List of Presidents of the United States

"Presidents of the United States", "American Presidents" and "U.S. Presidents" redirect here. For the C-SPAN series, see American Presidents: Life Portraits. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

The White House, located in Washington, D.C., is the president's official residence and the center of the administration.

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected President more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent.[10]

List of presidents

Parties

      None       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

№ President Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1]		 Previous office Vice President
1
George-Washington.jpg
 George Washington
(1732–1799)
[11][12][13]		 April 30, 1789
[n 2]		 March 4, 1797 Independent[14] 1
(1789)		 Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army
(1775–1783)		   John Adams
2
(1792)
2
US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg
 John Adams
(1735–1826)
[15][16][17]		 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801
[n 3]		 Federalist 3
(1796)		 Vice President Thomas Jefferson
3
Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg
 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[18][19][20]		 March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-
Republican		 4
(1800)		 Vice President Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
5
(1804)		 George Clinton[n 4]
March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812
4
James Madison.jpg
 James Madison
(1751–1836)
[21][22][23]		 March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-
Republican		 6
(1808)		 Secretary of State
(1801–1809)		  
Vacant[n 5]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7
(1812)		 Elbridge Gerry[n 4]
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
Vacant[n 5]
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5
James Monroe White House portrait 1819.gif
 James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[24][25][26]		 March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-
Republican		 8
(1816)		 Secretary of State
(1811–1817)		 Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6
Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Quincy_Adams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
 John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[27][28][29]		 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829
[n 3]		 Democratic-
Republican		 10
(1824)		 Secretary of State
(1817–1825)		 John C. Calhoun[n 6]
March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832
7
Andrew Jackson.jpg
 Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[30][31][32]		 March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic 11
(1828)		 U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1823–1825)		  
Vacant[n 5]
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
12
(1832)		 Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8
MartinVanBuren.png
 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[33][34][35]		 March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841
[n 3][n 7]		 Democratic 13
(1836)		 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson
9
William Henry Harrison.jpg
 William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[36][37][38]		 March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841
[n 4]		 Whig 14
(1840)		 Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829) 		John Tyler
10
WHOportTyler.jpg
 John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[39][40][41]		 April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		 Vice President
[n 8]		 Vacant[n 5]
Independent[n 9]
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11
JamesKPolk.png
 James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[42][43][44]		 March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic 15
(1844)		 Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841)		 George M. Dallas
12
Zachary_Taylor-circa1850.jpg
 Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[45][46][47]		 March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
[n 10][n 4]		 Whig 16
(1848)		 U.S. Army Major general from the 1st Infantry Regiment
(1846–1849)		 Millard Fillmore
13
Fillmore.jpg
 Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[48][49][50]		 July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853
[n 7]		 Whig Vice President Vacant[n 5]
14
Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop.jpg
 Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[51][52][53]		 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic 17
(1852)		 U.S. Army Brigadier general from the 9th Infantry Regiment
(1847–1848)		 William R. King[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
Vacant[n 5]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15
James Buchanan.jpg
 James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[54][55][56]		 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic 18
(1856)		 Minister to the United Kingdom
(1853–1856)		 John C. Breckinridge
16
Abraham Lincoln November 1863.jpg
 Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[57][58][59]		 March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865
[n 10][n 11]		 Republican 19
(1860)		 U.S. Representative from Illinois
(1847–1849)		 Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
Republican
National Union[n 12]		 20
(1864)		 Andrew Johnson
March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
17
President Andrew Johnson.jpg
 Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[60][61][62]		 April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union[n 12]
Independent[n 13]		 Vice President Vacant
[n 5]
18
UlyssesGrant.png
 Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[63][64][65]		 March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican 21
(1868)		 Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)		 Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
22
(1872)		 Henry Wilson[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
Vacant[n 5]
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19
President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880.jpg
 Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[66][67][68]		 March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican 23
(1876)		 Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872, 1876–1877)		 William A. Wheeler
20
James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg
 James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[69][70][71]		 March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881
[n 10][n 11]		 Republican 24
(1880)		 U.S. Representative from Ohio
(1863–1881)		 Chester A. Arthur
21
Chester Alan Arthur.jpg
 Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[72][73][74]		 September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
22 Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[75][76]		 March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889
[n 3]		 Democratic 25
(1884)		 Governor of New York
(1883–1885)		 Thomas A. Hendricks[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
Vacant[n 5]
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23
Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison.jpg
 Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[77][78][79]		 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893
[n 3]		 Republican 26
(1888)		 U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–1887)		 Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[75][76]		 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic 27
(1892)		 President
(1885–1889)		 Adlai Stevenson
25
William McKinley 1.png
 William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[80][81][82]		 March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901
[n 10][n 11]		 Republican 28
(1896)		 Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896)		 Garret Hobart[n 4]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
Vacant[n 5]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
29
(1900)		 Theodore Roosevelt
March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901
26
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg
 Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[83][84][85]		 September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909
[n 7]		 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
30
(1904)		 Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27
William Howard Taft, Bain bw photo portrait, 1908.jpg
 William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[86][87][88]		 March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913
[n 3]		 Republican 31
(1908)		 Secretary of War
(1904–1908)		 James S. Sherman[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
Vacant[n 5]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28
President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg
 Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[89][90][91]		 March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic 32
(1912)		 Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913)		 Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29
Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg
 Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[92][93][94]		 March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923
[n 10][n 4]		 Republican 34
(1920)		 U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921)		 Calvin Coolidge
30
John Calvin Coolidge, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg
 Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[95][96][97]		 August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
35
(1924)		 Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31
HerbertHoover.jpg
 Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[98][99][100]		 March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933
[n 3]		 Republican 36
(1928)		 Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)		 Charles Curtis
32
Franklin D. Roosevelt - NARA - 196715.jpg
 Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[101][102][103]		 March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945
[n 10][n 4]		 Democratic 37
(1932)
[n 14]		 Governor of New York
(1929–1932)		 John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
38
(1936)
39
(1940)		 Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
40
(1944)		 Harry S. Truman
January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945
33
Harry-truman.jpg
 Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[104][105][106]		 April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic Vice President Vacant[n 5]
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
41
(1948)		 Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34
Dwight D. Eisenhower, White House photo portrait, February 1959.jpg
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[107][108][109]		 January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961
[n 15]		 Republican 42
(1952)		 Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)		 Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35
Jfk2.jpg
 John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[110][111][112]		 January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963
[n 10][n 11]		 Democratic 44
(1960)		 U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1953–1960)		 Lyndon B. Johnson
36
Lyndon B. Johnson, photo portrait, leaning on chair, color.jpg
 Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[113][114]		 November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic Vice President Vacant[n 5]
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
45
(1964)		 Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37
Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg
 Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[115][116][117]		 January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974
[n 6]		 Republican 46
(1968)		 Vice President
(1953–1961)		 Spiro Agnew[n 6]
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
47
(1972)		  
Vacant[n 5]
October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38
Gerald Ford.jpg
 Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[118][119][120]		 August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977
[n 16]		 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39
JimmyCarterPortrait.jpg
 Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)
[121][122][123]		 January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981
[n 3]		 Democratic 48
(1976)		 Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)		 Walter Mondale
40
Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
 Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[124][125][126]		 January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican 49
(1980)		 Governor of California
(1967–1975)		 George H. W. Bush
50
(1984)
41
George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg
 George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)
[127][128][129]		 January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993
[n 3]		 Republican 51
(1988)		 Vice President Dan Quayle
42
Bill Clinton.jpg
 Bill Clinton
(born 1946)
[130][131][132]		 January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 Democratic 52
(1992)		 Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981, 1983–1992)		 Al Gore
53
(1996)
43
George-W-Bush.jpeg
 George W. Bush
(born 1946)
[133][134][135]		 January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican 54
(2000)		 Governor of Texas
(1995–2000)		 Dick Cheney
55
(2004)
44
President Barack Obama.jpg
 Barack Obama
(born 1961)
[136][137][138]		 January 20, 2009 Incumbent Democratic 56
(2008)		 U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–2008)		 Joe Biden
57
(2012)

