List of Maryland Terrapins football seasons
For Maryland's latest season, see 2013 Maryland Terrapins football team.
The Maryland Terrapins football team represents the University of Maryland in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). In its 116 active years, the team has played in over a thousand games, including 23 post-season bowl game appearances. The Terrapins have been awarded 2 national championships, 11 conference champions, and 17 times received a final ranking in the Associated Press (AP) Poll. Maryland is the only Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) team to have twice secured three consecutive outright conference championships.[1][2] Many Maryland alumni have continued their playing careers in professional football, including Randy White, Boomer Esiason, Shawne Merriman, Dick Modzelewski, and Stan Jones.[3]
The modern Maryland Terrapins football program traces its beginning to the team first formed by quarterback Will Skinner in 1892 at what was then known as the Maryland Agricultural College. Since then, the Terrapins (commonly known as the "Terps") have experienced their most success under head coaches Jim Tatum, Jerry Claiborne, Bobby Ross, and Ralph Friedgen.[1][2]
Between 1947 and 1955, Jim Tatum led the Terps to two national championships, two ACC championships, a Southern Conference championship, and five bowl game appearances.[1][2] In 1952, Maryland quarterback Jack Scarbath was the runner-up to the Heisman Trophy, which is awarded to college football's most outstanding player.[4] The next year, coach Tatum led the team through an undefeated regular season. This resulted in Maryland being awarded the 1953 National Championship.[1][2]
During Jerry Claiborne's tenure, from 1972 to 1981, the team captured three consecutive ACC championships and made seven bowl game appearances, the most of any Maryland coach to date. In Bobby Ross's five years at Maryland, from 1982 to 1986, he led the team to three consecutive ACC championships and four bowl appearances.[1][2] In 1984, quarterback Frank Reich led the team to victory from a 31–0 halftime deficit against Miami in what was then the greatest comeback in NCAA football history.[5][6][nb 1] This period was marked by bitter competition for ACC primacy with 1981 national champions Clemson, and between 1974 and 1988, each team won six conference championships.[1][2]
In 1986, when Maryland basketball star Len Bias suffered a drug overdose, it sent a ripple-effect through the athletic department. Bobby Ross said that he was offended by unfounded "innuendo, insinuation and guilt by association" aimed at the football team and resigned as head coach. In the following fourteen years, Maryland had two winning seasons and appeared in one bowl game.[2][8]
In 2001, Ralph Friedgen took over a Maryland team that had one winning season in the past decade, and led them to an ACC championship and a Bowl Championship Series (BCS) game in his first season. In the following two years, Friedgen became the only ACC head coach to have led his team to win ten games in each of his first three seasons.[1][2] In his ten-year tenure, Friedgen led the Terrapins to seven bowl appearances. Most recently, Maryland concluded the 2010 season with a 9-4 record, a win in the Military Bowl, and a top 25 national ranking.
Seasons
| Legend | |
|---|---|
|
National Championship ‡ |
|
| Maryland Terrapins | |||||||||||
| Season | Head coach |
Conference |
Season results [nb 2][nb 3][nb 4] |
Bowl result | Final ranking | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conference | Division | W | L | T | AP Poll [14][nb 5] |
Coaches' Poll [17][nb 6] | |||||
| 2014 | Randy Edsall | Big Ten East | (4–4) | 3rd (3–3) | 7 | 6 | Foster Farms Bowl: L v. Stanford (45–21) | – | – | ||
| 2013 | ACC Atlantic | (3–5) | 5th (1–5) | 7 | 6 | Military Bowl: L v. Marshall (20–31) | – | – | |||
| 2012 | ACC Atlantic | (2-6) | 5th (1–4) | 4 | 8 | – | – | – | |||
| 2011 | ACC Atlantic | (1–7) | 6th (0–5) | 2 | 10 | – | – | – | |||
| 2010 | Ralph Friedgen | ACC Atlantic | (5–3) | 2nd♦ (4–2) | 9 | 4 | Military Bowl: W v. East Carolina (51–20) | 23rd | 24th | ||
| 2009 | ACC Atlantic | (1–7) | 6th (1–4) | 2 | 10 | – | – | – | |||
| 2008 | ACC Atlantic | (4–4) | 3rd♦♦♦ (3–2) | 8 | 5 | Humanitarian Bowl: W v. Nevada (42–35) | – | – | |||
| 2007 | ACC Atlantic | (3–5) | 5th♦ (2–3) | 6 | 7 | Emerald Bowl: L v. Oregon State (14–21) | – | – | |||
