List of Internet top-level domains

This is a list of Internet top-level domains (TLDs). A top-level domain is a domain name in the Domain Name System that is a direct subdomain of the DNS root zone. The official list of all top-level domains is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).[1] In an initiative to expand the domain name space, IANA is considering approval of several proposed top-level domains. As of February 2015, the root domain contains 810 top-level domains,[2] while a few have been retired and are no longer functional.

Original top-level domains

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and pre-date the creation of ICANN in 1998.[3]

Name Entity Administrator[4] Notes IDN DNSSEC
.com commercial Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the "main" TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. Yes Yes
.org organization Public Interest Registry This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by non-profit organizations, and still primarily used by some. Yes Yes
.net network Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by domains pointing to a distributed network of computers, or "umbrella" sites that act as the portal to a set of smaller websites. Yes Yes
.int international organizations Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs which are endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, there are a few grandfathered domain names that do not meet these criteria. No No
.edu U.S. higher education Educause (via Verisign) The .edu TLD is limited to specific educational institutions such as, but not limited to, primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools, colleges, and universities. In the US, its usability was limited in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies maintained by the United States Department of Education. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No Yes
.gov U.S. national and state government agencies General Services Administration (via Verisign) The .gov TLD is limited to governmental entities and agencies in the U.S. No Yes
.mil U.S. military United States Department of Defense The .mil TLD is limited to use by the United States military. No Yes

Infrastructure top-level domain

Infrastructure Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.arpa "Address and Routing Parameter Area" Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.No Yes

Country code top-level domains

Note: the country code domain system was created in the early days of the Domain Name System, and pre-dates ICANN.

