List of Vice Presidents of the United States

Number of vice presidents
by party affiliation
Republican 20
Democratic 18
Democratic-Republican 6
Whig 2
Federalist 1

There have been 47 vice presidents of the United States, from John Adams to Joe Biden. Originally, the Vice President was the person who received the second most votes for President in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800, a tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the President by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]

The Vice President has few powers or duties explicitly provided for in the Constitution. The Vice President's primary function is to succeed to the presidency if the President dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight through the president's death, and one, Gerald Ford, through the president's resignation. In addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1] The vice presidency was described by former VP John Nance Garner in 1960 as "not worth a bucket of warm piss".[2]

Prior to passage of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, a vacancy in the office of the Vice President could not be filled until the next election. Such vacancies were common; sixteen occurred before the 25th Amendment was ratified–as a result of seven deaths, one resignation (John C. Calhoun, who resigned to enter Congress), and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled with appointment by the President and confirmation by both chambers of the U.S. Congress. Since the Amendment's passage, two vice presidents have been appointed through this process, Gerald Ford of Michigan in 1973 and Nelson Rockefeller of New York in 1974.[1] The office has been vacant for 13,800 days since the beginning of the United States federal government, or for approximately 37 years and 10 months.

The vice presidents have been elected from 21 states. More than half of them have come from just five states, New York (11), Indiana (5), Massachusetts (4), Kentucky (3), and Texas (3). Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office.[1] The youngest person to become Vice President was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years of age.

List of vice presidents

Parties

      Democratic       Democratic-Republican       Federalist       Republican       Whig

