List of Presidents of Italy

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This is the list of the Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title Presidente della Repubblica since 1948. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Quirinale) in Rome is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.

The twelve Presidents came from only six Regions: three each from Campania (all born in Naples) and Piedmont, two each from Sardinia (both born in Sassari) and Tuscany, and one each from Liguria and Sicily.

Election

The President of the Republic is elected by Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. In addition, the 20 regions of Italy appoint 58 representatives as special electors. Three representatives come from each region, save for the Aosta Valley, which appoints one, so as to guarantee representation for all localities and minorities.

According to the Constitution, the election must be held in the form of secret ballot, with the 315 Senators, the 630 Deputies and the 58 regional representatives all voting. A two-thirds vote is required to elect on any of the first three rounds of balloting; after that, a majority suffices. The election is presided over by the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, who calls for the public counting of the votes. The vote is held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, home of the Chamber of Deputies, which is expanded and re-configured for the event.

The President assumes office after having taken an oath before Parliament and delivering a presidential address.

Presidents of the Italian Republic (1946 – present)

Parties

Traditionally, Presidents have not been members of any political party during their tenure, in order to be considered above partisan interests. The parties shown are those to which the President belonged at the time they took office.

      Liberal Party       Christian Democracy       Democratic Socialist Party       Socialist Party

      Democrats of the Left       Independent

№ Portrait Name
(Born-Died)		 Birthplace Term of office Political Party
at time of election		 Election
1 Enrico De Nicola
(1877–1959)		 Naples 28 June 1946
as Provisional Head of State
1 January 1948 [1]		 12 May 1948 Italian Liberal Party 1946
1947
De Nicola was the first President of Italy. After a popular referendum on the 2nd of June 1946 resulted in the abrogation of the monarchy, the Constituent Assembly elected De Nicola Provisional Head of State on 28 June 1946, with 80% of the votes, at the first round of voting. On 25 June 1947, De Nicola resigned from the post, citing health reasons, but the Constituent Assembly immediately re-elected him again the following day, having recognized in his act signs of nobility and humility. After the Italian Constitution took effect, he was formally named the "President of the Italian Republic" on 1 January 1948. He finally refused to be a candidate for the first constitutional election the following May, in which Luigi Einaudi was elected to the Quirinale.
2 Luigi Einaudi
(1874–1961)		 Carrù,
Cuneo		 12 May 1948 11 May 1955 Italian Liberal Party 1948
On 11 May 1948 he was elected the second President of the Italian Republic. At the end of the seven year term of office in 1955 he became Life Senator. Einaudi was a member of numerous cultural, economic and university institutions. He was a supporter of the ideal of European Federalism. Einaudi personally managed the activities of his farm near Dogliani, producing Nebbiolo wine, for which he boosted to be using the most advanced agricultural developments. In 1950, monarchist satirical magazine Candido published a cartoon in which Einaudi is at the Quirinal Palace, surrounded by a presidential guard of honour (the corazzieri) of giant bottles of Nebbiolo wine, each labeled with the institutional logo. The cartoon was judged a lese-majesty by a court of the time, and Giovannino Guareschi, as the director of the magazine, was held responsible and sentenced.
3 Giovanni Gronchi
(1887–1978)		 Pontedera,
Pisa		 11 May 1955 11 May 1962 Christian Democracy 1955
His term in office, from 1955 to 1962, was marked by his ambition to bring about a gradual "opening to the left", whereby the Socialists and the (still Stalinist) Communist Party would be brought back into the national government, and Italy would abandon NATO, becoming a non-aligned country. There was however stiff parliamentary opposition to this project, particularly by the small Italian Liberal Party, which was deemed a necessary ingredient of any viable majority. In an attempt to escape the deadlock, in 1959 Gronchi appointed as Prime Minister a trusted member of his own Catholic left-wing faction, Fernando Tambroni, sending him to Parliament with a "President's government" but no pre-arranged majority. However Tambroni found himself surviving in Parliament only thanks to neo-fascist votes. This unforeseen “opening to the right” had serious consequences. In 1960 there were bad riots in several towns of Italy, particularly at Genoa, Licata and Reggio Emilia, where the police opened fire on demonstrators, killing five people. The Tambroni government thus ended in ignominy; forced to resign, it was followed by an all-DC government, with a traditionally centrist parliamentary majority. The unhappy Tambroni experiment tarnished Gronchi's reputation for good, and until the end of his period of office he remained a lame-duck President. In 1962 he attempted to get a second mandate, with the powerful help of Enrico Mattei, but the attempt failed and Antonio Segni was elected instead.
4 Antonio Segni
(1891–1972)		 Sassari 11 May 1962 6 December 1964[2] Christian Democracy 1962
