates in the U.S. are around 33,000 (most in Alaska), Canada 25,000, and Europe (excluding Russia) 14,000.[58]
South American sea lion Otaria flavescens 250 000[59]LC[59] Steady[59] Minimum estimate.[59]
South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis 250 000 – 300 000[60]LC[60] Increase[60]
Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx 300 000[61]LC[61] Unknown[61]
Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis 310 000[62]LC[62] Increase[62] Estimate is from 1987; almost certainly an underestimate.[62]
Harbor seal Phoca vitulina 350 000 – 500 000[63] LC[63] Steady[63]
California sea lion Zalophus californianus 355 000[64]LC[64] Increase[64]
Grey seal Halichoerus grypus 400 000[65]LC[65] Increase[65]
Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii 500 000[66]LC[66] Unknown[66] Minimum estimate.[66]
Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina 500 000[67]LC[67] Unknown[67] Latest global estimates are from the mid-1990s.[67]
Hooded seal Cystophora cristata 662 000[68]VU[68] Decrease[68] 592 000 in the Northwest Atlantic and 70 000 in the Northeast. The latter population has declined 85-90% in the past 60 years for unknown reasons.[68]
American black bear Ursus americanus 850 000- 950 000[69]LC[69] Increase[69] Numbers are believed to be twice that of all other bears combined.[69]
Northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus 1 100 000[70]VU[70] Decrease[70]
Brown fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus 2 092 000[71]LC[71] Increase[71] Divided into two subspecies: Cape (2 000 000) and Australian (92 000).[71]
Harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus 8 000 000[72]LC[72] Increase[72] Maximum estimate.[72]
Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga 11 000 000 – 12 000 000[73]LC[73] Unknown[73] Estimates are highly uncertain due to animal's massive numbers and location in the Southern Seas.[73]
Silver Fox Vulpes vulpes UnknownDomesticatedIncrease 2012 estimate.
Dog (domestic) C. lupus familiaris 400 000 000[74]DomesticatedIncrease[74] 2001 estimate.[74]
Cat Felis catus 600 000 000 "Increasing" [75]DomesticatedUnknown[75] 2007 estimate

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 環境省. イリオモテヤマネコ生息状況等総合調査（第４次）の結果について（お知らせ） [(Fourth) Survey of the State of the Iriomote Cat's Habitat: Regarding the Results (notice)] (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kelly, B.T., Beyer, A. & Phillips, M.K. (2008). "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jennings, A., Veron, G. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Viverra civettina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cuarón, A.D., de Grammont, P.C., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Valenzuela-Galván, D., García-Vasco, D., Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Pseudalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Procyon pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Pusa hispida saimnesis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Marino, J. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2011). "Canis simensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lowry, L. & Aguilar, A. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus schauinslandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G. (2008). "Lontra felina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Duplaix, N., Waldemarin, H.F., Groenedijk, J., Evangelista, E., Munis, M., Valesco, M. & Botello, J.C. (2008). "Pteronura brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Belant, J., Gober, P. & Biggins, D. (2008). "Mustela nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Roemer, G.W., Fuller, T.K., List, R. & Wayne, R.K. (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group - Island Fox Working Group) (2008). "Urocyon littoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Lü, Z, Wang, D. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. & Sunarto, S. (2008). "Pardofelis badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Durbin, L.S., Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Tyson, M., Lyenga, A. & Venkataraman, A. (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group - Dhole Working Group) (2008). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Hawkins, A.F.A. & Dollar, L. (2008). "Cryptoprocta ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Acosta, G., Cossios, D., Lucherini, M. & Villalba, L. (2008). "Leopardus jacobita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Hawkins, A.F.A. (2008). "Galidictis grandidieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., Kawanishi, K., Ahmad Khan, J., Lynam, T., Miquelle, D., Nyhus, P., Sunarto, S., Tilson, R. & Sonam Wang (2011). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Jackson, R., Mallon, D., McCarthy, T., Chundaway, R.A. & Habib, B. (2008). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Wiesel, I., Maude, G., Scott, D. & Mills, G. (2008). "Hyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Arumugam, R., Wagner, A. & Mills, G. (2008). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Woodroffe, R. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2012). "Lycaon pictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Sogbohossou, E. & Bauer, H. (2008). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Lynx lynx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. & Sunarto, S. (2008). "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Grassman, L., Sanderson, J., Hearn, A., Ross, J., Wilting, A., Sunarto, S., Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Anderson, J., Khan, J.A., Grassman, L. & Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Wang, X., Choudhury, A., Yonzon, P., Wozencraft, C. & Than Zaw (2008). "Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Henschel, P., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.& Sogbohossou, E. (2008). "Caracal aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Acosta, G. & Lucherini, M. (2008). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Sanderson, J., Mallon, D.P. & Driscoll, C. (2010). "F. silvestris bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus philippii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Goldsworthy, S. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Asa, C.S., Cossíos, E.D. & Williams, R. (2008). "Pseudalopex sechurae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Garshelis, D.L., Ratnayeke S. & Chauhan, N.P.S. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Schliebe, S., Wiig, Ø., Derocher, A. & Lunn, N. (IUCN SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Rodden, M., Rodrigues , F. & Bestelmeyer, S. (2008). "Chrysocyon brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Honer, O., Holekamp, K.E. & Mills, G. (2008). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 ? (2012). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 ? (2012). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Burkanov, V. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Doroff, A. & Burdin, A. (2011). "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 DeMatteo, K., Michalski , F. & Leite-Pitman, M.R.P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Pusa caspica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Ommatophoca rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (2012). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Mirounga angustirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Goldsworthy, S. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 McLellan, B.N., Servheen, C. & Huber, D. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Otaria flavescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Hofmeyr, G. & Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Thompson, D. & Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Phoca vitulina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Zalophus californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Thompson, D. & Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Gelatt, T. & Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Leptonychotes weddellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Mirounga leonina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Garshelis, D.L., Crider, D. & van Manen, F. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 Hofmeyr, G. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Lobodon carcinophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. p. 352. ISBN 0-684-85530-5.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Wade, Nicholas (2007). "DNA traces 5 matriarchs of 600 million domestic cats". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-12.