No. Vice President State Time in office Party Term
(Election)		 President served under Major prior offices
1
John Adams
 John Adams
(1735–1826)
[3][4]		 Massachusetts April 21, 1789[n 1]
(age 53) 		March 4, 1797
(age 61)		 Independent 1.
(1789)		 Washington Envoy to France
Minister to Great Britain
Minister to the Netherlands[n 2]
Federalist 2.
(1792)
2
Thomas Jefferson
 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[6][7]		 Virginia March 4, 1797
(age 53)		 March 4, 1801
(age 57)		 Democratic-
Republican		 3.
(1796)		 J. Adams Envoy to France
U.S. Secretary of State
3
Aaron Burr
 Aaron Burr
(1756–1836)
[8][9]		 New York March 4, 1801
(age 45)		 March 4, 1805
(age 49)		 Democratic-
Republican		 4.
(1800)		 Jefferson U.S. Senator
4
George Clinton
 George Clinton
(1739–1812)
[10][11]		 New York March 4, 1805
(age 65) 		April 20, 1812
(Died, age 72; of a heart attack)		 Democratic-
Republican		 5.
(1804)		 Governor of New York
6.
(1808)		 Madison
1 Vacancy by death April 20, 1812 March 4, 1813
5
Elbridge Gerry
 Elbridge Gerry
(1744–1814)
[12][13]		 Massachusetts March 4, 1813
(age 68) 		November 23, 1814
(Died, age 70; for unknown reasons)		 Democratic-
Republican		 7.
(1812)		 U.S. Representative
Governor of Massachusetts
2 Vacancy by death November 23, 1814 March 4, 1817
6
Daniel D Tompins
 Daniel D. Tompkins
(1774–1825)
[14][15]		 New York March 4, 1817
(age 42)		 March 4, 1825
(age 50)		 Democratic-
Republican		 8.
(1816)		 Monroe Governor of New York
9.
(1820)
7
John C. Calhoun
 John C. Calhoun
(1782–1850)
[16][17]		 South Carolina March 4, 1825
(age 42)		 December 28, 1832
(Resigned, age 50)		 Democratic-
Republican		 10.
(1824)		 J. Q. Adams U.S. Representative
Secretary of War
Democratic 11.
(1828)		 Jackson
3 Vacancy by resignation December 28, 1832 March 4, 1833
8
Martin Van Buren
 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[18][19]		 New York March 4, 1833
(age 50)		 March 4, 1837
(age 54)		 Democratic 12.
(1832)		 U.S. Senator
Governor of New York
U.S. Secretary of State
Minister to Great Britain
9
Richard Mentor Johnson
 Richard Mentor Johnson
(1780–1850)
[20][21]		 Kentucky March 4, 1837
(age 56)		 March 4, 1841
(age 60)		 Democratic 13.
(1836)		 Van Buren U.S. Senator
10
John Tyler
 John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[22][23]		 Virginia March 4, 1841
(age 50)		 April 4, 1841
(Ascended, age 51)		 Whig 14.
(1840)		 W. H. Harrison U.S. Representative
Governor of Virginia
U.S. Senator
President pro tempore of the Senate
4 Vacancy by ascension April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Tyler
11
George Mifflin Dallas 1848.jpg
 George M. Dallas
(1792–1864)
[24][25]		 Pennsylvania March 4, 1845
(age 52)		 March 4, 1849
(age 56)		 Democratic 15.
(1844)		 Polk Minister to Great Britain
Minister to Russia
U.S. Senator
12
Millard Fillmore daguerreotype by Mathew Brady 1849.jpg
 Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[26][27]		 New York March 4, 1849
(age 49)		 July 9, 1850
(Ascended, age 50)		 Whig 16.
(1848)		 Taylor U.S. Representative
New York State Comptroller
5 Vacancy by ascension July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Fillmore
13 William R. King
(1786–1853)
[28][29]		 Alabama March 4, 1853[n 3]
(age 66)		 April 18, 1853
(Died, age 67, of tuberculosis)		 Democratic 17.
(1852)		 Pierce U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
President pro tempore of the Senate
Minister to France
6 Vacancy by death April 18, 1853 March 4, 1857
14
John C Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg
 John C. Breckinridge
(1821–1875)
[30][31]		 Kentucky March 4, 1857
(age 36)		 March 4, 1861
(age 40)		 Democratic 18.
(1856)		 Buchanan U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
15 Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[32][33]		 Maine March 4, 1861
(age 51)		 March 4, 1865
(age 55)		 Republican 19.
(1860)		 Lincoln U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
Governor of Maine
16 Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[34][35]		 Tennessee March 4, 1865
(age 56)		 April 15, 1865
(Ascended, age 56)		 Democratic 20.
(1864)		 U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
Governor of Tennessee
7 Vacancy by ascension April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 A. Johnson
17 Schuyler Colfax
(1823–1885)
[36][37]		 Indiana March 4, 1869
(age 45)		 March 4, 1873
(age 49)		 Republican 21.
(1868)		 Grant U.S. Representative
Speaker of the House
18 Henry Wilson
(1812–1875)
[38][39]		 Massachusetts March 4, 1873
(age 61)		 November 22, 1875
(Died, age 63; of a stroke)		 Republican 22.
(1872)		 U.S. Senator
8 Vacancy by death November 22, 1875 March 4, 1877
19 William A. Wheeler
(1819–1887)
[40][41]		 New York March 4, 1877
(age 57)		 March 4, 1881
(age 61)		 Republican 23.
(1876)		 Hayes U.S. Representative
20 Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[42][43]		 New York March 4, 1881
(age 51)		 September 19, 1881
(Ascended, age 52)		 Republican 24.
(1880)		 Garfield Chairman of the New York Republican Party[n 4]
9 Vacancy by ascension September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Arthur
21 Thomas A. Hendricks
(1819–1885)
[44][45]		 Indiana March 4, 1885
(age 65)		 November 25, 1885
(Died, age 66, of unknown reasons)		 Democratic 25.
(1884)		 Cleveland U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
Governor of Indiana
10 Vacancy by death November 25, 1885 March 4, 1889
22 Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[46][47]		 New York March 4, 1889
(age 64) 		March 4, 1893
(age 68)		 Republican 26.
(1888)		 B. Harrison U.S. Representative
Minister to France
Governor of New York
23 Adlai Stevenson
(1835–1914)
[48][49]		 Illinois March 4, 1893
(age 57)		 March 4, 1897
(age 61)		 Democratic 27.
(1892)		 Cleveland U.S. Representative
24 Garret Hobart
(1844–1899)
[50][51]		 New Jersey March 4, 1897
(age 52)		 November 21, 1899
(Died, age 55; of heart problems)		 Republican 28.
(1896)		 McKinley President of the New Jersey Senate
11 Vacancy by death November 21, 1899 March 4, 1901
25 Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[52][53]		 New York March 4, 1901
(age 42)		 September 14, 1901
(Ascended, age 42)		 Republican 29.
(1900)		 Governor of New York
12 Vacancy by ascension September 14, 1901 March 4, 1905 T. Roosevelt
26 Charles W. Fairbanks
(1852–1918)
[54][55]		 Indiana March 4, 1905
(age 52)		 March 4, 1909
(age 56)		 Republican 30.
(1904)		 U.S. Senator
27 James S. Sherman
(1855–1912)
[56][57]		 New York March 4, 1909
(age 53) 		October 30, 1912
(Died, age 57; of Bright's Disease)		 Republican 31.
(1908)		 Taft U.S. Representative
13 Vacancy by death October 30, 1912 March 4, 1913
28 Thomas R. Marshall
(1854–1925)
[58][59]		 Indiana March 4, 1913
(age 58)		 March 4, 1921
(age 66)		 Democratic 32.
(1912)		 Wilson Governor of Indiana
33.
(1916)
29 Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[60][61]		 Massachusetts March 4, 1921
(age 48)		 August 2, 1923
(Ascended, age 51)		 Republican 34.
(1920)		 Harding Governor of Massachusetts
14 Vacancy by ascension August 2, 1923 March 4, 1925 Coolidge
30 Charles G. Dawes
(1865–1951)
[62][63]		 Illinois March 4, 1925
(age 59)		 March 4, 1929
(age 63)		 Republican 35.
(1924)		 Director of the Bureau of the Budget[n 5]
31 Charles Curtis
(1860–1936)
[64][65]		 Kansas March 4, 1929
(age 69)		 March 4, 1933
(age 73)		 Republican 36.
(1928)		 Hoover U.S. Senator
President pro tempore of the Senate
Senate Majority Leader
32 John Nance Garner
(1868–1967)
[66][67]		 Texas March 4, 1933
(age 64)		 January 20, 1941
(age 72)		 Democratic 37.
(1932)		 F. D. Roosevelt U.S. Representative
Speaker of the House
38.
(1936)
33 Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[68][69]		 Iowa January 20, 1941
(age 52)		 January 20, 1945
(age 56)		 Democratic 39.
(1940)		 Secretary of Agriculture
34 Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[70][71]		 Missouri January 20, 1945
(age 60)		 April 12, 1945
(Ascended, age 60)		 Democratic 40.
(1944)		 U.S. Senator
15 Vacancy by ascension April 12, 1945 January 20, 1949 Truman
35 Alben W. Barkley
(1877–1956)
[72][73]		 Kentucky January 20, 1949
(age 71)		 January 20, 1953
(age 75)		 Democratic 41.
(1948)		 U.S. Senator
Senate Democratic Leader
36 Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[74][75]		 California January 20, 1953
(age 40)		 January 20, 1961
(age 48)		 Republican 42.
(1952)		 Eisenhower U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
43.
(1956)
37 Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[76][77]		 Texas January 20, 1961
(age 52)		 November 22, 1963
(Ascended, age 55)		 Democratic 44.
(1960)		 Kennedy U.S. Senator
Senate Democratic Leader
16 Vacancy by ascension November 22, 1963 January 20, 1965 L. B. Johnson
38 Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[78][79]		 Minnesota January 20, 1965
(age 53)		 January 20, 1969
(age 57)		 Democratic 45.
(1964)		 U.S. Senator
Senate Majority Whip
39 Spiro Agnew
(1918–1996)
[80][81]		 Maryland January 20, 1969
(age 50)		 October 10, 1973
(Resigned, age 54)		 Republican 46.
(1968)		 Nixon Governor of Maryland
47.
(1972)
17 Vacancy by resignation October 10, 1973 December 6, 1973
40 Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[82][83]		 Michigan December 6, 1973[n 6]