| 2006 | ACC Atlantic | (5–3) | 2nd♦♦ (3–2) | 9 | 4 | Champs Sports Bowl: W v. Purdue (24–7) | – | – | |||
| 2005 | ACC Atlantic | (3–5) | 4th♦♦ (1–4) | 5 | 6 | – | – | – | |||
| 2004 | ACC | 8th♦ (3–5) | 5 | 6 | – | – | – | ||||
| 2003 | ACC | 2nd (6–2) | 10 | 3 | Gator Bowl: W v. West Virginia (41–7) | 17th | 20th | ||||
| 2002 | ACC | 2nd♦ (6–2) | 11 | 3 | Peach Bowl: W v. Tennessee (30–3) | 13th | 13th | ||||
| 2001† | ACC | 1st (7–1) | 10 | 2 | Orange Bowl: L v. Florida (23–56) | 11th | 10th | ||||
| 2000 | Ron Vanderlinden | ACC | 6th♦ (3–5) | 5 | 6 | – | – | – | |||
| 1999 | ACC | 8th♦ (2–6) | 5 | 6 | – | – | – | ||||
| 1998 | ACC | 8th♦ (1–7) | 3 | 8 | – | – | – | ||||
| 1997 | ACC | 7th (1–7) | 2 | 9 | – | – | – | ||||
| 1996 | Mark Duffner | ACC | 6th♦ (3–5) | 5 | 6 | – | – | ||||
| 1995 | ACC | 5th♦ (4–4) | 6 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1994 | ACC | 7th (2–6) | 4 | 7 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1993 | ACC | 7th♦ (2–6) | 2 | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1992 | ACC | 8th (2–6) | 3 | 8 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1991 | Joe Krivak | ACC | 6th (2–5) | 2 | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1990 | ACC | 4th (4–3) | 6 | 5 | 1 | Independence Bowl: T v. Louisiana Tech (34–34) | – | – | |||
| 1989 | ACC | 6th (2–5) | 3 | 7 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| 1988 | ACC | 4th♦ (4–3) | 5 | 6 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1987 | ACC | 5th (3–3) | 4 | 7 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1986 | Bobby Ross | ACC | 5th (2–3–1) | 5 | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| 1985† | ACC | 1st (6–0) | 9 | 3 | 0 | Cherry Bowl: W v. Syracuse (35–18) | 18th | USA: 17th UPI: 19th | |||
| 1984† | ACC | 1st (6–0) | 9 | 3 | 0 | Sun Bowl: W v. Tennessee (28–27) | 12th | USA: 9th UPI: 11th | |||
| 1983† | ACC | 1st[nb 7] (5–1) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Citrus Bowl: L v. Tennessee (23–30) | – | USA: 24th UPI: – | |||
| 1982 | ACC | 2nd (5–1) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Aloha Bowl: L v. Washington (20–21) | 20th | 20th | |||
| 1981 | Jerry Claiborne | ACC | 3rd (4–2) | 4 | 6 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| 1980 | ACC | 2nd (5–1) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Tangerine Bowl: L v. Florida (20–35) | – | – | |||
| 1979 | ACC | 2nd♦♦ (4–2) | 7 | 4 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1978 | ACC | 2nd (5–1) | 9 | 3 | 0 | Sun Bowl: L v. Texas (0–42) | 20th | – | |||
| 1977 | ACC | 3rd♦ (4–2) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Hall of Fame Classic: W v. Minnesota (17–7) | – | – | |||
| 1976† | ACC | 1st (5–0) | 11 | 1 | 0 | Cotton Bowl Classic: L v. Houston (21–30) | 8th | 11th | |||
| 1975† | ACC | 1st (5–0) | 9 | 2 | 1 | Gator Bowl: W v. Florida (13–0) | 13th | 11th | |||
| 1974† | ACC | 1st (6–0) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Liberty Bowl: L v. Tennessee (3–7) | 13th | 13th | |||
| 1973 | ACC | 2nd (5–1) | 8 | 4 | 0 | Peach Bowl: L v. Georgia (16–17) | 20th | 18th | |||
| 1972 | ACC | 3rd (3–2–1) | 5 | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| 1971 | Roy Lester | ACC | 7th (1–5) | 2 | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1970 | ACC | 6th♦ (2–4) | 2 | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1969 | ACC | 3rd♦♦♦ (3–3) | 3 | 7 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1968 | Bob Ward | ACC | 7th (2–5) | 2 | 8 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1967 | ACC | 8th (0–6) | 0 | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1966 | Lou Saban | ACC | 3rd♦ (3–3) | 4 | 6 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1965 | Tom Nugent | ACC | 4th♦[nb 8] (3–3) | 4 | 6 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1964 | ACC | 2nd♦♦ (4–3) | 5 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1963 | ACC | 5th (2–5) | 3 | 7 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1962 | ACC | 3rd (5–2) | 6 | 4 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1961 | ACC | 3rd♦ (3–3) | 7 | 3 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1960 | ACC | 3rd (5–2) | 6 | 4 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1959 | ACC | 3rd (4–2) | 5 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1958 | Tommy Mont | ACC | 5th (3–3) | 4 | 6 | 0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1957 | ACC | 3rd♦♦ (4–3) | 5 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | |||
