List of Pacific hurricanes

This is a list of notable Pacific hurricanes, subdivided by reason for notability. Notability means that it has met some criterion or achieved some statistic, or is part of a top ten for some superlative. It includes lists and rankings of Pacific hurricanes by different characteristics and impacts.

Characteristics include extremes of location, such as the northernmost or most equator-ward formation or position of a tropical cyclone. Other characteristics include its central pressure, windspeed, Category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, cyclogenesis outside of a normal hurricane season's timeframe, or storms that remain unnamed despite forming after tropical cyclone naming began in 1960. Another characteristic is how long a system went from formation to dissipation. Impacts are what the cyclone did. These include the cost of damage, the number of casualties, as well as meteorological statistics such as rainfall point maxima.

Hurricane Pauline

Impact

Retired names

Additionally, Adolph and Israel were removed from the list of names during and after the 2001 season due to political sensitivities. Knut was removed from the list in 1988 for unknown reasons. Adele, Iva, and Fefa were also removed in 1970, 1988, and 1991 respectively for unknown reasons. Hazel was replaced in 1965.[1] The name Isis was also pre-emptively removed from the lists of names for 2016 after being deemed inappropriate because of the eponymous militant group in 2015.[2]

Unnamed but historically significant

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Name Year Notes
San Diego hurricane 1858 Strongest tropical cyclone to affect California[3]
California tropical storm 1939 Only known modern landfall in California[4]
Texas hurricane 1949 Most intense Pacific-Atlantic crossover[5]
Mexico hurricane 1959 Most intense landfall[6]

Deadliest tropical cyclones

Hurricane Paul was the second-deadliest pacific hurricane

The following tropical cyclones have caused at least 100 deaths.

Hurricane Season Fatalities Source
"Mexico" 1959 1,800 [7]
Paul 1982 1,696 [8][9][10][11][12]
Liza 1976 1,108 [13][14]
Tara 1961 436 [15]
Aletta 1982 308 [16][17]
Pauline 1997 230–400 [18]
Agatha 2010 190 [19][20]
Manuel 2013 169 [21]
Tico 1983 141 [22][23]
Ismael 1995 116 [24]
"Lower California" 1931 110 [25][26]
"Mazatlán" 1943 100 [27]
Lidia 1981 100 [20]

Costliest tropical cyclones

Damage from Hurricane Iniki

The following tropical cyclones have caused at least $750 million in damage.

Storm Season Cost (2015 USD)
Manuel 2013 $4.25 billion
Paul 1982 $3.81 billion
Iniki 1992 $3.03 billion
Beatriz 1993 $2.78 billion
"Mexico" 1959 $2.27 billion
Octave 1983 $1.21 billion
Agatha 2010 $1.19 billion
Aletta 1982 $1.12 billion
Odile 2014 $1.2 billion
Norman 1978 $1.08 billion
Olivia 1982 $794 million

Seasonal activity and records

In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility (AOR), the seasons with the most tropical cyclones are 1992 and 1994, each with 11 cyclones. A season without cyclones has happened a few times since 1966, most recently in 1979.[28]

Highest

Track map of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, the busiest ever recorded
Year NHC's AOR CPHC's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
1992 season 24 14 8 3 2 2 27 16 10
1985 season 22 12 8 2 2 0 24 14 8
1982 season 19 11 5 4 1 0 23 12 6
2014 season 20 14 8 2 2 1 22 16 9
1983 season 21 12 8 0 0 0 21 12 8
1984 season 18 12 6 3 1 1 21 13 7
1990 season 20 16 6 1 0 0 21 16 6

Lowest

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[29] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[30] Intensity estimates are most reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two factors make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[30] For these reasons, seasons prior to 1971 are not included.

Year NHC's AOR CPHC's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
2010 season 7 3 2 1 0 0 8 3 2
1977 season 8 4 0 0 0 0 8 4 0
1996 season 9 5 2 0 0 0 9 5 2
1999 season 9 6 2 0 0 0 9 6 2
1995 season 10 7 3 0 0 0 10 7 3
1979 season 10 6 4 0 0 0 10 6 4

Naming history

Hurricane Iwa, the fourth system to receive a central Pacific name in 1982

Naming of tropical cyclones in the eastern north Pacific began in the 1960 season. That year, four lists of names were created. The plan was to proceed in a manner similar to that of the western Pacific; that is, the name of the first storm in one season would be the next unused one from the same list, and when the bottom of one list was reached the next list was started. This scheme was abandoned in 1965 and next year, the lists started being recycled on a four-year rotation, starting with the A name each year.[31] That same general scheme remains in use today, although the names and lists are different. On average, the eastern north Pacific sees about sixteen named storms per year.[32]

Named storms per month

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[29] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[30] Intensity estimates are more reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[30] For these reasons, seasons before 1971 are not included in the lowest column.