(age 60)		 August 9, 1974
(Ascended, age 61)		 Republican U.S. Representative
House Minority Leader
18 Vacancy by ascension August 9, 1974 December 19, 1974 Ford
41 Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[84][85]		 New York December 19, 1974[n 6]
(age 66)		 January 20, 1977
(age 68)		 Republican Governor of New York
42 Walter Mondale
(b. 1928)
[86][87]		 Minnesota January 20, 1977
(age 49)		 January 20, 1981
(age 53)		 Democratic 48.
(1976)		 Carter U.S. Senator
43 George H. W. Bush[n 7]
(b. 1924)
[89][90]		 Texas January 20, 1981
(age 56)		 January 20, 1989
(age 64)		 Republican 49.
(1980)		 Reagan U.S. Representative
Ambassador to the United Nations
Chief of the Liaison Office to China
Director of Central Intelligence
50.
(1984)
44 Dan Quayle
(b. 1947)
[91][92]		 Indiana January 20, 1989
(age 41)		 January 20, 1993
(age 45)		 Republican 51.
(1988)		 G.H.W. Bush U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
45 Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[93][94]		 Tennessee January 20, 1993
(age 44)		 January 20, 2001
(age 52)		 Democratic 52.
(1992)		 Clinton U.S. Representative
U.S. Senator
53.
(1996)
46 Dick Cheney[n 8]
(b. 1941)
[97][98]		 Wyoming
[n 9]		 January 20, 2001
(age 59)		 January 20, 2009
(age 67)		 Republican 54.
(2000)		 G. W. Bush White House Chief of Staff
U.S. Representative
House Minority Whip
Secretary of Defense
55.
(2004)
47 Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[100]		 Delaware January 20, 2009
(age 66)		 Incumbent
(age 72)		 Democratic 56.
(2008)		 Obama US Senator
57.
(2012)

