List of antibiotics
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The following is a list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. In practice, both can effectively treat a bacterial infection.[1]
Antibiotics by class
See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.
Generic name | Brand names | Common uses[2] | Possible side effects[2] | Mechanism of action |
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Aminoglycosides | ||||
Amikacin | Amikin | Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglicocydes are ineffective to be taken orally. Intravenous, intramuscular and topical should be applied. |
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Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. |
Gentamicin | Garamycin | |||
Kanamycin | Kantrex | |||
Neomycin | Neo-Fradin[3] | |||
Netilmicin | Netromycin | |||
Tobramycin | Nebcin | |||
Paromomycin | Humatin | |||
Streptomycin | Tuberculosis | |||
Spectinomycin(Bs) | Trobicin | Gonorrhea | ||
Ansamycins | ||||
Geldanamycin | Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics | |||
Herbimycin | ||||
Rifaximin | Xifaxan | Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli | ||
Carbacephem | ||||
Loracarbef | Lorabid | Discontinued | prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. | |
Carbapenems | ||||
Ertapenem | Invanz | Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) |
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Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
Doripenem | Doribax | |||
Imipenem/Cilastatin | Primaxin | |||
Meropenem | Merrem | |||
Cephalosporins (First generation) | ||||
Cefadroxil | Duricef | Good coverage against Gram-positive infections. |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefazolin | Ancef | |||
Cefalotin or Cefalothin | Keflin (discontinued) | |||
Cefalexin | Keflex | |||
Cephalosporins (Second generation) | ||||
Cefaclor | Distaclor | Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefamandole | Mandol (discontinued) | |||
Cefoxitin | Mefoxin (discontinued) | |||
Cefprozil | Cefzil | |||
Cefuroxime | Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) | |||
Cephalosporins (Third generation) | ||||
Cefixime (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)[4] | Suprax | Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram-positive cover. But still not cover Mycoplasma and Chlamydia |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefdinir | Omnicef, Cefdiel | |||
Cefditoren | Spectracef, Meiact | |||
Cefoperazone [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa], combination Cefoperazone with Sulbactam makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone | Cefobid (discontinued) | |||
Cefotaxime | Claforan | |||
Cefpodoxime | Vantin | |||
Ceftazidime [Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against staphylococci and streptococci compare to other 3rd generation of Cephalosporins][5] | Fortaz | |||
Ceftibuten | Cedax | |||
Ceftizoxime | Cefizox (discontinued) | |||
Ceftriaxone [IV and IM, not orally, effective also for syphilis and uncomplicated gonorrhea] | Rocephin | |||
Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) | ||||
Cefepime | Maxipime |
Covers pseudomonal infections. |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) | ||||
Ceftaroline fosamil | Teflaro | Used to treat MRSA |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Ceftobiprole | Zeftera | Used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Glycopeptides | ||||
Teicoplanin | Targocid (UK) | Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile | inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis | |
Vancomycin | Vancocin | |||
Telavancin | Vibativ | |||
Dalbavancin | Dalvance | |||
Oritavancin | Orbactiv | |||
Lincosamides(Bs) | ||||
Clindamycin | Cleocin | Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne | Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis | Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis |
Lincomycin | Lincocin | |||
Lipopeptide | ||||
Daptomycin | Cubicin | Gram-positive organisms | Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis | |
Macrolides(Bs) | ||||
Azithromycin | Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone | Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease |
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inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. |
Clarithromycin | Biaxin | |||
Dirithromycin | Dynabac (discontinued) | |||
Erythromycin | Erythocin, Erythroped | |||
Roxithromycin | ||||
Troleandomycin | Tao (discontinued) | |||
Telithromycin | Ketek | Pneumonia | Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[6] | |
Spiramycin | Rovamycine | Mouth infections | ||
Monobactams | ||||
Aztreonam | Azactam | Gram-negative bacteria | Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | |
Nitrofurans | ||||
Furazolidone | Furoxone | Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis | ||
Nitrofurantoin(Bs) | Macrodantin, Macrobid | Urinary tract infections | ||
Oxazolidinones(Bs) | ||||
Linezolid | Zyvox | VRSA |
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Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step |
Posizolid | Phase II clinical trials | |||
Radezolid | Phase II clinical trials | |||
Torezolid | Phase II clinical trials | |||
Penicillins | ||||
Amoxicillin | Novamox, Amoxil | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease |
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Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Ampicillin | Principen (discontinued) | |||
Azlocillin | ||||
Carbenicillin | Geocillin (discontinued) | |||
Cloxacillin | Tegopen (discontinued) | |||
Dicloxacillin | Dynapen (discontinued) | |||
Flucloxacillin | Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group) | |||
Mezlocillin | Mezlin (discontinued) | |||
Methicillin | Staphcillin (discontinued) | |||
Nafcillin | Unipen (discontinued) | |||
Oxacillin | Prostaphlin (discontinued) | |||
Penicillin G | Pentids (discontinued) | |||
Penicillin V | Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) | |||
Piperacillin | Pipracil (discontinued) | |||
Penicillin G | Pfizerpen | |||
Temocillin | Negaban (UK) (discontinued) | |||
Ticarcillin | Ticar (discontinued) | |||
Penicillin combinations | ||||
Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Augmentin | Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute Otitis media[7] Only a few oral-antibiotics active for skin and soft tissue infections, one of it is Amoxicillin/clavulanate. Not to be given to children with less than 40 kilograms weight, for children are heavier, the dosage is same with adult, twice daily [8] | The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component | |
Ampicillin/sulbactam | Unasyn | |||
Piperacillin/tazobactam | Zosyn | |||
Ticarcillin/clavulanate | Timentin | |||
Polypeptides | ||||
Bacitracin | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms. | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) | Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane[9] | |
Colistin | Coly-Mycin-S | Interact with the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution. | ||