Segni was elected President of the Italian Republic on 6 May 1962 (854 to 443 votes). His two years at the Quirinale were marked by tensions with the block formed by Ugo La Malfa, the Socialist Party and a part of the Christian Democracy pushing for social and structural reforms, unpopular to a conservative Segni. He suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while working at the presidential palace on 7 August 1964. At the time he was 73 years old and the first prognosis were not positive. He only partially recovered, and he retired from office on 6 December 1964. In the interim, the President of the Senate Cesare Merzagora served as acting president.Politically, Segni was a moderate conservative opposed to "opening to the centre-left" enabling coalition governments between the Italian Socialist Party and the Christian Democrats. Segni was later accused of having tried to instigate a coup d'état (known as Piano Solo) along with General Giovanni De Lorenzo during his presidency to frustrate the opening to the left. The plan included the identification of 731 politicians and trade unionists of the left-wing and their transfer to a NATO military base in Sardinia, the occupation of the state-owned broadcasting company RAI and the headquarters of left-wing newspapers and the intervention of the Force in case of communist meetings.
5 Giuseppe Saragat
(1898–1988) 		Turin 29 December 1964 29 December 1971 Italian Democratic Socialist Party 1964
Son of immigrants from Sardinia, Saragat was the first Socialist leader to become President of Italy. His election was the result of a rare case of unity of the Italian left-wing, threatened by rumors of a possible neo-fascist coup during Antonio Segni's presidency. On 28 December 1964 he was elected President of the Italian Republic to the twenty-first ballot, thanks to the decisive votes of the Socialists and Communists. Saragat was a democratic socialist and is now considered the father of the Italian social democratic doctrine. Reformist, he accepted Italy's adherence to the Western alliance (he was in favor of the Marshall Plan and the entrance of our country into NATO); Saragat was convinced that social democracy could be politically added value and could have a position electorally hegemonic, as indeed was the case in the countries of northern Europe. During his presidency, tried to unite the Christian democrats with the Socialists and the Communists.
6 Giovanni Leone
(1908–2001)		 Naples 29 December 1971 15 June 1978[3] Christian Democracy 1971
In 1971 he succeeded Giuseppe Saragat as President of the Republic, elected with the votes of a centre-right majority of the Parliament (518 out of 996 votes, including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement). According to authoritative constitutionalists, his presidency was marked by a line marked full independence from political parties and the scrupulous respect of the institutions. During his presidency, he appointed knight of the work Silvio Berlusconi, the future head of government. On 15 June 1978, following his involvement in the Lockheed bribery scandal, at the request of the Communist Party and probably disagree with substantial parts of Christian Democracy, Leone was forced to resign from his office.
7 Sandro Pertini
(1896–1990)		 Stella,
Savona		 9 July 1978 29 June 1985[4] Italian Socialist Party 1978
Pertini was the first member of the Italian Socialist Party to become President of Italy. As President he succeeded in regaining the public's trust in the State and institutions. During his precedency, Pertini helped to make the figure of the President of the Republic as a symbol of the unity of the Italian people. His moral stature contributed to the citizens closer to the institutions, at a difficult time and dotted with criminal events such as the Years of lead and the Bologna massacre. He introduced then the ritual of "kiss the flag" flag, which was to become usual for his successors; and he was a staunch and unyielding defender of the institutions he represented. Pertini was the first President of the Republic to confer the task of forming a government to a person not from the Christian Democracy, Giovanni Spadolini, a republican, who started his cabinet on 28 June 1981. Pertini was also particularly participant during the death of the communist leader, Enrico Berlinguer. He increasingly assumed an attitude of uncompromising complaint against organized crime by denouncing "the harmful activity against humanity" of the Mafia and warned never to confuse the phenomenon of crime Mafia, the Camorra and 'Ndrangheta with the places and people where are present. In 1982, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States, received on 25 March in Washington and the Italian President wrote in one of his diaries: "Today it was Sandro Pertini. 84 years and is a fantastic gentleman. We had a great interview. He loves the United States. There was a touching moment when he passed in front of the Marine who kept our flag. He stopped and kissed". His death in Rome was viewed by many as a national tragedy, and he is one of modern Italy's most accomplished politicians.
8 Francesco Cossiga
(1928–2010)		 Sassari 3 July 1985 28 April 1992[5] Christian Democracy 1985
Following his resignation as president of the Senate in 1985, Cossiga was elected President of Italy. This was the first time a candidate was elected at the first ballot (where a two-thirds majority is needed). During his term in office he expressed the views that the Italian parties, especially the DC (his own party) and the Italian Communist Party, had to come to terms with the deep changes brought about by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. These statements, soon dubbed "esternazioni", or "mattock blows" (picconate), were considered by many to be inappropriate for a President and, often, beyond his constitutional powers; as his mental health was sometimes questioned, Cossiga declared "I am the fake madman who speaks the truth." Tension developed between Cossiga and the President of the Council of Ministers Giulio Andreotti. This tension emerged when Andreotti revealed the existence of Gladio, an underground organization intended to resist a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. Cossiga acknowledged his involvement in the establishment of the organization. On 28 April 1992 Cossiga resigned, two months before the end of his term. For the change in its attitude, Cossiga received various criticisms and taken away by almost all parties, with the exception of the Italian Social Movement who sided by his side in defense of the "pickaxe". Also he is considered one of the first will be "sdoganatori" of the MSI, which gave her an apology on behalf of the Italian State over allegations that had been expressed to him in the aftermath of the massacre of Bologna in 1980.
