List of Solar System objects by size
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This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and subdivided into several size classes. These lists can also be sorted according to an object's mass and, for the largest objects, volume, density and surface gravity, insofar as these values are available. This list contains the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects.
The ordering may be different depending on whether one chooses radius or mass, because some objects are denser than others. For instance, Uranus is larger than Neptune but less massive, and although Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury, they have less than half Mercury's mass. This means some objects in the lower tables, despite their smaller radii, may be more massive than objects in the upper tables because they have a higher density.
Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered, and their approximate locations in this list are shown, even though there can be a large uncertainty in their measurement.
Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]) are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (ellipsoids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when the gravity of their mass is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. Objects made of ice become round more easily than those made of rock, and many icy objects are spheroidal at far lower sizes. The cutoff boundary for roundness is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius.[1]
The larger objects in the mass range between 1018 kg to 1021 kg (1 to 1000 zettagrams [Zg]), such as Tethys, Ceres, and Mimas, have relaxed to an oblate-spheroid equilibrium due to their gravity, whereas the less massive rubble piles (e.g. Amalthea and Janus) are roughly rounded, but not spherical, dubbed "irregular".
Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies deviate significantly from the shape of an ellipsoid.
There can be difficulty in figuring out the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn. (See 2060 Chiron as an example.) For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters, but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses/densities. Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto's density of 2.0 g/cm3, but it is just as likely that they have a comet-like density of only 0.5 g/cm3.[2] For example, if a TNO is poorly assumed to have a mass of 3.59×1020 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm3 and is later discovered to only have a radius of 175 km with a density of 1 g/cm3, the mass estimate would be only 2.24×1019 kg.
The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters. But many of the moons with a radius less than ~100 km, such as Jupiter's Himalia, still have unknown masses.[3] Again, as we get further from the Sun than Saturn, things get less clear. There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long-term study of their moons. For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus, such as Sycorax, which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby, even different NASA web pages, such as the National Space Science Data Center[4] and JPL Solar System Dynamics,[3] have somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited.
Data for objects has varying reliability including uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius, and irregularities in the shape and density, with accuracy often depending on how close it is to Earth or if it has been visited by a probe.
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The relative masses of the bodies of the Solar System. Objects smaller than Saturn are not visible at this scale.
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The relative masses of the moons of the Solar System. Mimas, Enceladus, and Miranda are too small to be visible at this scale. All the irregularly shaped moons, even added together, would also be too small to be visible. Here the [Moon] is labeled "Luna".
List
Objects above ≈400 km in radius
It was once thought that everything above this size is probably in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE), though some bodies listed near the end might not be if their estimated or measured size were "grossly in error" or their composition primarily rocky.[5] However, Rhea is the smallest body where detailed measurements have been made and are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium,[6] whereas Iapetus is the largest determined not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium,[7] though it does have an ellipsoidal shape (i.e. it is round).
A lot of the values are manually calculated assuming sphericity. The size of solid bodies does not include an object's atmosphere. For example, Titan looks bigger than Ganymede, but its solid body is smaller. For the giant planets, the "radius" is the point at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure.[8] The radius of Saturn's main rings is 136,775 km.
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mean radius (R⊕) |
Volume (109 km3) |
Volume (V⊕) |
Mass ×1021 kg (Yg) |
Mass (M⊕) |
Density (g/cm3) |
Surface gravity (m/s2) |
Surface gravity (⊕) |
Type of object | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun | 696342±65[9] | 109.3 | 1,414,300,000 | 1,305,700 | 1,988,550,000 | 333,000 | 1.408 | 274.0 | 28.02 | star | round (HE) | |
Jupiter | 69911±6 | 10.97 | 1,431,280 | 1,321 | 1,898,600 | 317.83 | 1.326 | 24.79 | 2.535 | planet (gas giant)—has rings | round (HE) | |
Saturn | 58232±6 (w/o rings) |
9.14 | 827,130 | 764 | 568,460 | 95.159 | 0.687 | 10.445 | 1.06 | planet (gas giant)—has rings | round (HE) | |
Uranus | 25362±7 | 3.98 | 68,340 | 63.1 | 86,832 | 14.536 | 1.27 | 8.87 | 0.90 | planet (ice giant)—has rings | round (HE) | |
Neptune | 24622±19 | 3.86 | 62,540 | 57.7 | 102,430 | 17.147 | 1.638 | 11.15 | 1.140 | planet (ice giant)—has rings | round (HE) | |
Earth | 6371.0 | 1 | 1,083.21 | 1 | 5,973.6 | 1 | 5.514 | 9.78033 | 0.99732 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | |
Venus | 6051.8±1.0 (w/o gas) |
0.950 | 928.43 | 0.857 | 4,868.5 | 0.815 | 5.243 | 8.872 | 0.905 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | |
Mars | 3389.5±0.2 | 0.532 | 163.18 | 0.151 | 641.85 | 0.107 | 3.9335 ± 0.0004 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | |
Ganymede Jupiter III |
2634.1±0.3 | 0.413 | 76.30 | 0.0704 | 148.2 | 0.0248 | 1.936 | 1.428 | 0.15 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | |
Titan† Saturn VI |
2576±2 (w/o gas) |
0.404 | 71.52 | 0.0660 | 134.5 | 0.0225 | 1.8798 ± 0.0044 | 1.354 | 0.14 | satellite of Saturn | round (HE) | |
Mercury | 2439.7±1.0 | 0.383 | 60.83 | 0.0562 | 330.2 | 0.0553 | 5.427 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | |
Callisto Jupiter IV |
2410.3±1.5 | 0.378 | 58.65 | 0.0541 | 107.6 | 0.018 | 1.8344 ± 0.0034 | 1.23603 | 0.126 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | |
Io Jupiter I |
1821.6±0.5 | 0.286 | 25.32 | 0.0234 | 89.3 | 0.015 | 3.528 ± 0.006 | 1.797 | 0.183 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | |
Moon Earth I |
1737.1 | 0.273 | 21.958 | 0.0203 | 73.5 | 0.0123 | 3.3464 | 1.625 | 0.166 | satellite of Earth | round (HE) | |
Europa Jupiter II |
1560.8±0.5 | 0.245 | 15.93 | 0.0147 | 48 | 0.00803 | 3.013 ± ∂0.005 | 1.316 | 0.134 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | |
Triton† Neptune I |
1353.4±0.9 | 0.212 | 10.38 | 0.0096 | 21.5 | 0.00359 | 2.061 | 0.782 | 0.0797 | satellite of Neptune | round | |
PlutoR 134340 |
1184±10[10] | 0.185 | 7 | 0.0066 | 13.105 | 0.0022 | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 0.61 | 0.062 | dwarf planet—plutino—multiple | round | |
ErisR 136199 |
1163±6[11] | 0.182 | 7 | 0.007 | 16.7[12] | 0.0027 | 2.52 ± 0.05 | 0.662 | 0.0677 | dwarf planet—SDO—binary | round | |
Titania‡ Uranus III |
788.4±0.6 | 0.124 | 2.06 | 0.0019 | 3.526 | 0.00059 | 1.711 ± 0.005 | 0.378 | 0.0385 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
Rhea‡ Saturn V |
763.8±1.0 | 0.12 | 1.87 | 0.0017 | 2.3166 | 0.00039 | 1.236 ± 0.005 | 0.26 | 0.027 | satellite of Saturn | round (HE) | |
Oberon† Uranus IV |
761.4±2.6 | 0.12 | 1.85 | 0.0017 | 3.014 | 0.0005 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 0.347 | 0.035 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
Iapetus† Saturn VIII |
734.5±2.8 | 0.113 | 1.55 | 0.0014 | 1.9739 | 0.00033 | 1.088 ± 0.013 | 0.223 | 0.0227 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | |
MakemakeR 136472 |
715±7 | 1.7 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | dwarf planet—cubewano | round | |||||||
2007 OR10 225088 |
640±105[13] | 0.1 | 1.0981 | 0.00101 | resonant KBO (3:10) | unknown | ||||||
HaumeaR 136108 |
620+34 −29 |
