List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)
The article is a list of the pierid butterflies of India. It forms part of the full list of butterflies of India.
The family Pieridae, or the Whites and Yellows are a family of butterflies of moderate or small size. The common names refer to the two predominant colours found on the wings of these butterflies along with markings in black.
Of the 1051 species of pierids occurring in the world, 81 species in 21 genera are found in India.
Distinguishing features
- Outline of wings usually regular. Hindwings are never tailed.
- Forelegs are fully developed in both sexes.
- The hindwings are channelled at the abdomen to fit the abdomen.
Classification
World wide, the family Pieridae has four subfamilies, of which the Whites and the Yellows are well represented in India.
- Pierinae or the Whites.
- Coliadinae or the Yellows.
Subfamily Pierinae, The Whites
Genus Aporia, The Blackveins
- Tibet Blackvein, Aporia peloria Hewitson, 1853
- Himalayan Blackvein, Aporia leucodice (Eversmann, 1843)
- Dusky Blackvein, Aporia nabellica (Boisduval, 1836)
- Bhutan Blackvein, Aporia harrietae (de Nicéville, 1892)
- Great Blackvein, Aporia agathon (Gray, 1832)
Genus Baltia, The Dwarfs
- Shaw's Dwarf, Baltia shawi (Bates, 1873)
- Butler's Dwarf, Baltia butleri Alphéraky, 1889
Genus Pieris, The Whites
- Chumbi White, Pieris chumbiensis de Nicéville, 1897
- Green Banded White, Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Greenvein White, Pieris napi Linnaeus, 1767
- Naga White, Pieris naganum Moore, 1884
- Kashmir White, Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Large Cabbage-White, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758
- Indian Cabbage White, Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768
- Small Cabbage White, Pieris rapae Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Pontia, The Bath Whites
- Lesser Bath White, Pontia chloridice Hübner, 1803/18
- Lofty Bath White, Pontia callidice (Moore, 1865)
- Bath White, Pontia daplidice Linnaeus 1758
Genus Anaphaeis, The Pioneers
- Pioneer (Caper White), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius, 1793
Genus Cepora, The Gulls
- Common Gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775
- Lesser Gull, Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852
Genus Ixias, The Indian Orange Tips
- White Orange Tip, Ixias marianne Cramer, 1779
- Yellow Orange Tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764
Genus Delias, The Jezebels
- Yellow Jezebel, Delias agostina Hewitson, 1852
- Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury, 1773
- Painted Jezebel, Delias hyparete Linnaeus, 1758
- Hill Jezebel, Delias belladonna Fabricius, 1793
- Pale Jezebel, Delias sanaca (Moore,1857)
- Dark Jezebel, Delias berinda (Moore,1872)
- Redspot Jezebel, Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836
- Redbase Jezebel, Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, ?
- Redbreast Jezebel, Delias acalis Godart, 1819
Genus Prioneris, The Sawtooths
- Spotted Sawtooth, Prioneris thestylis Doubleday, 1842
- Painted Sawtooth, Prioneris sita C. Felder, 1865
- Redspot Sawtooth, Prioneris clemanthe Doubleday, 1846
Genus Appias, The Puffins and Albatrosses
- Spot Puffin, Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842)
- Plain Puffin, Appias indra Moore, 1857
- Western Striped Albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775
- Eastern Striped Albatross, Appias olferna Fabricius, 1775
- Chocolate Albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777
- Common Albatross, Appias albina Felder
- Lesser Albatross, Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)
- Orange Albatross, Appias nero galba (Wallace, 1867)
- Nicobar Albatross, Appias panda chrysea Fruhstorfer, 1903
Genus Leptosia, The Psyche
Genus Euchloe, The Little Whites
- Lemon White, Euchloe charlonia lucilla Butler, 1886
- Pearl White, Euchloe ausonia dephalis Hübner 1803
Genus Hebomoia, The Great Orange Tip
- Great Orange-Tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Colotis, The Arabs
- Small Salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius, 1775
- Blue-Spotted Arab, Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819)
- White Arab, Colotis vestalis (Butler, 1876)
- Large Salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804)
- Small Orange-Tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836
- Plain Orange-Tip, Colotis eucharis Fabricius, 1775
- Crimson-Tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775)
Genus Pareronia, The Wanderers
- Pale Wanderer, Pareronia avatar (Moore, 1858)
- Dark Wanderer, Pareronia ceylanica (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
- Common Wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776)
Subfamily Coliadinae, The Yellows
Genus Catopsilia, The Emigrants
- Common Emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775
- Mottled Emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Latreille, 1758
Genus Gonepteryx, The Brimstones
- Common Brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni Latreille, 1758
- Lesser Brimstone, Gonepteryx aspasia Ménétriés, 1859
Genus Dercas, The Sulphurs
- Tailed Sulphur, Dercas verhuelli (Hoeven, 1839)
- Plain Sulphur, Dercas lycorias (DoubleDay, 1842)
Genus Eurema, The Grass Yellows
- Small Grass Yellow, Eurema brigitta Cramer, 1780
- Spotless Grass Yellow, Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836
- Scarce Grass Yellow, Eurema lacteola Distant, 1886
- One-Spot Grass Yellow, Eurema andersonii Moore
- Common Grass Yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758
- Three-Spot Grass Yellow, Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836
- Nilgiri Grass Yellow, Eurema nilgiriensis
Genus Gandaca, The Tree Yellow
- Tree Yellow, Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829)
Genus Colias, The Clouded Yellows
- Lemon Clouded Yellow, Colias thrasibulus Fabricius, 1910
- Ladakh Clouded Yellow, Colias ladakensis C. Felder, 1865
- Everest Clouded Yellow, Colias berylla Fawcett, 1904
- Fawcett's Clouded Yellow, Colias nina Fawcett, 1904
- Pale Clouded Yellow, Colias hyale Linnaeus, 1758
- Fiery Clouded Yellow, Colias eogene C. Felder, 1865
- Orange Clouded Yellow, Colias stoliczkana Moore
- Dwarf Clouded Yellow, Colias dubia Elwes, 1906
- Dark Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus Geoffroy, 1785
- Nilgiri Clouded Yellow, Colias nilgiriensis
Life cycle
- Eggs - Tall, bottle-shaped eggs which are ribbed down the sides. They are generally white, eventually changing to yellow or orange, or, they may be blotched with red.
- Caterpillars - The caterpillars are cylindrical and smooth usually covered with hairy-ended tubercles. They are generally green and have pale longitudinal stripes. They are all generally similar and difficult to distinguish apart.
- Chrysalids - Angular with a pointed head which may be produced into a long snout. Supported by a tail hook and girth, some being suspended head upwards like the Swallowtails and others being fastened horizontally to a leaf or other surface.
Food plants
The foodplants vary considerably, however there is a general trend, in that the Whites mostly use Capers, (family Capparidaceae) while the Yellows usually prefer members of the family Leguminosae, which consist of peas, clover, Cassia and others.
References
- Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
- Kunte,Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
External links
- LepIndex, NHM, London
- Idaho Museum of Natural History
- A modern classification of the Pieridae at Butterfly Net International
- Indian Butterflies - Pieridae
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