Four of the September cyclones during the 2005 season, and the disturbance that developed into another
Month Most named Least named
Number Season Number Season
Pre-season 2 1992 0 Many†
Late May 2 1956
1984
2007
2012
2013		 0 Many†
June 5 1985 0 2004
2006
2007
July 7 1985 0 1966
2010
August 9 1968
2009 		0 1996
September 6 1966
2005 		1 Many†
October 5 1992 0 Many†
November 2 2006 0 Many†
Post-season 1 Many† 0 Many†

† Shared by more than three seasons. Source:[33]

Off-season storms

A meteorological enigma, Hurricane Ekeka formed in January and became a major hurricane.

Hurricane season runs from May 15 to November 30.[34] Only systems that develop or enter during the off-season are included.

Name Formation date Reference
Unnamed December 1832 [35]
Unnamed December 23, 1902 [36]
Unnamed December 23, 1904 [36]
Unnamed May 3, 1906 [36]
Unnamed February 6, 1922 [37]
Unnamed December 22, 1925 [38]
Unnamed December 4, 1936 [39]
Carmen April 4, 1980† [40]
Winnie December 4, 1983 [33]
Winona January 9, 1989 [41]
Alma May 12, 1990 [33]
Ekeka January 26, 1992 [42]
Hali March 28, 1992 [33]
One-E May 13, 1996 [33]
Omeka December 20, 2010 [33]
Aletta formed May 14, 2012 [33]

†Entered the basin on this date

Unnamed storms

The unnamed hurricane of 1975 near the Pacific Northwest

Tropical cyclones have received official names in the east-central Pacific region since 1960. Since this time, 6 systems that have formed in this area have not received a name, plus another possible unnamed subtropical or tropical system in 2006.

† Unofficially was a tropical or subtropical cyclone.

Strength

Category 5

Since 1959, only 15 Pacific hurricanes are known to have reached Category 5 and only one made landfall while at this intensity.[33]

Category 4

Since 1900, 95 Pacific hurricanes have attained Category 4 intensity, of which four made landfall at that strength.[33]

Duration records

This lists all Pacific hurricanes that existed as tropical cyclones while in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline for more than two weeks continuously. Hurricanes John and Dora spent some time in the west Pacific before dissipating. John spent eleven days west of the dateline; if that time was included John would have existed for a total of 30 days and 18 hours, a world record, while including Dora's time in the west Pacific would mean that it existed for 18 days.[33] One Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Joan, crossed into this basin and was renamed Miriam,[43] giving it a total lifespan of 22 days,[44] but not all of that was in the Pacific. 1993's Greg formed from the remnants of 1993's Tropical Storm Bret.[43] Its time as an Atlantic system is excluded.

All of these systems except Trudy, Olaf, and Connie existed in both the east and central Pacific, and all except Olaf were hurricanes. Hurricane Trudy of 1990 is thus the longest lived eastern Pacific hurricane to stay in the eastern Pacific. Tropical Storm Olaf of 1997 is hence the longest-lived eastern Pacific tropical cyclone not to reach hurricane intensity.[33]

No known tropical cyclone forming in the central north Pacific lasted for longer than 14 days without crossing into another basin.[33] The tropical cyclone forming in the central Pacific that spent the most time there was 1988's Hurricane Uleki at 11.5 days from formation to crossing the dateline.[45]

Hurricane Tina, the longest lasting Pacific hurricane east of the international dateline
Duration (days) Name Season
24.50 Tina 1992
20.00 Fico 1978
19.00 John 1994
17.50 Kevin 1991
16.75 Trudy 1990
16.50 Guillermo 1997
16.50 Olaf 1997
16.25 Kenneth 2005
16.25 Celeste 1972
16.25 Doreen 1973
16.00 Daniel 1982
15.25 Connie 1974
14.50 Kay 1980
14.00 Marie 1990
14.00 Greg 1993
14.00 Dora 1999
14.00 Karina 2014[46]
Source:[33]

Before the weather satellite era began, the lifespans of many Pacific hurricanes may be underestimated.[30]

Crossover storms

From Eastern Pacific to Atlantic

This includes only systems which stayed a tropical cyclone during the passage or that maintained a circulation during the crossover.