0.117 | 1.3–1.6 | 0.001 | 4.006 | 0.00069 | 2.55[14] | 0.44 | 0.045 | dwarf planet—resonant KBO (7:12)—trinary | round (scalene ellipsoid) | |
Charon† Pluto I |
603.5±1.5 | 0.095 | 0.87 | 0.0008 | 1.52 | 0.00025 | 1.65 ± 0.06 | 0.279 | 0.028 | satellite of Pluto | round | |
Umbriel† Uranus II |
584.7±2.8 | 0.092 | 0.84 | 0.0008 | 1.2 | 0.00020 | 1.39 ± 0.16 | 0.234 | 0.024 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
Ariel ‡ Uranus I |
578.9±0.6 | 0.091 | 0.81 | 0.0008 | 1.35 | 0.00022 | 1.66 ± 0.15 | 0.269 | 0.027 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
Dione† Saturn IV |
561.4±0.4 | 0.088 | 0.73 | 0.0007 | 1.096 | 0.000183 | 1.478 ± 0.003 | 0.232 | 0.0236 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | |
Quaoar 50000 |
555±3 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0003 | 2.2 ± 0.4[15] | 0.125 | cubewano—binary | unknown | |||||
Tethys‡ Saturn III |
531.1±0.6 | 0.083 | 0.624 | 0.0006 | 0.6173 | 0.000103 | 0.984 ± 0.003[16] | 0.145 | 0.015 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | |
SednaRA 90377 |
500±80 | 0.08 | sednoid[17] | unknown | ||||||||
Ceres‡ 1 |
476.2±1.7[18] | 0.076 | 0.437 | 0.0004 | 0.95 | 0.000159 | 2.077 ± 0.036 | 0.27 | 0.0275 | dwarf planet—belt asteroid | round | |
2002 MS4 307261 |
467±24 | 0.07 | cubewano[17] | unknown | ||||||||
OrcusR 90482 |
458±13 | 0.07 | 2.47[19] | plutino—binary | unknown | |||||||
Salacia 120347 |
425±23 | 0.07 | 0.45 ± ? | 1.16+0.59 −0.36[20] |
cubewano—binary | unknown |
Objects between ≈400 and ≈200 km in radius
Most objects in this size range are expected to be round. All the satellites except Proteus are round, though those that have their shapes carefully measured are not in technical hydrostatic equilibrium (HE). The asteroid 10 Hygiea is not, and 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta are borderline. Like the satellites, TNOs in this size range are expected to be round, assuming the estimated size is correct.
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1021 kg (Yg) |
Density g/cm3 |
Type of object | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 AW197R 55565 |
380±20 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2013 FY27 | Expression error: Unexpected < operator | SDO | unknown | |||
2003 AZ84R 208996 |
360±30 | plutino—binary | unknown | |||
2002 UX25R 55637 |
350±10 | 0.82[21] | cubewano—binary | unknown | ||
Varda9 174567 |
350±40 | cubewano—binary | unknown | |||
2004 GV9R 90568 |
340±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
Dysnomia Eris I |
340±30 | satellite of Eris | unknown | |||
2005 RN439 145452 |
340±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
Varuna* 20000 |
334[22] | 0.37 | 0.992[14] | cubewano | unknown | |
IxionR 28978 |
325+130 −110 |
plutino | unknown | |||
2007 JJ43 278361 |
ca. 300 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2007 UK1269 229762 |
300±40 | SDO | unknown | |||
Chaos 19521 |
300±70 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 KZ39 | ca. 300 | cubewano[23] | unknown | |||
2012 VP113 | ca. 300 | sednoid | unknown | |||
2010 RF43 | ca. 300 | SDO | unknown | |||
2005 RM439 145451 |
ca. 300 | SDO | unknown | |||
2001 UR1639 42301 |
ca. 300 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2002 TC302 84522 |
290±50 | resonant KBO (2:5) | unknown | |||
2003 UZ4139 | ca. 280 | plutino | unknown | |||
2008 ST291 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
2010 RE64 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
2010 FX86 | ca. 280 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2002 XV93 | 280±10 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2006 QH1819 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
Pallas$ 2 |
270±10 | 0.211 | 2.8[24] | belt asteroid | uncertain | |
2014 UM33 | ca. 270 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2004 XR190 | ca. 270 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
Vesta$ 4 |
262.7±0.1[25] | 0.259076±0.000001 | 3.456[25] | belt asteroid | formerly round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape and large impact basins)[26][27] | |
2003 VS2 84922 |
260±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2004 TY364* 120348 |
ca. 260 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 VK201 | ca. 260 | cubewano[17] | unknown | |||
2003 QX113 | ca. 250 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
Enceladus‡ Saturn II |
252.1±0.2 | 0.1080±0.0001 | 1.609±0.005 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape) | |
2005 UQ5139 202421 |
250±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 TY53 | unknown | extended centaur[17] | unknown | |||
2011 GM27 | unknown | SDO | unknown | |||
2006 HH123 | unknown | unknown | unknown | |||
2010 TJ | unknown | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2010 VZ98 | unknown | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2011 FW62 | unknown | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 EK139 | 240±70 | SDO | unknown | |||
Miranda‡ Uranus V |
235.8±0.7 | 0.0659±0.0075 | 1.20±0.15 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
2005 TB190 145480 |
230±30 | detached object[17] | unknown | |||
1999 DE9 26375 |
230±20 | resonant KBO (2:5) | unknown | |||
2003 FY128 120132 |
230±10 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
HuyaR 38628 |
229±5 | plutino | unknown | |||
2002 KX149 119951 |
unknown | cubewano | unknown | |||
2002 VR128 84719 |
220±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2002 WC19 119979 |
unknown | twotino—binary | unknown | |||
Hygiea$ 10 |
215±4 | belt asteroid | irregular | |||
Proteus ‡ Neptune VIII (8) |
210±7 | 0.044 | 1.3[28] | satellite of Neptune | irregular | |
2005 QU1829 303775 |
210±40 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2004 NT33 | 210±40 | cubewano[17] | unknown | |||
1999 CD158 | ca. 210 | resonant KBO (4:7) | unknown | |||
2004 PF115 175113 |
203±43 | plutino | unknown | |||
1998 SN165* 35671 |
200±20 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2001 QF298 | 200±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2000 YW134* 82075 |
ca. 200 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
1996 GQ21* 26181 |
ca. 200 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
Selected objects between 200 and 100 km in radius
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Haumea |
Objects between 200 and 100 km in radius (400 and 200 km in diameter). The largest of these may lie above the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium, but most are irregular. Most of the trans-Neptunian objects listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have "assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09" since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments. Mass switches from 1021 kg to 1018 kg (Zg). Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).[29] This list is not complete, missing many poorly known TNOs.[17]
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1018 kg (Zg) |
Type of object | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimas‡ Saturn I |
198.2±0.4 | 37.49±0.03 | satellite of Saturn | round (smallest known body currently known to have an ellipsoidal shape, but not in hydrostatic equilibrium) | |
Hiʻiaka Haumea I |
195[30] | 20 | satellite of Haumea | unknown | |
Vanth Orcus I |
190±50[19] | satellite of Orcus | unknown | ||
Ilmarë Varda I |
180±20 | satellite of Varda | unknown | ||
1996 TL66 15874 |
170±10 | SDO | unknown | ||
Nereid Neptune II |
170±30 | satellite of Neptune | irregular | ||
2004 XA192 230965 |
170±60 | SDO | unknown | ||
2001 FP185 82158 |
166±28 | SDO | unknown | ||
Interamnia M 704 |
163±1 | 37 | belt asteroid—F-type | irregular | |
Europa$ 52 |
158±4 | 16.5 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular[31] | |
1995 SN55 | ca. 150 | Lost—centaur or transient TNO | unknown | ||
Davida$ 511 |
145±10 | 43.8 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular | |
Sylvia$ 87 |
143±5 | 14.78 | belt asteroid (outer)—X-type—trinary | irregular[31] | |
Actaea Salacia I |
140±10 | satellite of 120347 Salacia | unknown | ||
Cybele$ 65 |
136±6 | 17.8 | belt asteroid (outer)—C-type | irregular | |
Juno$ 3 |
136±11[32] | 26.7 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Hyperion Saturn VII |
135±4 | 5.58 | satellite of Saturn | irregular | |
Eunomia$ 15 |
134±7 | 31.2 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Camilla$ 107 |
129±7 | 11.2 | belt asteroid (outer)—C-type—binary | irregular[33] | |
EuphrosyneM 31 |
128±3 | 6.23 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular | |
Psyche$ 16 |
127±2 | 21.9 | belt asteroid—M-type | irregular | |
2005 RR43 145453 |
Expression error: Unexpected < operator[34] | cubewano—Haumea family | unknown | ||
Chariklo 10199 |
124±9 | centaur | unknown—has rings | ||
2007 RW10 309239 |
124±15 | TNO—quasi-satellite of Neptune | unknown | ||
Sila9 79360 |