Living former vice presidents

As of May 2015, there are five living former vice presidents of the United States, the oldest being George H. W. Bush (1981–1989, born 1924). The most recent death of a former vice president was that of Gerald Ford (1973–1974) (also 38th President of the United States), on December 26, 2006.

Vice President Term of office Date of birth
Walter Mondale 1977–1981 January 5, 1928
George H. W. Bush 1981–1989 June 12, 1924
Dan Quayle 1989–1993 February 4, 1947
Al Gore 1993–2001 March 31, 1948
Dick Cheney 2001–2009 January 30, 1941

Vice presidents who became presidents

A timeline graph of Presidents with a highlighting of those who had been Vice Presidents. A gray arrow points to those who became president without having been elected as president. The double arrow indicates Ford becoming president without having been elected as vice president also. (See source image for more info.)

There have been 14 vice presidents who have become President of the United States.

Of the 8 vice presidents who ascended to the presidency after their predecessor's death, only 4 were subsequently elected in their own right: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Only 3 vice presidents have been elected president once, and then defeated in reelection: John Adams, Martin Van Buren, and George H.W. Bush.

Only 2 vice presidents have ever been elected and reelected: Thomas Jefferson and Richard Nixon (Only Jefferson served two full terms).

Richard Nixon is the only one on this list who was not serving as vice president when he was elected.

Gerald Ford was the only vice president who became president by ascension, secured his party's nomination, and then lost in the general election.

Vice presidents who later served in other offices

Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous information about age difference between vice-presidents and their presidents:[101]

  1. Almost half of vice presidents (22 out of 46) were older than their presidents. Of those older VPs who later became president, none began their presidency by election, and only one of them, Lyndon B. Johnson, was later elected.
  2. Incumbent (47th) vice president Joe Biden is also older than president Barack Obama, and he is the oldest vice-president compared to his president (18 years, 8 months, 15 days).
  3. The biggest age difference between a president and a vice president was between president James Buchanan, and VP John C. Breckinridge (Breckinridge is younger by 29 years, 8 months, 29 days). This also makes Breckinridge the youngest VP compared to his president.
  4. The least age difference between a president and a vice president was between president Abraham Lincoln, and VP Andrew Johnson (Johnson is older by 45 days).
  5. John C. Breckinridge (at 36) is the youngest person to become vice president.