Season Storm (Pacific) Storm (Atlantic)
1842 Unnamed Unnamed[47]
1902 Unnumbered tropical depression Unnamed[48]
1923 Unnamed Unnamed[49]
1949 Unnamed Unnamed[43]
1961 Simone Inga (see below)[50]
1965 Unnumbered tropical depression Unnamed[51]
1989 Cosme Allison[43]
2010 Eleven-E Hermine[52]

In addition to those, there are apparently two additional ones. One existed before 1856 and made it to the Gulf of Mexico.[53] Another Pacific tropical cyclone crossed over central Mexico and also made it to the Gulf sometime after September 9, 1924.[53]

With reanalysis, doubt has arisen over whether Tropical Storm Simone, whose formation was contributed by Hurricane Hattie, recrossed the North American continent and actually became Tropical Storm Inga.[50]

It used to be that when a Pacific named storm crossed North America and made it to the Atlantic (or vice versa), it would receive the next name on the respective basin's list. This policy has since been changed to a tropical cyclone keeping its name if it remains a tropical cyclone during the entire passage. Only if it dissipates and then re-forms does it get renamed.[54]

From Eastern Pacific to Western Pacific

2003's Hurricane Jimena existed in all three north Pacific tropical cyclone basins

Neither eastern Pacific tropical cyclones passing 140°W, nor central Pacific tropical cyclones crossing the Dateline, are notable events. However, very few eastern Pacific proper cyclones that enter the central Pacific make it to the dateline.

Name Season
Georgette† 1986[55]
Enrique† 1991[56]
Li‡ 1994[57]
John 1994[58]
Dora 1999[59]
Jimena 2003[60]
Genevieve 2014[61]

† System ceased to be a tropical cyclone before crossing the dateline and subsequently reforming.

‡ Hurricane/Typhoon Li formed in the eastern Pacific, right at the boundary with the central, but was not named until it crossed into the central Pacific.

From Central Pacific to Eastern Pacific

The 2006 central Pacific cyclone

Tropical cyclones crossing from the eastern Pacific to the central Pacific are routine; ones going the other way are not. That event has happened twice.

Name Season
Unnamed 1975[62]
Ema 1982[62]

In addition, an unofficial cyclone formed on October 30, 2006 in the central Pacific subtropics. It eventually developed an eye-like structure.[63] Its track data indicates that it crossed from the central to the east Pacific because it formed at longitude 149°W and dissipated at 135°W.[64] NASA, which is not a meteorological organization, called this system a subtropical cyclone, and the Naval Research Laboratory Monterey had enough interest in it to call it 91C.[63] The system has also been called extratropical.[65] This cyclone is unofficial because it is not included in the seasonal reports of either Regional Specialized Meteorological Center.[66][67]

Intensity records

Ten most intense

Hurricane Linda, the most intense Pacific hurricane on record

The apparent increase in recent seasons is spurious; it is due to better estimation and measurement, not an increase in intense storms. That is, until 1988, Pacific hurricanes generally did not have their central pressures measured or estimated from satellite imagery.

Rank Hurricane Year Pressure
1 Linda 1997 902 mbar*
2 Rick 2009 906 mbar*
3 Kenna 2002 913 mbar‡
4 Ava 1973 915 mbar†
Ioke 2006 915 mbar*
6 Marie 2014 918 mbar*
Odile 2014 918 mbar*
8 Guillermo 1997 919 mbar*
9 Gilma 1994 920 mbar*
10 Elida 2002 921 mbar*
Hernan 2002 921 mbar*
Celia 2010 921 mbar*
Source:[33]

* Estimated from satellite imagery

‡ Measured and adjusted

† Measured

~ Pressure while East of the International Dateline

Strongest landfalls

1976's Hurricane Madeline is the Pacific hurricane with the third-highest winds at landfall
Landfalling Pacific major hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by wind speed
Hurricane Season Landfall winds Source
'Mexico' 1959 160 mph (260 km/h) [68]
Kenna 2002 150 mph (240 km/h) [69]
Unnamed 1957 145 mph (230 km/h) [68]
Madeline 1976 145 mph (230 km/h) [70]
Iniki 1992 145 mph (230 km/h) [42]
Olivia 1967 125 mph (205 km/h) [68]
Tico 1983 125 mph (205 km/h) [71]
Lane 2006 125 mph (205 km/h) [72]
Odile 2014 125 mph (205 km/h) [73]
Kiko 1989 120 mph (195 km/h) [74]
Olivia 1975 115 mph (185 km/h) [75]
Liza 1976 115 mph (185 km/h) [70]