9 Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
(1918–2012)		 Novara 28 May 1992 15 May 1999[4] Christian Democracy 1992
Scalfaro was elected on 25 May 1992, after a two week stalemate of unsuccessful attempts to reach agreement. The killing of anti-Mafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone prompted his election. A staunch Catholic, and in the past a rather conservative and anti-communist politician, Scalfaro nevertheless distrusted many members of the DC who changed support to Forza Italia, and was consistently on bad terms with its leader and Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi. It was one of the most controversial presidencies of Republican history: although strongly supported by political parties survived the whirlwind of Tangentopoli, has led to strong opposition, faced with a decision that no one would know to expect a politician landed almost by accident at the Quirinale. In 1993 broke out the "SISDE scandal" on the management of funds reserved. On the evening of November 3, 1993 Scalfaro appeared on television, a unified networks and interrupting the commentary of the match of the UEFA Cup between Cagliari and Turkish club Trabzonspor, with an extraordinary message to the nation in which he pronounced the expression "I am not there", spoke of "massacre game" and gave a key to the scandal as a reprisal of the political class overwhelmed by Tangentopoli against him. Scalfaro was the last Christian democrat to become President of Italy.
10 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
(1920–)		 Livorno 18 May 1999 15 May 2006[4] Independent[6] 1999
Ciampi was elected with a broad majority, and was the second president ever to be elected at the first ballot. He usually refrained from intervening directly into the political debate while serving as President. However, he often addressed general issues, without mentioning their connection to the current political debate, in order to state his opinion without being too intrusive. His interventions frequently stressed the need for all parties to respect the constitution and observe the proprieties of political debate. He was generally held in high regard by all political forces represented in parliament. As President, Ciampi was not considered to be close to the positions of the Vatican, providing a sort of unofficial alternation after the devout Oscar Luigi Scalfaro. He often praised patriotism, not always a common feeling in Italy because of its abuse by the fascist regime; Ciampi, however, seemed to want to stress self-confidence rather than nationalism. Ciampi was encouraged by many to stand for a second term of office, but he refused on grounds of age. Both the center-right and center-left praised his work as a non-partisan institutional guarantor.
11 Giorgio Napolitano
(1925–)		 Naples 15 May 2006 14 January 2015[7] Democrats of the Left 2006
Independent 2013
Napolitano is the longest serving President in the history of the Italian Republic. Napolitano was elected on 10 May, 2006, in the fourth round of voting — the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes — with 543 votes (out of a possible 1009). At the age of 80, he became the first former member of Italian Communist Party to become President of Italy, as well as the third Neapolitan after Enrico De Nicola and Giovanni Leone. In November 2011, after barely surviving a motion of no confidence in December 2010, Berlusconi resigned from his post as Prime Minister, having lost the trust of the Parliament following increasingly dramatic financial and economic conditions. President Napolitano then decided to appoint former EU commissioner Mario Monti as a senator for life, and then as prime minister designate. Monti was subsequently confirmed by an overwhelming majority of both houses of the Italian Parliament, in what was widely referred to as a "government of the president". Napolitano's management of the events caused unprecedented worldwide media exposure regarding his role as President of the Italian Republic. On 20 April 2013, was requested by a wide array parliamentary willingness to be re-elected, which he has given, being elected to the sixth vote with 738 votes out of 997 eligible voters of 1007 and becoming the first President of the Republic to be elected for a second term. On the morning of April 22, signs the act of resignation from the post of President of the Republic of him taken on 15 May 2006, following the banner of what the Presidential Palace was lowered, the same day at 17:00 sworn in as president re-elected by saying the speech before Parliament in joint session. On 24 April he gave to Enrico Letta of the task to form the new government, four days later Letta sworn as Prime Minister in Palazzo Chigi. On February 2014 following tensions in the Democratic Party, Letta resigned and Napolitano appointed Matteo Renzi, the party secretary, as new Prime Minister. Napolitano resigned on 14 January 2015, citing his age.
12 Sergio Mattarella
(1941–)		 Palermo 3 February 2015 Incumbent Independent[8] 2015
Mattarella was elected with a broad majority of 665 votes on the fourth ballot; he was voted, not only by his own Democratic Party, but also by the conservative New Centre-Right, the democratic socialist Left Ecology Freedom and the liberal Civic Choice. He is the first President from Sicily in the history of the Republic; Mattarella is also the first judge of the Constitutional Court to become President of the Republic.