| 1956 | ACC | 4th[nb 9] (2–2–1) | 2 | 7 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| 1955† | Jim Tatum | ACC | 1st♦ (4–0) | 10 | 1 | 0 | Orange Bowl: L v. Oklahoma (6–20) | 3rd | 3rd | ||
| 1954 | ACC | 2nd (4–0–1) | 7 | 2 | 1 | – | 8th | – | |||
| 1953‡ | ACC | 1st♦ (5–0) | 10 | 1 | 0 | Orange Bowl: L v. Oklahoma (0–7) | 1st | 1st | |||
| 1952 | Southern[nb 10] | – | 7 | 2 | 0 | – | 13th | ||||
| 1951‡ | Southern | 1st♦ (5–0) | 10 | 0 | 0 | Sugar Bowl: W v. Tennessee (28–13) | 3rd | ||||
| 1950 | Southern | 5th (4–1–1) | 7 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| 1949 | Southern | 2nd (4–0) | 9 | 1 | 0 | Gator Bowl: W v. Missouri (20–7) | 14th | ||||
| 1948 | Southern | 6th (4–2) | 6 | 4 | 0 | – | – | ||||
| 1947 | Southern | 6th♦ (3–2–1) | 7 | 2 | 2 | Gator Bowl: T v. Georgia (20–20) | – | ||||
| 1946 | Clark Shaughnessy | Southern | 12th (2–5) | 3 | 6 | 0 | – | – | |||
| 1945 | Bear Bryant | Southern | 5th♦ (3–2) | 6 | 2 | 1 | – | – | |||
| 1944 | Clarence Spears | Southern | 6th (1–1) | 1 | 7 | 1 | – | – | |||
| 1943 | Southern | 2nd (2–0) | 4 | 5 | 0 | – | – | ||||
| 1942 | Clark Shaughnessy | Southern | 13th (1–2) | 7 | 2 | 0 | – | – | |||
| 1941 | Jack Faber | Southern | 12th (1–2) | 3 | 5 | 1 | – | – | |||
| 1940 | Southern | 12th (0–1–1) | 2 | 6 | 1 | – | – | ||||
| 1939 | Frank Dobson | Southern | 14th (0–1) | 2 | 7 | 0 | – | – | |||
| 1938 | Southern | 12th (1–2) | 2 | 7 | 0 | – | – | ||||
| 1937† | Southern | 1st (3–0) | 8 | 2 | 0 | – | – | ||||
| 1936 | Southern | 5th♦ (4–2) | 6 | 5 | 0 | – | – | ||||
| 1935 | Jack Faber | Southern | 3rd (3–1–1) | 7 | 2 | 2 | – | – | |||
| 1934 | Curley Byrd | Southern | 2nd♦ (3–1) | 7 | 3 | 0 | – | – | |||
| 1933 | Southern | 9th (1–4) | 3 | 7 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1932 | Southern | 15th♦ (2–4) | 5 | 6 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1931 | Southern | 5th (4–1–1) | 8 | 1 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1930 | Southern | 5th (4–2) | 7 | 5 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1929 | Southern | 17th (1–3–1) | 4 | 4 | 2 | – | |||||
| 1928 | Southern | 14th♦ (2–3–1) | 6 | 3 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1927 | Southern | 12th♦♦ (3–5) | 4 | 7 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1926 | Southern | 17th (1–3–1) | 5 | 4 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1925 | Southern | 20th♦♦ (0–4) | 2 | 5 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1924 | Southern | 16th (1–2–1) | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | |||||
| 1923 | Southern | 8th (2–1) | 7 | 2 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1922 | Southern | 11th♦♦♦♦ (1–2) | 4 | 5 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1921 | Southern | – (1–2–0) | 3 | 5 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1920 | South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association | – (1–1) | 7 | 2 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1919 | South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association | – | 5 | 4 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1918 | South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association | – | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1917 | Independent | – | 4 | 3 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1916 | Independent | – | 6 | 2 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1915 | Independent | – | 6 | 3 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1914† [nb 11] | Independent | – | 5 | 3 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1913† [nb 12] | Independent | – | 6 | 3 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1912 | Independent | – | 6 | 1 | 1 | – | |||||
| 1911 | Independent | – | 4 | 4 | 2 | – | |||||
| 1910 | Royal Alston | Independent | – | 4 | 3 | 1 | – | ||||
| 1909 | Bill Lang Ed Larkin[nb 13] | Independent | – | 2 | 5 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1908 | Bill Lang | Independent | – | 3 | 8 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1907 | Charles Melick | Independent | – | 3 | 6 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1906 | Fred Nielsen | Independent | – | 5 | 3 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1905 | Independent | – | 6 | 4 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1904 | John Markey | Independent | – | 2 | 4 | 2 | – | ||||