125±50 | 11 | cubewano—binary (Nunam) | unknown | |
BambergaM 324 |
117±4 | 10 | belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Patientia 451 |
117±5 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
2001 QC298 | 117+11 −12[35] |
11.88±0.14 (system)[35] | hot classical—binary | unknown | |
Chiron* 2060 95P/Chiron |
116±7 | centaur | unknown—has rings | ||
Thisbe $ 88 |
113±6 | 10.5 M | belt asteroid—B-type | irregular[33] | |
Hektor 624 |
113±8 | 10 | Jupiter trojan (L4)—binary | irregular | |
Ceto 65489 |
112±10 | 5.4[36] | extended centaur—binary | unknown | |
Herculina 532 |
111±2 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | ||
Doris 48 |
111±4 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
Nunam 79360 |
110±50 | satellite of Sila | unknown | ||
EugeniaM 45 |
107 ± 2 | 5.69 | belt asteroid—F-type—trinary | irregular[31] | |
Phoebe $ Saturn IX |
106.5±0.7 | 8.29±0.01 | satellite of Saturn | formerly round[37] | |
Amphitrite$ 29 |
106±3 | 11.8 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Bienor 54598 |
105±15 | centaur | unknown | ||
Deucalion 53311 |
ca. 105 | cubewano | unknown | ||
Diotima 423 |
104±3 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular[38] | ||
EgeriaM 13 |
104±4 | 16.3 | belt asteroid—G-type | irregular | |
Fortuna $ 19 |
104±6 | 12.7 | belt asteroid—G-type | irregular | |
Aurora 94 |
102±2 | belt asteroid | irregular[39] | ||
Iris$ 7 |
100±5 | 13.6 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular | |
Daphne 41 |
100±5 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
Themis M 24 |
100±10 | 11.3 | belt asteroid—C-type—Themis family |
Selected objects between 100 and 50 km in radius
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Haumea |
Objects 100 and 50 km in radius (200 km to 100 km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range, but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, such as those included in the following reference.[17] Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1018 kg (Zg) |
Type of object/Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alauda 702 |
97±2 | 6.05 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type—binary | |
Larissa Neptune VII (7) |
97±3 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
Ursula 375 |
96±2 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
2001 QC298 I | 96+9 −10[35] |
satellite of 2001 QC298 | ||
HermioneM 121 |
95 km[40] | 5.38 | Outer main-belt asteroid—C-type—binary | |
Palma 372 |
96±2 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Metis$ 9 |
95 ± ?? | 11.3 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Nemesis 128 |
92±3 | 7 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Hebe $ 6 |
93 ± ?? | 12.8 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Pholus 5145 |
92±8 | 6.6 | Centaur | |
Bertha 154 |
93±1 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Freia 76 |
92±2 | 6.5 | Outer main-belt asteroid—Cybele | |
ElektraM 130 |
91±6 | 6.6 | Main-belt Asteroid—G-type—binary | |
Rhadamanthus 38083 |
40–140 | Kuiper belt object | ||
Janus$ Saturn X (10) |
89.5±1.4 | 1.912 | Satellite of Saturn | |
Aletheia 259 |
95±3 | 5.97 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Galatea Neptune VI (6) |
88±4 | 2.12 | Satellite of Neptune | |
Teharonhiawako 88611 |
80 ± ?? | Trans-Neptunian object—cubewano—binary | ||
Typhon 42355 |
81±4 | Trans-Neptunian object—binary | ||
Lachesis 120 |
87 ± ?? | 5.5 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Winchester 747 |
85±3 | Main-belt Asteroid | ||
Hilda 153 |
85 ± ?? | 5.2 | Main-belt asteroid—Hildas | |
Himalia M Jupiter VI (6) |
85 ± ?? | 4.19 [41] | Satellite of Jupiter—Himalia group | |
Namaka Haumea II |
assumed ca. 85 | 2 | Satellite of Haumea | |
Puck Uranus XV (15) |
81±2[42] | Satellite of Uranus | ||
Aegle 96 |
84 ± 3 | 5.1 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Germania 241 |
89 ± 4 | 5.05 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Prokne 194 |
85 ± 3 | 5 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Stereoskopia 566 |
84[43] | Outer main-belt asteroid—Cybele | ||
Amalthea Jupiter V (5) |
84±2 | 2.08 ± 0.15 | Satellite of Jupiter$ | |
Agamemnon 911 |
83 ± ?? | Jupiter trojan | ||
Kalliope 22 |
90 ± 2 | 8.09M | Main-belt asteroid—M-type—binary | |
Borasisi 66652 |
70–90? | Trans-Neptunian object—cubewano—binary | ||
Siegena 386 |
85 ± 4 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Elpis 59 |
82 ± 3 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Diomedes 1437 |
82 ± 2 | 4.6 | Jupiter trojan | |
GyptisM 444 |
82 ± 5 | 12.5 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Aspasia 409 |
88 ± 2 | 4.42 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Dioretsa 20461 |
unknown | Centaur[44]—Damocloid | ||
Dido 209 |
70 ± 5 | 4.28 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Chicago 334 |
84 ± 4 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Hispania 804 |
74 ± 2 | 9.95 | Main-belt asteroid—P-type | |
Eunike 185 |
80 ± 3 | 4.09 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Juewa 139 |
81 ± 4 | 4 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Io 85 |
80 ± ?? | 3.4 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Loreley 165 |
82 ± 4 | 3.91 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Pretoria 790 |
80.49[34] | Outer main-belt asteroid—Cybele | ||
Ino 173 |
80 ± 3 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Altjira 9 148780 |
60–100 | Trans-Neptunian object—cubewano | ||
Eleonora 354 |
77 ± 3 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Laetitia 39 |
76.9[34] | 3.5 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Irene 14 |
76 ± ?? | 8.2 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Julia 89 |
74 ± 4 | 3.6 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Merapi 536 |
76 ± 2 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Berbericia 776 |
76 ± 2 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Adeona 145 |
75 ± 3 | 3.6 | Main-belt asteroid—Adena | |
Nuwa 150 |
73 ± 5 | 3.62 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Despina Neptune V (5) |
75±3 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
Sycorax Uranus XVII (17) |
75 (assumed) | 2.3 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Manwë 385446 |
ca. 75 | Resonant KBO (4:7) | ||
Pales M 49 |
74.9[45] | 2.69 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
S/2007 (148780) 1 Altjira I |
50–90 | Secondary of 148780 Altjira | ||
Lomia 117 |
ca. 70 | 3.4 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Hypatia 238 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Sibylla 168 |
ca. 70 | 3.42 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
EmmaM 283 |
ca. 70 | 1.38 | Main-belt asteroid—binary | |
Nemausa 51 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Dione 106 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—G-type | ||
Meliboea 137 |
ca. 70 | 3.2 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Massalia$ 20 |
ca. 70 | 5.67 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Isolda 211 |
ca. 70 | 3.07 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Äneas 1172 |
ca. 70 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Vibilia 144 |
ca. 70 | 3 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Princetonia 508 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Helio 895 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—B-type | ||
Bononia 361 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—D-type | ||
Bertholda 420 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—P-type | ||
Minerva 93 |
ca. 70 | 2.9 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type—trinary | |
Patroclus 617 |
ca. 70 | Jupiter trojan—binary | ||
Polyxo 308 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—T-type | ||
Melpomene 18 |
ca. 70 | 3 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Adorea 268 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Dembowska 349 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—R-type | ||
Comacina 489 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Hesperia 69 |
ca. 70 | 2.76 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
Alexandra 54 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Pulcova 762 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type—binary | ||
Pabu Borasisi I |
ca. 70 | Secondary of 66652 Borasisi | ||
Philomela 196 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Medea 212 |
ca. 70 | 2.64 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Arethusa 95 |
ca. 70 | 2.6 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Portia Uranus XII (12) |
68±4 | 1.7 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Achilles 588 |