Source: www.quirinale.it

Substitution of the Head of State

In various occasions, in the history of the Italian republic, officials had to step in in the absence of a Head of State (e.g. in the case of a President's resignation or ill health). Only Enrico De Nicola, who was elected as Provisional Head of State by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1946, had an official title and took residence in the Quirinal Palace. All the other men took only the powers, but not the title, of Head of State. After the adoption of the Italian Constitution in 1948, the President of the Senate is eligible to take the powers of Head of State in case of absence of the President of the Republic.

Timeline

Sergio Mattarella Giorgio Napolitano Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Oscar Luigi Scalfaro Francesco Cossiga Sandro Pertini Giovanni Leone Giuseppe Saragat Antonio Segni Giovanni Gronchi Luigi Einaudi Enrico De Nicola

Living former Presidents

There are two living former Italian Presidents:

See also

References

  1. ↑ He did not want to be called President of the Republic, but only Temporary Chief of State, as he had been elected by the Constituent Assembly. Nevertheless, according to the Italian Constitution approved in 1947, he assumed the title of President on 1 January 1948.
  2. ↑ Resigned for illness.
  3. ↑ Resigned after a bribery scandal.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Resigned to speed the swearing-in ceremony of his successor, who had already been elected.
  5. ↑ Resigned.
  6. ↑ He had been a member of the Action Party, but the party ended its existence in 1947.
  7. ↑ Resigned saying that his age could permit no more to exercise properly all his duties.
  8. ↑ He had been a member of the Christian Democracy, the Italian People's Party, The Daisy and, until 2009, the Democratic Party.

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