Name Entity Explanation Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.ac  Ascension Island   Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official British academic domain .ac.uk. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.ad  Andorra   Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required [5][6]   Yes Yes
.ae  United Arab Emirates       No Yes
.af  Afghanistan       Yes Yes
.ag  Antigua and Barbuda   Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft, a legal entity form similar to a corporation limited by shares)   Yes Yes
.ai  Anguilla       No Yes
.al  Albania   Citizenship no longer required   No Yes
.am  Armenia   Also unofficially used by AM radio stations or related business   Yes Yes
.an  Netherlands Antilles Local presence required; Netherlands Antilles were dissolved on October 10, 2010.   No Yes
.ao  Angola       No Unknown
.aq  Antarctica Antarctique Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica.   No Yes
.ar  Argentina     Spanish[cctld 1] No No Yes
.as  American Samoa     Yes No Yes
.at  Austria       Yes Yes
.au  Australia   Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must be Australian, and most have a minimum 2 year registration period.[7] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands.   Yes No
.aw  Aruba Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens   Yes Yes
.ax  Åland   Restricted to registered Åland companies, organisations and citizens   No Yes
.az  Azerbaijan       No Yes
.ba  Bosnia and Herzegovina     No Yes
.bb  Barbados       No Yes
.bd  Bangladesh     Yes No Yes
.be  Belgium   Also unofficially used in the canton of Bern, Switzerland Latin[8] Yes Yes Yes[9]
.bf  Burkina Faso       No Yes
.bg  Bulgaria     Russian and Bulgarian[8] Yes Yes
.bh  Bahrain       No Yes
.bi  Burundi       No Yes
.bj  Benin       No Yes
.bm  Bermuda   Local corporate registration required   No Yes
.bn  Brunei       No No
.bo  Bolivia       No Yes
.bq  Bonaire   Not yet assigned as of 25 Nov 2014  
.br  Brazil   Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.)[10] Yes[11] Yes No[cctld 2]
.bs  Bahamas       No Yes
.bt  Bhutan       No No
.bv  Bouvet Island   Not in use (Norwegian dependency; see .no). No No No
.bw  Botswana       No Yes
.by  Belarus Byelorussia also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany   Yes Yes
.bz  Belize       Yes Yes
.bzh  Brittany Breizh     Yes Yes
.ca  Canada   Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements.[12] French[cctld 3] Yes Yes
.cc  Cocos (Keeling) Islands   Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos islands in Guam. Also used as a free domain service to the public as cc.cc, cu.cc or cz.cc domain.   Yes Yes
.cd  Democratic Republic of the Congo       No Yes
.cf  Central African Republic       No Yes
.cg  Republic of the Congo       No Yes
.ch   Switzerland Confoederatio Helvetica (Latin)   Yes[cctld 4] Yes Yes
.ci  Côte d'Ivoire       No Yes
.ck  Cook Islands       No Yes
.cl  Chile     Yes Yes Yes Yes
.cm  Cameroon   A local entity/company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name.   No Yes
.cn  People's Republic of China   A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.   Yes Yes
.co  Colombia   Marketed as a global domain – recognized as a gccTLD by Google. Anyone can register.   Yes Yes
.cr  Costa Rica       Yes Yes
.cs  Czechoslovakia
 Serbia and Montenegro 		This ccTLD was deleted around January 1995.
The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code CS was later assigned to Serbia and Montenegro but that country continued to use the ccTLD .yu instead until 2007 where recently split Serbia and Montenegro were assigned .rs and .me respectively 		 
.cu  Cuba       No Yes
.cv  Cape Verde       No Yes
.cw  Curaçao Curaçao, West Indies     No Unknown
.cx  Christmas Island       Yes Yes
.cy  Cyprus       No No
.cz  Czech Republic     No[cctld 5] Yes Yes
.dd  East Germany Deutsche Demokratische Republik Was proposed, but never implemented due to German re-unification.  
.de  Germany Deutschland German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. Yes[cctld 6] Yes Yes
.dj  Djibouti       No Yes
.dk  Denmark     Yes[cctld 7] Yes Yes
.dm  Dominica       No Yes
.do  Dominican Republic       No Yes
.dz  Algeria al-Jazair, also sometimes transliterated Djazair     No Yes
.ec  Ecuador       No Yes
.ee  Estonia Eesti Anyone can register but local administrative contact is required. Yes[cctld 8] Yes Yes
.eg  Egypt       No Yes
.eh  Western Sahara Saguia el-Hamra .eh is reserved for Western Sahara, but does not exist in the root.  
.er  Eritrea   Inactive – The domain registrar Eritrea Telecommunication Services Corporation offers no services to register domains.   No No
.es  Spain España     No Yes
.et  Ethiopia       No No
.eu  European Union   Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. Yes[cctld 9] Yes Yes Yes[14]
.fi  Finland   Restricted to legal and natural persons residing in Finland. Yes[cctld 10] Yes Yes
.fj  Fiji       No Yes
.fk  Falkland Islands       No No
.fm  Federated States of Micronesia   Also unofficially used by FM radio stations or related business   No Yes
.fo  Faroe Islands Føroyar     Yes Yes