ca. 70 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Wratislavia 690 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Ate 111 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Eukrate 247 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Erminia 705 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Papagena 471 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Phorcys Ceto I |
86±5 | 1.67[36] | Satellite of 65489 Ceto | |
Protogeneia 147 |
ca. 70 | 2.5 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Menoetius Patroclus I |
ca. 70 | Secondary of 617 Patroclus | ||
Desiderata 344 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Lucina 146 |
ca. 70 | 2.4 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Lumen 141 |
ca. 70 | 1.6 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Liguria 356 |
ca. 70 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Parthenope 11 |
ca. 70 | 6.15M | Main-belt asteroid | |
Lamberta 187 |
ca. 70 | 2.37 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Aurelia 419 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—F-type | ||
Dynamene 200 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Flora 8 |
ca. 60 | 8.47 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type—Flora | |
Boliviana 712 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—X-type | ||
Zelinda 654 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Hippo 426 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Aglaja 47 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Thule 279 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—D-type | ||
Undina 92 |
ca. 60 | 2.1 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
Anchises 1173 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Odysseus 1143 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | ||
Argentina 469 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—Cybele | ||
Aemilia 159 |
ca. 60 | 1.4 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Thia 405 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Marianna 602 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Hestia 46 |
ca. 60 | 3.5[46]–21[47] | Main-belt asteroid | |
Kleopatra 216 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type—trinary | ||
Klymene 104 |
ca. 60 | 2 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Chloris 410 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Sophrosyne 134 |
ca. 60 | 2 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Gudrun 328 |
ca. 60 | 1.94 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Deiphobus 1867 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Leto 68 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Panopaea 70 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Sawiskera Teharonhiawako I |
ca. 60 | Secondary of 88611 Teharonhiawako | ||
Johanna 127 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Adelheid 276 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Iduna 176 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—G-type | ||
Xanthippe 156 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Bellona 28 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Semele 86 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Diana 78 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Myrrha 381 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type— | ||
Henrietta 225 |
ca. 60 | 1.83 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type—Cybele | |
Elfriede 618 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type— | ||
Artemis 105 |
ca. 60 | 1.8 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Terpsichore 81 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Astraea 5 |
ca. 60 | 2.9 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Galatea 74 |
ca. 60 | 1.8 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Ornamenta 350 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Tanete 772 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Hedwig 476 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Freda 1093 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Ophelia 171 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type—Themis | ||
Ulla 909 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Paris 3317 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Pompeja 203 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Makhaon 3063 |
ca. 60 | 1.6 | Jupiter trojan | |
2006 SQ372 308933 |
ca. 60 | TNO | ||
Leda 38 |
ca. 60 | 1.6 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Carlova 360 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid— | ||
Brixia 521 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid— | ||
Veritas 490 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—Veritas | ||
Tisiphone 466 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Kalypso 53 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Alcathous 2241 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Charybdis 388 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Circe 34 |
ca. 60 | 1.5 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Epimetheus Saturn XI (11) |
58±2 | 0.5304[48] | Satellite of Saturn$ | |
Scheila 596 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Melete 56 |
ca. 60 | 1.5 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Antigone 129 |
ca. 60 | 2 | Main-belt asteroid—nickel–iron | |
Victoria 12 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Mnemosyne 57 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Messalina 545 |
ca. 60 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Teucer 2797 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | ||
Automedon 2920 |
ca. 60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | ||
Aegina 91 |
ca. 50 | 1.4 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Siwa 140 |
ca. 50 | 1.4 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Tauris 814 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Polyxena 595 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Athamantis 230 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Nestor 659 |
ca. 50 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Fides 37 |
ca. 50 | 1.3 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Armida 514 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Thalia 23 |
ca. 50 | 1.3 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Mandeville 739 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—X-type | ||
Harmonia 40 |
ca. 50 | 1.3 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Eucharis 181 |
ca. 50 | 1.2 | Main-belt asteroid—K-type | |
Hermentaria 346 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Ninina 357 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Marion 506 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Corduba 365 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Atalante 36 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Luscinia 713 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Rollandia 1269 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Eva 164 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Ianthe 98 |
ca. 50 | 1.2 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Vanadis 240 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Eos 221 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—K-type | ||
Hohensteina 788 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Ani 791 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Troilus 1208 |
ca. 50 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Nausikaa 192 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Ausonia 63 |
ca. 50 | 1.1 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Leukothea 35 |
ca. 50 | 1.1 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Kythera 570 |
ca. 50 | Main belt asteroid | ||
Asterope 233 |
ca. 50 | Main belt asteroid—T-type | ||
Euforbo 4063 |
ca. 50 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Antilochus 1583 |
ca. 50 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Abastumani 1390 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Helga 522 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—Cybele | ||
Andromache 175 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Kolga 191 |
ca. 50 | 1.08 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Gerlinde 663 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Notburga 626 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Aquitania 387 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Isis 42 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
Urania 30 |
ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type |
Examples of objects between 50 km and 20 km in radius
There are easily tens of thousands of objects 50 km in radius or smaller, but only a fraction have been explored. The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures. The table switches from ×1018 kg to ×1015 kg (Eg), and many of these mass values are assumed. (See also: List of minor planets.)