Strongest storm in each month

Month Name Year Minimum pressure
January Ekeka 1992 unknown‡ mb (hPa)
February Unnamed 1922 unknown mb (hPa)[37]
March Hali† 1992 unknown mb (hPa)
April Carmen†* 1980 unknown‡ mb (hPa)[40]
May Amanda 2014 932 mb (hPa)
June Ava 1973 915 mb (hPa)
July Gilma 1994 919 mb (hPa)
August Ioke 2006 915 mb (hPa)
September Linda 1997 902 mb (hPa)
October Rick 2009 906 mb (hPa)
November Kenneth 2011 940 mb (hPa)
December Omeka 2010 997 mb (hPa)
Source (except where another is given):[33]

† This tropical cyclone is the strongest to form in its month by virtue of its being the only known system.

Unusual landfall locations

California

Hawaii

Hurricane Iniki over Hawaii

Wettest tropical cyclones

All of these values are point maxima.

Mexico

Rainfall data from 2001's Hurricane Juliette
Wettest Pacific tropical cyclones in Mexico
Highest known recorded totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 1011 39.80 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago [85]
2 686.0 27.01 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan [86]
3 628.1 24.73 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco [87]
4 610.1 24.02 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago [88]
5 570.0 22.44 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca [89]
6 566.9 22.32 Greg 1999 Tecoman [90]
7 531.9 20.94 Nora 1997 La Cruz/Elota [91]
8 525.3 20.68 Eugene 1987 Aquila [92]
9 523.0 20.59 Lidia 1981 El Varonjal/Badiraguato [93]
10 500.1 19.69 Ignacio 2003 Yeneca/Los Cabos [94]

Hawaii

Tropical Storm Paul
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Hawaii
Highest known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 1321 52.00 Able-Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station [36]
2 985 38.76 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch 36 [95]
3 635 25.00 Maggie 1970 Various stations [96]
4 519 20.42 Nina 1957 Wainiha [97]
5 516 20.33 Iwa 1982 Intake Wainiha 1086 [98]
6 476 18.75 Fabio 1988 Papaikou Mauka 140.1 [98]
7 387 15.25 Iselle 2014 Kulani NWR [99]
8 381 15.00 TD 01C, 1994 Waiakea Uka, Piihonua [57]
9 372 14.63 Felicia 2009 Oahu Forecast National Wildlife Refuge [100]
10 323 12.70 Makawao 1906 Makawao, Maui [36]

Continental United States

Radar image of Hurricane Nora
Wettest tropical cyclones on the Continental United States
Highest known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 style="text-align:right;"|533.7 21.01 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas [101]
2 style="text-align:right;"|430.5 16.95 Tico 1983 Chickasha, Oklahoma [102]
3 style="text-align:right;"|374.9 14.76 Kathleen 1976 San Gorgonio, California [103]
4 style="text-align:right;"|350.5 13.80 Roslyn 1986 Matagorda Texas #2 [104]
5 style="text-align:right;"|305.1 12.01 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains [91]
6 style="text-align:right;"|304.8 12.00 Octave 1983 Mount Graham [105]
7 style="text-align:right;"|302.8 11.92 Norma 1970 Workman Creek [106]
8 style="text-align:right;"|294.6 11.60 Unnamed 1939 Mount Wilson [77]
9 style="text-align:right;"|288.3 11.35 Paine 1986 Fort Scott, Kansas [107]
10 style="text-align:right;"|216.7 8.53 Ismael 1995 Hobbs, New Mexico [108]

Overall

Hurricane Juliette
Wettest tropical cyclone within the Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin
Highest known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 52.00 1321 Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station, Hawaii [36]
2 39.80 1011 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago, Mexico [85]
3 38.76 984.5 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch, Hawaii [95]
4 27.01 686.0 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan, Mexico [86]
5 25.00 635.0 Maggie 1970 Hawaii [96]
6 24.73 628.1 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco, Mexico [87]
7 24.02 610.1 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago, Mexico [88]
8 22.44 570.0 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca, Mexico [89]
9 22.32 566.9 Greg 1999 Tecoman, Mexico [90]
10 21.01 533.7 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas, USA [101]