.fr  France   Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes[cctld 12] Yes Yes
.ga  Gabon       No Yes
.gb  United Kingdom Great Britain Deprecated.[15] The primary ccTLD used for the United Kingdom is .uk.   No No
.gd  Grenada       Yes Yes
.ge  Georgia   Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant)[16] No No Yes
.gf  French Guiana Guyane française   No  
.gg  Guernsey Guernsey/Guernesey     No Yes
.gh  Ghana       No No
.gi  Gibraltar       Yes Yes
.gl  Greenland   Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use, to be implemented in 2014   Yes Yes
.gm  The Gambia       No Yes
.gn  Guinea   A local contact is required   Yes No
.gp  Guadeloupe   Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin   No Yes
.gq  Equatorial Guinea Guinée équatoriale     No  
.gr  Greece     Yes[cctld 13] Yes Yes
.gs  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands       Yes Yes
.gt  Guatemala     Yes No Yes
.gu  Guam       No No
.gw  Guinea-Bissau       No Yes
.gy  Guyana       No Yes
.hk  Hong Kong   Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Yes No Yes
.hm  Heard Island and McDonald Islands       No Yes
.hn  Honduras       Yes Yes
.hr  Croatia Hrvatska     Yes Yes
.ht  Haiti     Yes No Yes
.hu  Hungary   citizens of EU or entity established by virtue of law in the territory of EU   No Yes
.id  Indonesia   Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and will be open to general registration on August 17, 2014.[17] Yes Partial[18] Yes
.ie  Ireland   In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[19][20]No No Yes
.il  Israel     Yes No No
.im  Isle of Man       No Yes
.in  India   Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except: gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in).   Yes Yes
.io  British Indian Ocean Territory  Used unofficially by technology companies/startups/web applications because IO can be an acronym for input/output which is useful for domain hacks.   Yes Yes
.iq  Iraq       Partial[18] Yes
.ir  Iran     Yes No Yes
.is  Iceland Ísland   Yes Yes Yes
.it  Italy   Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. Yes[cctld 14] No Yes
.je  Jersey   -je is used in Dutch to form a diminutive: boek = a book, boekje = a little book   No Yes
.jm  Jamaica       No No
.jo  Jordan       No Yes
.jp  Japan   Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan.   Yes Yes
.ke  Kenya       Yes No
.kg  Kyrgyzstan       Yes Yes
.kh  Cambodia Khmer, former Kâmpŭchea     No No
.ki  Kiribati       Yes Yes
.km  Comoros Komori     No Yes
.kn  Saint Kitts and Nevis       No Yes
.kp  Democratic People's Republic of Korea       No No
.kr  Republic of Korea     Yes Yes Yes
.kw  Kuwait       No No
.ky  Cayman Islands   Restricted to qualified Cayman entities[21]   No Yes
.kz  Kazakhstan       No Yes
.la  Laos   Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles[22]   Yes Yes
.lb  Lebanon   Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon   Yes No
.lc  Saint Lucia       Yes Yes
.li  Liechtenstein   Also used by Long Island Yes Yes Yes
.lk  Sri Lanka Lanka     Yes Yes
.lr  Liberia       Partial[18] No
.ls  Lesotho       No No
.lt  Lithuania     Yes Yes Yes
.lu  Luxembourg     Yes Yes Yes
.lv  Latvia     Yes Yes Yes
.ly  Libya       No Yes
.ma  Morocco Maroc Also used as a free domain service to the public as cu.ma   Partial[18] Yes
.mc  Monaco   Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco   No Yes
.md  Moldova   Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova.   No Yes
.me  Montenegro       Yes Yes
.mg  Madagascar       No Yes
.mh  Marshall Islands       No  
.mk  Macedonia Makedonija Restricted to registration with a company in Macedonia   No Yes
.ml  Mali   Also used as a free domain service to the public.   No Yes
.mm  Myanmar       Yes No
.mn  Mongolia   The second-level domains '.gov.mn', '.org.mn', and '.edu.mn' are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information.   Yes Yes
.mo  Macau Macao Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.[23]   No Yes
.mp  Northern Mariana Islands Marianas Pacific     No Yes
.mq  Martinique     No No
.mr  Mauritania       No Yes
.ms  Montserrat       No Yes
.mt  Malta       No No
.mu  Mauritius       No Yes
.mv  Maldives       No Yes
.mw  Malawi       No Yes
.mx  Mexico       No Yes
.my  Malaysia   Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia Yes[cctld 15] Yes Yes
.mz  Mozambique       No No
.na  Namibia       Yes Yes
.nc  New Caledonia   Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months.   Yes Yes
.ne  Niger       No Yes
.nf  Norfolk Island       Yes Yes
.ng  Nigeria       No Yes
.ni  Nicaragua       No No
.nl  Netherlands Nederland First official country code TLD.[24] No Yes Yes
.no  Norway   Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in the Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Yes No Yes
.np    Nepal   All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses.   No No
.nr  Nauru   Also used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.   No Yes
.nu  Niue   Commonly used by Danish, Dutch and Swedish websites, because in those languages "nu" means "now". Yes Yes Yes
.nz  New Zealand     Māori[cctld 16] Yes Yes[25]
.om  Oman   Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact.   No No