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Pluto |
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1015 kg (Eg) |
Type of object |
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Virginia | ca. 50 | Asteroid | ||
114 Kassandra | ca. 50 | 1000 | Main-belt asteroid—T-type | |
1021 Flammario | ca. 50 | Asteroid | ||
162 Laurentia | ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
401 Ottilia | ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Thebe Jupiter XIV (14) |
ca. 50 | Satellite of Jupiter | ||
148 Gallia | ca. 50 | 980 | Main-belt asteroid—R-type | |
404 Arsinoe | ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
27 Euterpe | ca. 50 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
773 Irmintraud | ca. 50 | Asteroid—D-type | ||
21 Lutetia | ca. 50 | 1700 [49] | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
62 Erato | ca. 50 | 910 | Main-belt asteroid—Themis | |
26 Proserpina | ca. 45 | 900 | Asteroid | |
345 Tercidina | ca. 45 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Juliet Uranus XI |
ca. 45 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
58 Concordia | ca. 45 | 850 | Asteroid | |
229 Adelinda | ca. 45 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | ||
379 Huenna | ca. 45 | 480 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
Nix Pluto II |
ca. 45 | 70 | Satellite of Pluto | |
103 Hera | ca. 45 | 790 | Asteroid | |
17 Thetis | ca. 45 | 1200 | Asteroid | |
143 Adria | ca. 45 | 760 | Main-belt asteroid | |
109 Felicitas | ca. 45 | 750 | Asteroid | |
100 Hekate | ca. 45 | 1000 | Asteroid | |
90 Antiope A | ca. 45 | 410 | Asteroid—C-type—binary | |
227 Philosophia | ca. 45 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
Prometheus $ Saturn XVI (16) |
ca. 45 | 156.6 | Satellite of Saturn | |
110 Lydia | ca. 45 | 670 | Asteroid | |
Elara Jupiter VII |
ca. 45 | Satellite of Jupiter—Himalia group | ||
72 Feronia | ca. 45 | 670 | Asteroid | |
Thorondor Manwë I |
ca. 40 | Satellite of Manwë | ||
60558 Echeclus 174P/Echeclus |
ca. 40 | Centaur[50] | ||
S/2000 (90) 1 | ca. 40 | Asteroid moon of 90 Antiope | ||
71 Niobe | ca. 40 | 610 | Asteroid | |
102 Miriam | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
97 Klotho | ca. 40 | 590 | Asteroid | |
61 Danae | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
Thalassa Neptune IV |
ca. 40 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
122 Gerda | ca. 40 | 570 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
Pandora$ Saturn XVII (17) |
ca. 40 | 135.6 | Satellite of Saturn | |
83 Beatrix | ca. 40 | 560 | Main-belt asteroid—X-type | |
32 Pomona | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
Belinda Uranus XIV (14) |
ca. 40 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
115 Thyra | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
Cressida Uranus IX |
ca. 40 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
135 Hertha | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
84 Klio | ca. 40 | 520 | Asteroid | |
80 Sappho | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
Echidna Typhon I |
44±3 | Satellite of 42355 Typhon | ||
1001 Gaussia | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
58534 Logos | ca. 40 | 270 | Kuiper belt object—cubewano—binary | |
124 Alkeste | ca. 40 | 470 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
55576 Amycus | ca. 40 | Centaur | ||
25 Phocaea | ca. 40 | Asteroid | ||
Weywot Quaoar I |
ca. 35 | Satellite of Quaoar | ||
8405 Asbolus | ca. 35 | Centaur | ||
112 Iphigenia | ca. 35 | Asteroid | ||
Hydra Pluto III |
ca. 35 | Satellite of Pluto | ||
Rosalind* Uranus XIII (13) |
ca. 35 | 250 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Caliban Uranus XVI (16) |
ca. 35 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
99 Dike | ca. 35 | 390 | Asteroid | |
66 Maja | ca. 35 | Asteroid | ||
116 Sirona | ca. 35 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
44 Nysa | ca. 35 | 370 | Main-belt asteroid—E-type | |
10370 Hylonome | ca. 35 | Centaur | ||
77 Frigga | ca. 35 | 350 | Asteroid | |
55 Pandora | ca. 35 | Asteroid | ||
133 Cyrene | ca. 35 | 310 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
79 Eurynome | ca. 35 | Asteroid | ||
Zoe Logos I |
ca. 35 | Satellite of 58534 Logos | ||
Naiad Neptune III |
ca. 35 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
43 Ariadne | ca. 35 | Asteroid | ||
101 Helena | ca. 35 | 300 | Asteroid | |
108 Hecuba | ca. 30 | 390 | Asteroid | |
Desdemona Uranus X |
ca. 30 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
Halimede* Neptune IX |
ca. 30 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
52975 Cyllarus | ca. 30 | Centaur | ||
82 Alkmene | ca. 30 | Asteroid | ||
60 Echo | ca. 30 | Asteroid | ||
Crantor 83982 |
ca. 30 | Centaur | ||
Comet Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1 |
ca. 30 | Comet | ||
Pasiphae* Jupiter VIII |
ca. 30 | Satellite of Jupiter | ||
7066 Nessus | ca. 30 | Centaur | ||
Neso Neptune XIII (13) |
ca. 30 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
64 Angelina | ca. 30 | Main-belt asteroid—E-type | ||
67 Asia | ca. 30 | Asteroid | ||
119 Althaea | ca. 30 | 200 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
75 Eurydike | ca. 30 | 180 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
142 Polana | ca. 30 | 180 | Main-belt asteroid—F-type | |
253 Mathilde$ | 26.4 | 103.3 | Main-belt asteroid—C-type | |
52872 Okyrhoe | ca. 25 | Centaur | ||
Bianca Uranus VIII |
ca. 25 | 92 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Prospero Uranus XVIII (18) |
ca. 25 | 85 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Setebos Uranus XIX (19) |
ca. 25 | 75 | Satellite of Uranus | |
123 Brunhild | ca. 25 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
4348 Poulydamas | ca. 25 | Asteroid—Jupiter Trojan | ||
1000 Piazzia | ca. 25 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
113 Amalthea | ca. 25 | 100 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Carme* Jupiter XI |
ca. 25 | 130 | Satellite of Jupiter—Carme group | |
138 Tolosa | ca. 25 | 99 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | |
126 Velleda | ca. 20 | 94 | Main-belt asteroid | |
73 Klytia | ca. 20 | 92 | Asteroid | |
Sao Neptune XI (11) |
ca. 20 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
125 Liberatrix | ca. 20 | 87 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
Metis Jupiter XVI (16) |
ca. 20 | 36 | Satellite of Jupiter | |
132 Aethra | ca. 20 | 82 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