| 1903 | Independent | – | 7 | 4 | 0 | – | |||||
| 1902 | Independent | – | 3 | 5 | 2 | – | |||||
| 1901 | Emmons Dunbar | Independent | – | 1 | 7 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1900 | F.H. Peters | Independent | – | 3 | 4 | 1 | – | ||||
| 1899 | S.M. Cooke | Independent | – | 1 | 4 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1898 | Frank Kenly | Independent | – | 2 | 5 | 1 | – | ||||
| 1897 | John Lillibridge | Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association | – | 2 | 4 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1896† [nb 14] | Grenville Lewis | Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association | – | 6 | 2 | 2 | – | ||||
| 1895 | The Maryland Agricultural College did not field a football team in 1895 | ||||||||||
| 1894 | J.G. Bannon | Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association | – | 4 | 3 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1893† [nb 15] | Samuel Harding | Independent | – | 6 | 0 | 0 | – | ||||
| 1892 | Will Skinner | Independent | – | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | ||||
| Total | 592 | 520 | 41 | Regular season games (1,141) | |||||||
| 10 | 11 | 2 | Bowl games (23) | ||||||||
| 620 | 553 | 43 | All games (1,164) | ||||||||
| References: [1][2][29][30][31] | |||||||||||
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ In 2006, this record was broken, when Michigan State recovered from a 35-point deficit against Northwestern in the third quarter, to win 41–38.[7]
- ↑ Season results include bowl game results where applicable.
- ↑ In 2005, the ACC became a divisional conference, consisting of the Atlantic Division (including Maryland) and the Coastal Division. Boston College joined the ACC as its 12th member, allowing, under NCAA regulations, the conference to re-organize into two divisions and hold a championship game.[9][10][11]
- ↑ In 1996, the NCAA instituted overtime rules which made ties no longer possible.[12][13]
- ↑ The AP Poll has been published continuously since 1936. The number of teams ranked has varied over time: it ranked the top-20 teams from its start until 1961, the top-10 (1962–1967), the top-20 (1968–1988), and it currently ranks the top-25 from 1989 to the presentday.[15][16]
- ↑ From 1950 to 1990, the Coaches' Poll was featured by United Press International; from 1991 to the present day, it is featured by USA Today.[18][19]
- ↑ In 1983, Clemson played its conference games, but with no games counting towards its or its opponents' records due to illegal recruiting practices during the 1982 season.[20][21]
- ↑ In 1965, South Carolina was forced to forfeit all wins and its 4–2 record was amended to 0–6 due to the use of two ineligible players. Therefore, South Carolina finished in last place instead of finishing as ACC co-champions with Duke. Maryland finished the season tied for fourth-place, instead of fifth.[22]
- ↑ In 1956, North Carolina was forced to forfeit all wins and its 2–3 record was amended to 0–5 due to the use of an ineligible player. Maryland's loss to North Carolina was counted as a win due to forfeiture.[23]
- ↑ In 1952, Maryland was disallowed any Southern Conference games due to participation in the 1952 Sugar Bowl. This was in accordance with a Southern Conference regulation to discourage postseason play that had been adopted mid-season the previous year. Clemson was likewise sanctioned for 1952, and dissatisfaction with the rule contributed to the formation of the ACC in 1953.[24][25]
- ↑ In 1914, the Maryland Agricultural College was awarded the state championship after defeating three of four other universities in the state of Maryland.[26]
- ↑ In 1913, the Maryland Agricultural College was awarded the state championship after defeating four other universities in the state of Maryland.[26]
- ↑ In 1909, Bill Lang and Edward Larkin served as co-head coaches.[2]
- ↑ In 1896, the Maryland Agricultural College was awarded the Maryland state championship after Maryland-Baltimore forfeited a game due to an illegal use of extra players.[27]