.pa  Panama       No No
.pe  Peru     Yes[cctld 17] Yes Yes
.pf  French Polynesia Polynésie française With Clipperton Island   No Yes
.pg  Papua New Guinea       No No
.ph  Philippines       No Yes
.pk  Pakistan   Operated by PKNIC since 1992   No Yes
.pl  Poland     Yes[cctld 18] Yes Yes
.pm  Saint-Pierre and Miquelon   Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes Yes
.pn  Pitcairn Islands       No Yes
.pr  Puerto Rico       Yes Yes
.ps  State of Palestine[26]   West Bank and Gaza Strip.   No Yes
.pt  Portugal     Portuguese Yes Yes Yes[27]
.pw  Palau Pelew     Yes Yes
.py  Paraguay       No No
.qa  Qatar       No No
.re  Réunion   Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes[cctld 12] Yes Yes
.ro  Romania       No Yes Yes [28]
.rs  Serbia Republika Srbija     No Yes
.ru  Russia   See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. No Yes Yes Yes
.rw  Rwanda       No Yes
.sa  Saudi Arabia   Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[29] Arabic[8] No Yes
.sb  Solomon Islands British Solomon Islands     Yes No
.sc  Seychelles       Yes Yes
.sd  Sudan       No Yes
.se  Sweden     Yes[cctld 19] Yes Yes
.sg  Singapore       No Yes
.sh  Saint Helena     Yes[cctld 20] Yes Yes
.si  Slovenia     style="background:#9F9;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"|Yes[cctld 21] Yes Yes
.sj  Svalbard and
 Jan Mayen Islands 		  Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no). No Yes[30] No
.sk  Slovakia Restricted to Slovak companies, organisations and citizens   No Yes
.sl  Sierra Leone       No Yes
.sm  San Marino   Domain name must be same as company name or trademark   No Yes
.sn  Senegal       No Yes
.so  Somalia   Relaunched on November 1, 2010 No No Yes
.sr  Suriname       No Yes
.ss  South Sudan   Removed from the root DNS zone in April 2013  
.st  São Tomé and Príncipe       No Yes
.su  Soviet Union   Still in use. Yes[cctld 22] Yes Yes Yes[cctld 23]
.sv  El Salvador       No No
.sx  Sint Maarten       Yes No
.sy  Syria       No Yes
.sz  Swaziland   Registration is restricted to Swaziland organizations with Swaziland Trading Licenses.   No No
.tc  Turks and Caicos Islands   .TC domains are also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' is TC.   No Yes
.td  Chad Tchad Chadian (.td) domains are available for registration to entities connected with Chad only.   No Yes
.tf  French Southern and Antarctic Lands Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes[cctld 12] Yes Yes
.tg  Togo       No Yes
.th  Thailand     Yes Yes No
.tj  Tajikistan       No Yes
.tk  Tokelau   Also used as a free domain service to the public. Used in the Netherlands because tk ('te koop') means 'for sale' in Dutch.   No Yes
.tl  East Timor Timor-Leste Old code .tp is still in use.   No Yes
.tm  Turkmenistan     Yes[cctld 24] Yes Yes
.tn  Tunisia       Yes Yes
.to  Tonga   Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin, Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins Yes No Yes
.tp  East Timor Timor Português ISO code has changed to TL; .tl is now assigned but .tp is still in use.   No Yes
.tr  Turkey   .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus Yes[cctld 25] No Yes
.tt  Trinidad and Tobago       Yes Yes
.tv  Tuvalu   Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company.   Yes Yes
.tw  Taiwan   Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that “TW” is "designated for use to represent "Taiwan, Republic of China."[31] Yes[cctld 26] Yes Yes
.tz  Tanzania   Must have a presence in Tanzania   Yes No
.ua  Ukraine Україна/Ukraina Ukrainian trademark required   Yes Yes
.ug  Uganda       Yes Yes
.uk  United Kingdom   The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code for the UK. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[15]   Yes Yes
.us  United States of America Formerly commonly used by US State and local governments, see also .gov TLD   Yes Yes
.uy  Uruguay   2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[32]   No Yes
.uz  Uzbekistan       No Yes
.va   Vatican City Vaticano Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State)   No No
.vc  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines       Partial[18] Yes
.ve  Venezuela       No No
.vg  British Virgin Islands       No Yes
.vi  United States Virgin Islands       No Yes
.vn  Vietnam     Yes[cctld 27] No Yes
.vu  Vanuatu       No Yes
.wf  Wallis and Futuna   Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes[cctld 12] Yes Yes
.ws  Samoa Western Samoa (former name) Marketed to be used in general WebSites Yes Yes[33] Yes
.ye  Yemen       No No
.yt  Mayotte   Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[cctld 11] Yes[cctld 12] Yes Yes
.yu  SFR Yugoslavia
 FR Yugoslavia 		  Yugoslavia broke up in 1991 and Serbia and Montenegro joined in a  State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 1992. .cs was assigned for the State union but the country kept the use of .yu until 2006 when the two nations split.  
.za  South Africa Zuid-Afrika (Dutch)     No No
.zm  Zambia       No Yes[cctld 28]
.zr  Zaire   Zaire renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997.
.zr was removed in 2001 		 
.zw  Zimbabwe       No No