Ophelia* Uranus VII |
ca. 20 | 53 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Laomedeia Neptune XII (12) |
ca. 20 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
118 Peitho | ca. 20 | 76 | Main-belt asteroid | |
208 Lacrimosa | ca. 20 | 73.9 | Main-belt asteroid—Koronis—S-type | |
136 Austria | ca. 20 | 68 | Main-belt asteroid—M-type | |
131 Vala | ca. 20 | 69 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Cordelia* Uranus VI |
ca. 20 | 44 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Siarnaq Saturn XXIX (29) |
ca. 20 | Satellite of Saturn |
Examples of objects between 20 km and 1 km in radius
Satellites of Mars |
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Pluto |
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1015 kg (Eg) |
Type of object |
---|---|---|---|---|
167 Urda | ca. 20 | 66.7 | Main-belt asteroid—Koronis—S-type | |
Hidalgo 944 |
ca. 20 | Centaur | ||
Sinope* Jupiter IX |
ca. 20 | 76 | Satellite of Jupiter | |
Psamathe* Neptune X |
ca. 20 | 37 | Satellite of Neptune | |
29P/Schwassmann– Wachmann |
ca. 20 | Comet—centaur | ||
Lysithea* Jupiter X |
ca. 20 | 63 | Satellite of Jupiter—Himalia group | |
158 Koronis | ca. 20 | Main-belt asteroid—Koronis—S-type | ||
Helene Saturn XII (12) Dione B |
17.6±0.4 km [51] | 25 | Satellite of Saturn—Dione trojan | |
226 Weringia | ca. 15 | Main-belt asteroid—S-type | ||
433 Eros$ | ca. 15 | 66.9 | Near-Earth asteroid—Amor | |
Stephano Uranus XX (20) |
ca. 15 | 22 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Albiorix Saturn XXVI (26) |
ca. 15 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
1036 Ganymed | ca. 15 | 33 | Near-Earth asteroid | |
1815 Beethoven | ca. 15 | Main-belt asteroid | ||
243 Ida | 15.7[52] | 42 | Main-belt asteroid—Koronis—S-type—binary | |
1655 Comas Solà | 15.3±1.1[53] | Belt asteroid—B-type | ||
Atlas$ Saturn XV (15) |
15.1±0.9 km [51] | 66 | Satellite of Saturn | |
31824 Elatus | ca. 15 | Centaur | ||
Perdita Uranus XXV (25) |
ca. 15 | 13 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Pan$ Saturn XVIII (18) |
14.1±1.3 km[54] | 4.95[55] | Satellite of Saturn | |
Linus Kalliope I |
ca. 15 | 60[56] | Moon of 22 Kalliope | |
Ananke Jupiter XII (12) |
ca. 15 | 38.2 | Satellite of Jupiter | |
Telesto Saturn XIII (13) or Tethys B |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Saturn—Tethys trojan | ||
Phobos$ Mars I |
11.267 | 10.7 | Satellite of Mars | |
Paaliaq Saturn XX (20) |
ca. 10 | 8.2 | Satellite of Saturn | |
Francisco Uranus XXII (22) |
ca. 10 | 7.2 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Calypso Saturn XIV (14) or Tethys C |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Saturn—Tethys trojan | ||
Leda Jupiter XIII (13) |
ca. 10 | 11 | Satellite of Jupiter—Himalia group | |
Ferdinand Uranus XXIV (24) |
ca. 10 | 5.4 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Margaret Uranus XXIII (23) |
ca. 10 | 5.4 | Satellite of Uranus | |
149 Medusa | ca. 10 | 8 | Main-belt asteroid | |
Romulus Sylvia I |
ca. 10 | 4 | Moon of 87 Sylvia | |
Ymir Saturn XIX (19) |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
Trinculo Uranus XXI (21) |
ca. 10 | 3.9 | Satellite of Uranus | |
Cupid Uranus XXVII (27) |
ca. 10 | 3.8 | Satellite of Uranus | |
S/2004 N 1 | ca. 10 | Satellite of Neptune | ||
2002 Euler | ca. 10 | 5.5 | Asteroid | |
Adrastea Jupiter XV (15) |
ca. 10 | 2 | Satellite of Jupiter | |
Kiviuq Saturn XXIV (24) |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
2000 Herschel | ca. 10 | Main-belt asteroid[57] | ||
Tarvos Saturn XXI (21) |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
S/2006 (624) 1 Hektor I |
ca. 10 | Moon of 624 Hektor | ||
2685 Masursky | ca. 10 | 5–11 | Asteroid | |
Comet Comas Solà | Expression error: Unexpected < operator[58] | Jupiter-family comet | ||
(65407) 2002 RP120 | ca. 5 | 3.1 | Damocloid (retrograde) & possible ejected SDO | |
Bestla Saturn XXXIX (39) |
ca. 5 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
Kerberos Pluto IV |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Pluto | ||
Petit-Prince Eugenia I |
ca. 5 | 1.2 | Moon of 45 Eugenia | |
Deimos$ Mars II |
ca. 5 | 1.48 | Satellite of Mars | |
951 Gaspra | 6.1 ± 0.4 [59] | 2–3 | Asteroid | |
Ijiraq Saturn XXII (22) |
ca. 5 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
S/2002 (121) 1 Hermione I |
ca. 5 | 1.6 | Moon of 121 Hermione | |
Halley's Comet | ca. 5 | 0.03[60] | Comet | |
S/2001 (107) 1 Camilla I |
ca. 5 | 1.5 | Moon of 107 Camilla | |
Styx Pluto V |
ca. 10 | Satellite of Pluto | ||
Mab Uranus XXVI (26) |
ca. 5 | Satellite of Uranus | ||
Erriapus Saturn XXVIII (28) |
ca. 5 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
26858 Misterrogers | ca. 5 | Asteroid | ||
Callirrhoe Jupiter XVII (17) |
ca. 5 | Satellite of Jupiter | ||
Themisto Jupiter XVIII (18) |
ca. 5 | 0.69 | Satellite of Jupiter | |
Daphnis Saturn XXXV (35) |
3.9±0.8 | 0.084[55] | Satellite of Saturn | |
Remus Sylvia II |
ca. 5 | 0.2 | Moon of 87 Sylvia | |
S/2003 (379) 1 Huenna I |
ca. 5 | Moon of 379 Huenna | ||
9P/Tempel | 2.8[61] | 0.075 | Comet | |
S/2003 (130) 1 Elektra I |
ca. 5 | 0.4 | Moon of 130 Elektra | |
S/2004 (45) 1 Eugenia II |
ca. 5 | Moon of 45 Eugenia | ||
118401 LINEAR | ca. 5 | 0.23 | Main-belt comet | |
4179 Toutatis | ca. 5 | 0.05 | Near-Earth asteroid | |
2867 Šteins | 2.65 km[62] | Asteroid—E-type | ||
3200 Phaethon | ca. 5 | 0.14 | Asteroid—Apollo—B-type | |
3753 Cruithne | < 5 | .13 | Asteroid & quasi-satellite of Earth | |
5535 Annefrank | < 5 | Asteroid | ||
19P/Borrelly | 2.4[63] | Comet (Jupiter family) | ||
2P/Encke | < 5 | Comet | ||
C/1996 B2 Comet Hyakutake |
< 5 | Comet[64] | ||
81P/Wild Wild 2 |
< 5 | Comet | ||
Pallene Saturn XXXIII (33) |
< 5 | 0.043 | Satellite of Saturn | |
Polydeuces Saturn XXXIV (34) Dione C |
< 5 | 0.03 | Satellite of Saturn—Dione trojan | |
17P/Holmes | < 5 | Comet | ||
Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko | 1.9 | Comet | ||
(53319) 1999 JM8 | 1.75[65] | Asteroid | ||
Methone Saturn XXXII (32) |
1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.019 | Satellite of Saturn | |
(285263) 1998 QE2 | < 5 | Near-Earth asteroid—Binary | ||
4055 Magellan | < 5 | Asteroid—Amor—V-type | ||
9969 Braille | < 5 | Asteroid | ||
132524 APL | < 5 | Asteroid | ||
(6178) 1986 DA | < 5 | 0.002 | Asteroid—Amor—M-type |
Examples of objects below 1 km (1000 m) in radius
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km,[66] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km.
Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures. Mass scale shifts from × 1015 to 1012 kg, which is 1015 grams (Petagram - Pg).
Body | Image | Mean radius (m) |
Mass ×1012 kg |
Type of object |
---|---|---|---|---|
1620 Geographos | 885[67] | 4 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
1862 Apollo | 850 | 5.1 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo—Q-type | |
(214869) 2007 PA8 | ≈800[68] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | ||
100000 Astronautica | ≈800[69] | Inner main-belt asteroid[70] | ||
Dactyl Ida I |
700 | Moon of 243 Ida | ||
1566 Icarus | 700 | 2.9 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo—U-type | |
4769 Castalia | 700[71] | 1.3 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
(137108) 1999 AN10 | 650 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | ||
(29075) 1950 DA | 600 | 3 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
(66391) 1999 KW4 | 600 | 2.33 | Mercury-crosser asteroid—Aten | |
46P/Wirtanen | 600 | Comet | ||
103P/Hartley Hartley 2 |
570±80 | 0.3[72] | Comet | |
3908 Nyx | 520 | 5 | Near-Earth asteroid—Amor—V-type | |
14827 Hypnos | 450[73] | Comet (dormant)[74] | ||
2062 Aten | 450[75] | 0.76 | Near-Earth asteroid—Aten | |
2007 CA19 | 432 | 1.2 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
6489 Golevka | 350[76] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | ||
25143 Itokawa | 346 | 0.0358 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
2004 XP14 | 300 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | ||
(144898) 2004 VD17 | 290 | 3[77] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
Aegaeon Saturn LIII (53) |
250 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
2005 YU55[78] 308635 |
180[79] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo—PHO[80] | ||
4660 Nereus | 165[81] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | ||
(357439) 2004 BL86 | 162.5 | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo—binary | ||
99942 Apophis | 162.5[82] | 0.05[77] | Near-Earth asteroid—Aten—PHO | |
S/2009 S 1 | 150 | Satellite of Saturn | ||
2010 TK7 | 150 | Earth trojan—Apollo | ||
2007 TU24 | 125[83] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo—PHO | ||
2002 JE9 | 100 | NEA—Apollo—PHO | ||
2010 XC15 | 100 | NEA—Apollo—PHO | ||
1994 WR12 | 65[84] | 0.002[77] | Near-Earth asteroid—Aten | |
2009 FD | 65[85] | 0.0028[85] | Near-Earth asteroid—Apollo | |
2008 HJ | [ | 18 [86] | 0.000005 [86] | Near-Earth asteroid & fast rotator (42 s)[86] |
367943 Duende 2012 DA14 |
15 | Near-Earth asteroid | ||
1998 KY26 | 15[87] | Near-Earth asteroid & fast rotator (10 m) |
Currently most of the objects of mass between 109 kg to 1012 kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg)) listed here are near-Earth asteroids. (See also: List of NEAs by distance from Sun.) 1994 WR12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza, 5.9 × 109 kg.
For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid, micrometeoroid, and interplanetary dust cloud. (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)
Surface gravity
The surface gravity at the equator of a body can in most cases be accurately calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation and centrifugal force.
The gravitational acceleration at the equator is given by Newton's law of universal gravitation. The formula that follows from this law is:
where
- ag is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration
- G is the gravitational constant
- m is the mass of the celestial body
- r is the equatorial radius of the celestial body (if this varies significantly, the mean equatorial radius is used)
The magnitude of the outward acceleration due to centrifugal force is given by
where
- T is the rotation period of the celestial body
The surface gravity at the equator is then given by
Notes
- † Using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical
- ‡ Using three radii and assuming body is spheroid
- * Radius is known only very approximately
- R Radius has been determined by various methods, such as optical (Hubble), thermal (Spitzer), or direct imaging via spacecraft
- 9 Unknown radius, generic assumed albedo of 0.09
- $ Well studied asteroid or moon whose dimensions and mass are very well known. Asteroid sizes and masses taken from James Baer's (Bio) personal website.
- M Mass has been determined by perturbation. For asteroids, see James Baer's personal website.
- Note: For many of the well-determined moons, radii were taken from the JPL Solar System Dynamics page.
- O Radius has been determined by an occultation
References
- ↑ Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". CalTech. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ↑ D. T. Britt; G. J. Consol-magno SJ; W. J. Merline (2006). "Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ↑ Williams, Dr. David R. (2007-11-23). "Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ↑ Mike Brown, How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ NASA - Uranus Facts
- ↑ Emilio, M.; Kuhn, J. R.; Bush, R. I.; Scholl, I. F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". The Astrophysical Journal 750 (2): 135. arXiv:1203.4898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135.
- ↑ Exploring the spatial, temporal, and vertical distribution of methane in Pluto's atmosphere
- ↑ "Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts 6. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
- ↑ Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (15 June 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science 316 (5831): 1585. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1585B. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855.
- ↑ Santos-Sanz, P., Lellouch, E., Fornasier, S., Kiss, C., Pal, A., Müller, T. G., Vilenius, E., Stansberry, J., Mommert, M., Delsanti, A., Mueller, M., Peixinho, N., Henry, F., Ortiz, J. L., Thirouin, A., Protopapa, S., Duffard, R., Szalai, N., Lim, T., Ejeta, C., Hartogh, P., Harris, A. W., & Rengel, M. (2012). "TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV - Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Pedro Lacerda and David C. Jewitt - Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves (2006)- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822
- ↑ S. Fornasier, E. Lellouch, T. Müller, P. Santos-Sanz, P. Panuzzo, C. Kiss, T. Lim, M. Mommert, D. Bockelée-Morvan, E. Vilenius, J. Stansberry, G.P. Tozzi, S. Mottola, A. Delsanti, J. Crovisier, R. Duffard, F. Henry, P. Lacerda, A. Barucci, A. Gicquel (2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 μm". v2. arXiv:1305.0449.