Living former presidents

As of April 2015, there are four living former presidents. From oldest to youngest:

President Term of office Date of birth
George H. W. Bush 1989–1993 June 12, 1924
Jimmy Carter 1977–1981 October 1, 1924
George W. Bush 2001–2009 July 6, 1946
Bill Clinton 1993–2001 August 19, 1946

The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–77) on December 26, 2006, aged 93.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes Acting President under the Twenty-fifth Amendment is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ↑ Instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, George Washington's first-term inaugural was postponed 57 days (1 month and 27 days) to April 30, 1789, because the U.S. Congress had not yet achieved a quorum.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Unseated (lost re-election).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Died in office of natural causes.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Resigned.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.
  8. ↑ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  9. ↑ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 Died in office
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Assassinated.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  13. ↑ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  14. ↑ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1933, moving the 1937 inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, and shortening this term by 43 days.
  15. ↑ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.
  16. ↑ Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful

References

  1. ↑ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Excerpts from "Forgotten Presidents" – The Patriots Handbook, by George Grant". Harrold.org. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. ↑ Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
  4. ↑ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  5. ↑ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. ↑ Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. ↑ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  11. ↑ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. ↑ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  13. ↑ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  14. ↑ "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. 2012-03-09. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ↑ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  17. ↑ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  18. ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. ↑ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. ↑ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. ↑ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  26. ↑ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  28. ↑ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  29. ↑ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  33. ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. ↑ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  38. ↑ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  39. ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  41. ↑ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. ↑ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  44. ↑ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Biography of Zachary Taylor". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  50. ↑ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  52. ↑ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  53. ↑ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  54. ↑ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  55. ↑ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  56. ↑ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  57. ↑ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  58. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  59. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  60. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  61. ↑ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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