Worldwide cyclone records set by Pacific storms

See also

References

  1. ↑ "WMO Technical Document" (DOC/HTML). World Meteorological Organization.
  2. ↑ "'Isis' among names removed from UN list of hurricane names". Reuters. April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  3. ↑ Christopher Landsea & Michael Chenoweth (November 2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. pp. 1689–98. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  4. ↑ Jack Williams (2005-05-17). "Background: California's Tropical Storms". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  5. ↑ "Atlantic and Pacific Records during the modern recorded era" (PDF). Hurricane.com. October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  6. ↑ E. Jáuregui (2003). "Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico" (PDF). Atmósfera. p. 200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  7. ↑ Natural Hazards of North America. Supplement to National Geographic magazine (Map) (National Geographic Society). April 1998.
  8. ↑ "More Flood Victims found". The Spokesman-Review. September 28, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  9. ↑ "More flood victims found". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 28, 1982. p. 12. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
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  11. ↑ "Nicaragua - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  12. ↑ "24 killed from hurricane". The Hour. October 1, 1982. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Mexico gives up to try and find storm victims". Bangor Daily News. United Press International. October 6, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Hurricane Liza rips Mexico". Beaver County Times. United Press International. October 2, 1976. p. 18. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  15. ↑ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  16. ↑ "Nicaragua seeks aid as flood victims kill 108". The Montreal Gazette. May 28, 1982. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Canada Aids Victims". The Leader-Post. June 10, 1982. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  18. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (1997). "Hurricane Pauline Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  19. ↑ Jack L. Beven (January 10, 2011). "Tropical Storm Agatha Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
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  26. ↑ "World News". The Virgin Islands Daily News. 1931-09-18. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  27. ↑ Howard C. Sumner (1944-01-04). "1943 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  28. ↑ "Previous Tropical Systems in the Central Pacific". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Michelle Mainelli, Jamie Rhome, Eric Blake, & Daniel Brown (2007-08-01). "Tropical Weather Summary". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Gary Padgett. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2000". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
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  32. ↑ "Climate of 2006 East Pacific Hurricane Season". National Climatic Data Center. 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (July 7, 2014). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2013". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved July 10, 2014. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  34. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". FAQ. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  35. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "Tropical Cyclones in the 1800s". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 F.G. Tingley (February 1922). "North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. p. 99. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  38. ↑ Willis Hurd (February 1929). "Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. p. 48. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  39. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900–1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1980 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-22). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
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  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Stephen Caparotta, D. Walston, Steven Young, & Gary Padgett. "Subject E15: What tropical storms and hurricanes have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific or vice versa?". Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
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  46. ↑ "Hurricane KARINA Advisory Archive". Retrieved August 26, 2014.
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  48. ↑ "Hurricane #4" (GIF). Unisys. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  49. ↑ "Hurricane #3" (GIF). Unisys. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Keath Heidorn (2003-08-01). "The Hurricane with Three Names". Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  51. ↑ "Tropical Storm 1" (GIF). Unisys. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  52. ↑ Hurricane Specialists Unit (2009). "Easy to Read HURDAT 1851–2009". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
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  54. ↑ Chris Landsea. "Subject: B5) What happens to the name of a tropical cyclone if it moves from the Atlantic regions to the Northeast Pacific, or vice versa?". FAQ. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  55. ↑ Steve J. Fatjo. "Typhoons Georgette (11E) and Tip (10W)" (PDF). 1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 58–66. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  56. ↑ "Tropical Storm Enrique (06E)" (PDF). 1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 70–1. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (Report). United States of America: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  58. ↑ Miles Lawrence (1995-01-03). "Preliminary Report Hurricane John (file 6)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  59. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence & Todd B. Kimberlain (1999-11-23). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Dora". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  60. ↑ Richard B. Pasch (2003-12-18). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Jimena". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  61. ↑ Kristina Pydynowski (August 7, 2014). Rare Switch for Genevieve: Hurricane to Super Typhoon (Report). Accuweather. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949-2006". National Hurricane Center. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Oregon". NASA. November 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
  64. ↑ Gary Padgett & Karl Hoarau. "Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - November 2006". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  65. ↑ "2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season Review". Canadian Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
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