Miscellaneous information about election and tenure of office.

  1. Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2008, 2012) are the first three consecutive vice presidents to be elected to two terms.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Arriving in New York City before President-elect George Washington, Adams was sworn as Vice President nine days before the President.[5]
  2. ↑ Adams held those two diplomatic posts at the same time.
  3. ↑ The only Vice President to be sworn in outside of the United States of America (in Havana, Cuba), with special dispensation from Congress; twenty days after the original vice-presidential inauguration.
  4. ↑ Arthur had never held a public office other than Collector of the Port of New York in his lifetime.
  5. ↑ Dawes was an experienced economist whose first elected office was Vice President.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Office of Vice President filled under provisions of 25th Amendment.
  7. ↑ Served as Acting President under section 3 of the 25th Amendment on July 13, 1985, from 11:28 a.m. until 7:22 p.m.[88]
  8. ↑ Served as Acting President under section 3 of the 25th Amendment on two separate occasions: on June 29, 2002, from 7:09 a.m. to 9:24 a.m,[95] and on July 21, 2007, from 7:16 a.m. to 9:21 a.m.[96]
  9. ↑ A resident of Texas just prior to his nomination for Vice President, Mr. Cheney changed his voter registration back to Wyoming, where he had served in Congress, to avoid violating the 12th Amendment, which would have prevented the Texas Presidential Electors from casting their electoral votes for both Bush and Dick Cheney[99]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  2. ↑ Blumenthal, Sidney (June 28, 2007). "The imperial vice presidency". Salon.com. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
  3. ↑ "John Adams". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  4. ↑ "Adams, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  5. ↑ "The Senate Prepares For A President". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Jefferson, Thomas". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Aaron Burr". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Burr, Aaron". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  10. ↑ "George Clinton". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  11. ↑ "Clinton, George". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Elbridge Gerry". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Gerry, Elbridge". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Daniel Tompkins". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Tompkins, Daniel D.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  16. ↑ "John Calhoun". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  17. ↑ "Calhoun, John Caldwell". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Martin Van Buren". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Van Buren, Martin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Richard Mentor Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Johnson, Richard Mentor". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  22. ↑ "John Tyler". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Tyler, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  24. ↑ "George Dallas". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Dallas, George Mifflin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Millard Fillmore". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Fillmore, Millard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  28. ↑ "William Rufus King". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  29. ↑ "King, William Rufus de Vane". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  30. ↑ "John Breckinridge". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Breckinridge, John Cabell". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Hannibal Hamlin". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  33. ↑ "Hamlin, Hannibal". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Andrew Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Johnson, Andrew". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  36. ↑ "Schuyler Colfax". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Colfax, Schuyler". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Henry Wilson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  39. ↑ "Wilson, Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  40. ↑ "William Wheeler". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Wheeler, William Almon". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Chester Arthur". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Arthur, Chester Alan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Thomas Hendricks". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Hendricks, Thomas Andrews". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Levi Morton". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Morton, Levi Parsons". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  48. ↑ "Adlai Stevenson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Stevenson, Adlai Ewing". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Garret Hobart". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Hobart, Garret Augustus". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  53. ↑ "Roosevelt, Theodore". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Charles Fairbanks". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Fairbanks, Charles Warren". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  56. ↑ "James Sherman". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  57. ↑ "Sherman, James Schoolcraft". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  58. ↑ "Thomas Marshall". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  59. ↑ "Marshall, Thomas Riley". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Calvin Coolidge". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  61. ↑ "Coolidge, Calvin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Charles Dawes". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  63. ↑ "Dawes, Charles Gates". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  64. ↑ "Charles Curtis". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  65. ↑ "Curtis, Charles". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  66. ↑ "John Nance Garner". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  67. ↑ "Garner, John Nance". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  68. ↑ "Henry Wallace". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  69. ↑ "Wallace, Henry Agard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  70. ↑ "Harry Truman". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  71. ↑ "Truman, Harry S.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  72. ↑ "Alben Barkley". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
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  101. ↑ Calculations made by contributor depending primarily on lists shown in Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Barnes and Noble, 2003.

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