Polymyxin B | ||||
Quinolones/Fluoroquinolone | ||||
Ciprofloxacin | Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay | Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea | Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) | inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. |
Enoxacin | Penetrex | |||
Gatifloxacin | Tequin | |||
Gemifloxacin | Factive[10] | |||
Levofloxacin | Levaquin | |||
Lomefloxacin | Maxaquin | |||
Moxifloxacin | Avelox | |||
Nalidixic acid | NegGram | |||
Norfloxacin | Noroxin | |||
Ofloxacin | Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox | |||
Trovafloxacin | Trovan | Withdrawn | ||
Grepafloxacin | Raxar | Withdrawn | ||
Sparfloxacin | Zagam | Withdrawn | ||
Temafloxacin | Omniflox | Withdrawn | ||
Sulfonamides(Bs) | ||||
Mafenide | Sulfamylon | Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) |
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Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide. |
Sulfacetamide | Sulamyd, Bleph-10 | |||
Sulfadiazine | Micro-Sulfon | |||
Silver sulfadiazine | Silvadene | |||
Sulfadimethoxine | Di-Methox, Albon | |||
Sulfamethizole | Thiosulfil Forte | |||
Sulfamethoxazole | Gantanol | |||
Sulfanilimide (archaic) | ||||
Sulfasalazine | Azulfidine | |||
Sulfisoxazole | Gantrisin | |||
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) | Bactrim, Septra | |||
Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) | Prontosil | |||
Tetracyclines(Bs) | ||||
Demeclocycline | Declomycin | Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. |
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inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals. |
Doxycycline | Vibramycin | |||
Minocycline | Minocin | |||
Oxytetracycline | Terramycin | |||
Tetracycline | Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin | |||
Drugs against mycobacteria | ||||
Clofazimine | Lamprene | Antileprotic | ||
Dapsone | Avlosulfon | Antileprotic | ||
Capreomycin | Capastat | Antituberculosis | ||
Cycloserine | Seromycin | Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections | ||
Ethambutol(Bs) | Myambutol | Antituberculosis | ||
Ethionamide | Trecator | Antituberculosis | Inhibits peptide synthesis | |
Isoniazid | I.N.H. | Antituberculosis | ||
Pyrazinamide | Aldinamide | Antituberculosis | ||
Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) | Rifadin, Rimactane | mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria | Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine | Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription |
Rifabutin | Mycobutin | Mycobacterium avium complex | Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms | |
Rifapentine | Priftin | Antituberculosis | ||
Streptomycin | Antituberculosis | Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity | As other aminoglycosides | |
Others | ||||
Arsphenamine | Salvarsan | Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) | ||
Chloramphenicol(Bs) | Chloromycetin | Meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low-cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes | Rarely: aplastic anemia. | Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome |
Fosfomycin | Monurol, Monuril | Acute cystitis in women | This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 up of age | Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis |
Fusidic acid | Fucidin | |||
Metronidazole | Flagyl | Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis | Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated | Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. |
Mupirocin | Bactroban | Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts | Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis | |
Platensimycin | ||||
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin | Synercid | |||
Thiamphenicol | Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. Widely used in veterinary medicine. | Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. | A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome | |
Tigecycline(Bs) | Tigacyl | Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissues infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram positive and negative and also anaerob antibiotics, against multi-resistant antibiotics bacteries such as Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii, but not effective for Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp | Teeth discoloration and same side effects as Tetracycline. Not to be given for children and pregnant or lactate women. Relatively safe and no need dose adjusted when be given for mild to moderate liver function or renal patients | Similar structure with tetracycline, but 5 times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body |
Tinidazole | Tindamax Fasigyn | Protozoal infections | Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness | |
Trimethoprim(Bs) | Proloprim, Trimpex | Urinary tract infections | ||
Generic Name | Brand Names | Common Uses[2] | Possible Side Effects[2] | Mechanism of action |
Note: (Bs): Bacteriostatic
Antibiotic candidates
Separately are listed antibiotic candidates, and known antibiotics not yet mass produced.
Generic name | Origin | Susceptible phyla | Stage of development | Mechanism of action |
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Unclassified | ||||
Teixobactin | Eleftheria terrae | Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. Aureus and M. tuberculosis | No human trials scheduled | Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall |
See also
- Timeline of antibiotics, listed by year of introduction
- Pathogenic bacteria
References
- ↑ Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) “Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance”, In: Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
- ↑ "Neomycin Drug Information". uptodate. Retrieved 2012-2-11. Check date values in:
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(help)(subscription required) - ↑ Berger, Dr. Stephen (2014-04-03). GIDEON Guide to Antimicrobial Agents (2014 ed.). GIDEON Informatics Inc. p. 221. ISBN 9781617558399. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ↑ https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LS65jBzoD40C&pg=PA564&lpg=PA564&dq=ceftazidime+versus+cefixime&source=bl&ots=wYqoHBzgdZ&sig=gi-l60enDy9qjJQKwdFqRVnwZ3M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4C-YVLnJMIXXmAX2iYDoAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%20versus%20cefixime&f=false. Retrieved December 22, 2014. Missing or empty
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(help) - ↑ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
- ↑ "Amoxicillin-sulbactam versus amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the treatment of non-recurrent-acute otitis media in Argentinean children". Retrieved July 23, 2014.
- ↑ "APO-Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid 500mg/125 mg Tablets" (PDF). Retrieved November 27, 2014.
- ↑ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger
- ↑ "List of Antibiotics". Retrieved February 7, 2014.
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