- ↑ Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 Wm. Robert Johnston (20 August 2011). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
- ↑ "Ceres". NASA fact sheet. NASA. 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Demeo, F. E.; Thirouin, A.; Berthier, J.; Lacerda, P.; Sicardy, B.; Doressoundiram, A.; Dumas, C.; Farrelly, D.; Müller, T. G. (2011). "Integral-field spectroscopy of (90482) Orcus-Vanth". Astronomy & Astrophysics 534: A115. arXiv:1108.5963. Bibcode:2011A&A...534A.115C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117486.
- ↑ J.A. Stansberry. "Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna". Elsevier. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ↑ M.E. Brown, 2013, "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets"
- ↑ Lorenzi, V.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J. P.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Emery (24 January 2014). "Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ↑ "2010 KZ39". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ Schmidt, B. E. et al. (2008). "Hubble takes a look at Pallas: Shape, size, and surface" (PDF). 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX). Held March 10–14, 2008, in League City, Texas. 1391: 2502. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Russell, C. T.; et al. (2012). "Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm". Science 336 (6082): 684. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1219381.
- ↑ Fu, R. R.; Hager, B. H.; Ermakov, A.I.; Zuber, M.T. (2013). "Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact-Driven Despinning" (PDF). 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2115.
- ↑ Asmar, S. W.; Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). "The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2600.
- ↑ "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2006-07-13. Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ↑ "JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ↑ Dumas, C.; Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Merlin, F. (2011). "High-contrast observations of (136108) Haumea". Astronomy & Astrophysics 528: A105. arXiv:1101.2102. Bibcode:2011A&A...528A.105D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015011.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 M. Kaasalainen (2002). "Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data" (PDF). Icarus 159 (2): 369. Bibcode:2002Icar..159..369K. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6907. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ↑
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 J. Torppa et al. (2003). "Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data" (PDF). Icarus 164 (2): 346. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..346T. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Carry, Benoit; Snodgrass, Colin; Lacerda, Pedro; Hainaut, Olivier; Dumas, Christophe (16 July 2012). "Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family: II. Follow-up observations" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics (EDP Sciences) 544. arXiv:1207.6491. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A.137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219044. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Grundy, W.M.; Stansberry, J.A.; Noll K.S.; Stephens, D.C. et al. (2007). "The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur". Icarus. arXiv:0704.1523. Bibcode:2007Icar..191..286G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004.
- ↑ JPL/NASA, 2012 Apr 26. Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities
- ↑ Durech., J.; Kaasalainen, M., Marciniak, A.; et al., "Physical models of ten asteroids from an observers' collaboration network", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 465, Issue 1, April I 2007, pp. 331-337
- ↑ [Planetary occultations: 2001 results|http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora]
- ↑ F. Marchis et al. (2006). "Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey". Icarus 185 (1): 39–63. Bibcode:2006Icar..185...39M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.001. PMC 2600456. PMID 19081813.
- ↑ Emelyanov, N.V.; Archinal, B. A.; A’hearn, M. F. et al. (2005). "The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): L33–L36. Bibcode:2005A&A...438L..33E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500143.
- ↑ Karkoschka, Erich (2001). "Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites". Icarus 151 (1): 69–77. Bibcode:2001Icar..151...69K. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6597.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 566 Stereoskopia (1905 QO)" (2010-06-24 last obs). Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 20461 Dioretsa
- ↑ Tedesco et al. (2004). "Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS)". IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Planetary Data System. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ↑ Michalak, G. (2001). "Determination of asteroid masses". Astronomy & Astrophysics 374 (2): 703–711. Bibcode:2001A&A...374..703M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010731. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ↑ Bange, J.F; A. Bec-Borsenberger (1997). "DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS" (PDF). p. 169. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ↑ Spitale, J. N.; et al. (2006). "The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". The Astronomical Journal 132 (2): 692–710. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..692S. doi:10.1086/505206. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- ↑ Jonathan Amos - Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris (4 October 2010) - BBC News Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60558 Echeclus (2000 EC98)" (2008-05-07 last obs). Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Thomas 2010.
- ↑ Britt, D. T.; Yeomans, D. K.; Housen, K.; Consolmagno, G. (2002). "Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure" (PDF). Asteroids III (Tucson: University of Arizona): 485–500. Bibcode:2002aste.conf..485B. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- ↑ Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" (PDF). Icarus 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Porco, C. C.; et al. (2007). "Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins". Science 318 (5856): 1602–1607. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1602P. doi:10.1126/science.1143977. PMID 18063794. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- ↑ F. Marchis et al. (2003). "A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope". Icarus 165 (1): 112. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..112M. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2000 Herschel
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 32P/Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- ↑
- ↑ Using the volume of an ellipsoid of 15x8x8km * an assumed rubble pile density of 0.6 g/cm3 yields a mass (m=d*v) of ~3.02E+14 kg
- ↑ P. Thomas - The Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Shape & Geology From Two Flybys
- ↑ H. U. Keller, et all - E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta - Science 8 January 2010: Vol. 327. no. 5962, pp. 190 - 193 doi:10.1126/science.1179559
- ↑ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&Display=Facts&System=Metric
- ↑ "Comet Hyakutake Home Page (JPL)". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ Diane Ainsworth. "RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG, SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID". NASA/JPL Media Relations Office. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
- ↑ Tedesco, Edward; Metcalfe, Leo (April 4, 2002). "New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed" (Press release). European Space Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Asteroid Data Archive, Archive Planetary Science Institute
- ↑ NASA - 2007 PA8
- ↑ Minor Planet No. 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary (2007) - Space Ref, Quote: "..about a mile in size"
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 100000 Astronautica
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ Lisse, C. M.; Fernandez; Reach; Bauer; A'Hearn; Farnham et al. (2009). "Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121: 968–975. arXiv:0906.4733. Bibcode:2009PASP..121..968L. doi:10.1086/605546.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 14827 Hypnos (1986 JK)". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ↑ Whitman, Kathryn; Alessandro Morbidelli & Robert Jedicke (2006). "The Size-Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets". arXiv:astro-ph/0603106. Bibcode:2006Icar..183..101W. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016.
- ↑ Benner, et al. - Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN (1997)
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Based on an assumed density of 2.6 g/cm3 as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ BBC - Giant asteroid passes near Earth - 9 November 2011
- ↑ M.W. Busch et al. (March 31, 2012). "Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking" (PDF). LPI. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser (2005 YU55)
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ ESA (January 9, 2013). "Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis". European Space Agency (ESA). Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ↑ "NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid". NASA/JPL. 2008-01-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ↑ NASA - 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary - 2011
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 2009 FD Impact Risk
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 BBC News - Record spin for newfound asteroid (2008) Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
Further reading
- NASA Planetary Data System (PDS)
- Asteroids with Satellites
- Minor Planet discovery circumstances
- Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) and IRAS Minor Planet Survey (IMPS)
- SIMPS & IMPS (V6, additional, from here)
- Asteroid Data Archive (dead link) Archive Planetary Science Institute
External links
- Planetary fact sheets
- Asteroid fact sheet
- All (known) Bodies in the Solar System Larger than 200 Miles in Diameter - in an image, put side-by-side.
- Size comparison of asteroids and comets visited by space probe (Parent article of image at The Planetary Society)
- Scaled Solar System montage at TPS Blog
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