- ↑ In 1893, the Maryland Agricultural College was awarded the Maryland state championship and District of Columbia championship.[2][28]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Maryland Terrapins". 2008 ACC Football Media Guide. Atlantic Coast Conference. 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 "Year-by-Year Results" (PDF). 2008 Maryland Terrapins Football Media Guide. University of Maryland. 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ↑ "Terps in the Pros – Former Maryland players who have seen action in the NFL". University of Maryland Terrapins football official website. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ↑ 1952 – 18th Award, Heisman.com, retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ↑ Pete Fiutak, 100 Greatest College Football Finishes, Scout.com, 9 July 2007, retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ↑ College football's best of the last 20 years, USA Today, 19 November 2002.
- ↑ Spartans stun Cats for biggest comeback in I-A history, ESPN, 21 October 2006, retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ↑ Ross to Leave Maryland, The New York Times, 2 December 1986, retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ↑ New ACC eager to grab football spotlight, USA Today, 26 August 2004, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ ACC Unveils Future League Seal, Divisional Names, Atlantic Coast Conference, 18 October 2004, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ Introduction (PDF), 2008 ACC Football Media Guide, Atlantic Coast Conference, 2008, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ King Kaufman, Why I love college football's overtime system, Salon.com, 6 November 2002, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ It's early, but OTs already making mark on NCAA gridiron, USA Today, 11 September 2006, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ "Associated Press (Writers and Broadcasters) Final Polls" (PDF). Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Records. NCAA. July 2008. pp. 96–99. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ↑ All Time Final AP Football Poll, National Collegiate Athletic Association, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ AP Football Poll Archive, AP Poll Archive, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ "USA Today/ESPN (Coaches) Weekly Poll Leaders" (PDF). Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Records. NCAA. July 2008. pp. 101–105. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ↑ Football Almanac, The Sporting News, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ USA Today Division I-A Coaches' Poll, American Football Coaches Association, 8 October 2006, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ Section 1, ACC Record Book, 2008 ACC Football Media Guide, p. 110, Atlantic Coast Conference, 2008, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ Clemson University Placed on NCAA Probation, Public Infraction Report, National Collegiate Athletic Association, 22 November 1982, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ Section 1, ACC Record Book, 2008 ACC Football Media Guide, p. 101, Atlantic Coast Conference, 2008, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ Section 1, ACC Record Book, 2008 ACC Football Media Guide, p. 96, Atlantic Coast Conference, 2008, retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ↑ David Ungrady, Tales from the Maryland Terrapins, p. 77–78, Sports Publishing LLC, 2003.
- ↑ K. Adam Powell and Woody Durham, Border Wars: The First Fifty Years of Atlantic Coast Conference Football, p. xvi, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4839-2, 2004, retrieved 26 January 2009.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Reveille, Maryland Agricultural College Yearbook, Class of 1915, p. 172.
- ↑ David Ungrady, Tales from the Maryland Terrapins, p. 9, Sports Publishing LLC, 2003.
- ↑ David Ungrady, Tales from the Maryland Terrapins, p. 5, Sports Publishing LLC, 2003.
- ↑ "Maryland Coaches and Records" (PDF). Maryland Terrapins, 2008 ACC Football Football Media Guide. Atlantic Coast Conference. 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ↑ "Southern Conference Year-by-Year Statistics" (PDF). 2007 Southern Conference media guide. Southern Conference. 2007. pp. 140–142. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ↑ Conference Affiliations, Maryland Historical Data, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved 16 December 2008.
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