Notes

  1. ↑ (November 17, 2009) Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law
  2. ↑ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered in.
  3. ↑ "About Internationalized Domain Names" (PDF). Cira.ca. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  4. ↑ Since March 2004, see details
  5. ↑ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[13]
  6. ↑ 93 non-ASCII characters, see details
  7. ↑ (January 1, 2004), (æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é): see details
  8. ↑ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) Starting from June 13, 2011
  9. ↑ Supported characters (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic): see details
  10. ↑ (September 2005) Supported characters (Latin): see details
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 (6 December 2011) "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs"..
    Before restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs". Afnic.fr. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  13. ↑ Support for Greek characters since July 2005, see details
  14. ↑ "Idn: un successo". Nic.it. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  15. ↑ ".my Domain Registry". Domainregistry.my. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  16. ↑ "F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs) - .nz Domain Name Commission". Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  17. ↑ (8 December 2007): see details
  18. ↑ "www.dns.pl: IDN". Retrieved 11 September 2003.
  19. ↑ (October 2003), for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish: see details
  20. ↑ "IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.sh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  21. ↑ Since October 2010, see details
  22. ↑ (28 April 2008) see details
  23. ↑ "ccTLD.su". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  24. ↑ "IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.tm. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  25. ↑ (14 November 2006): see details
  26. ↑ Traditional Chinese characters: see details
  27. ↑ "TRUNG TÂM INTERNET VIÊT NAM – Tên mien tieng viet". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  28. ↑ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm

Internationalized country code top-level domains

DNS name IDN ccTLD Country Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j الجزائر.  Algeria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al Jaza'ir .dz No
xn--y9a3aq .հայ  Armenia Armenian Armenian hye Not delegated .am No
xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা  Bangladesh Bengali Bengali Bangla Not delegated .bd No
xn--90ais .бел  Belarus Belarusian Cyrillic bel Not delegated .by No
xn--90ae .бг[34]  Bulgaria Bulgarian Cyrillic bg Not delegated .bg
xn--fiqs8s .中国  China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--fiqz9s .中國  China Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--wgbh1c مصر.  Egypt Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Masr [35] .eg No
xn--node .გე  Georgia Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE Not in use .ge No
xn--qxam .ελ[34]  Greece Greek Greek el Not delegated .gr
xn--j6w193g .香港  Hong Kong Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hkNo
xn--h2brj9c .भारत  India Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 Aug 2014 [36] .in Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e بھارت.  India Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Not in use .in No
xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్  India Telugu Telugu Bhārata Not in use .in No
xn--gecrj9c .ભારત  India Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Not in use .in No
xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ  India Punjabi Gurmukhī Pā̀rat Not in use .in No
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா  India Tamil Tamil Intiyā Not in use .in No
xn--45brj9c .ভারত  India Bengali Bengali Bharôt Not in use .in No
xn--mgba3a4f16a ایران.  Iran Persian Persian (Persian) Īrān .ir No
xn--mgbtx2b عراق.  Iraq Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Iraq Not delegated .iqNo
xn--mgbayh7gpa الاردن.  Jordan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al 'Urdun .joNo
xn--80ao21a .қаз  Kazakhstan Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz No
xn--mix082f .澳门  Macao Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Not delegated .mo
xn--mix891f .澳門  Macao Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Not delegated .mo
xn--d1alf .мкд  Macedonia Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk
xn--mgbx4cd0ab مليسيا.  Malaysia Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysia .my Yes
xn--l1acc .мон  Mongolia Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg المغرب.  Morocco Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al Maghrib .ma No
xn--mgb9awbf عمان.  Oman Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Oman .om No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j پاکستان.  Pakistan Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pakistan Not delegated .pk No
xn--ygbi2ammx فلسطين.  State of Palestine Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filastīn .psNo
xn--wgbl6a قطر.  Qatar Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qatar .qaNo
xn--p1ai .рф  Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ruYes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar السعودية.  Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Sa'ūdiyyah .saNo
xn--90a3ac .срб  Serbia Serbo-Croatian (Serbian) Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs No
xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡  Singapore Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg No
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர்  Singapore Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg No
xn--3e0b707e .한국  South Korea Korean Hangul Han-guk .kr Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා  Sri Lanka Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk Partial[18]
xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை  Sri Lanka Tamil Tamil Ilangai .lkPartial[18]
xn--mgbpl2fh سودان.  Sudan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sudan Not delegated .sd No
xn--ogbpf8fl سورية.  Syria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūryā .sy No
xn--kprw13d .台湾  Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .twYes
xn--kpry57d .台灣  Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .twYes
xn--o3cw4h .ไทย  Thailand Thai Thai Thai .thYes
xn--pgbs0dh تونس.  Tunisia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tnNo
xn--j1amh .укр  Ukraine Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua No
xn--mgbaam7a8h امارات.  United Arab Emirates Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .aeNo
xn--mgb2ddes اليمن.  Yemen Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al Yemen Not delegated .ye No

Source:[37]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

English

Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.academy academic institutes — Donuts[donuts 1] Yes Yes
.accountants accountants and accounting firms — Donuts[donuts 2] Yes Yes
.active general — The Active Network Unknown Yes
.actor actors — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.adult adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. Yes Yes
.aero air-transport industry Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. SITA No No
.agency business associations — Donuts[donuts 3] Yes[8] Yes
.airforce defense contractors — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.app Phone apps — Google[n 2]Unknown Yes
.archi architects and architect firms[38] Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.[39] STARTING DOT LIMITED Unknown Yes
.army defense contractors — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.associates business associations — Donuts[donuts 4] Yes Yes
.attorney attorneys and legal organizations — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.auction — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.audio stereo/sound systems, music — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.autos — DERAutos Unknown Yes
.band — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.bar Bars and related industry — Punto 2012 Yes Yes
.bargains coupons and online sellers — Donuts[donuts 5] Yes Yes
.beer breweries and beer aficionados — Minds + Machines[n 3] Unknown Yes
.best — BestTLD Pty Ltd Unknown Yes
.bid auctions — dot Bid Limited Yes Yes
.bike bicycles — Donuts[donuts 6] initially French, Spanish, added later: Chinese, German[41] Yes
.bio biodiversity, biographies May require compliance with organic agriculture principles.[42] STARTING DOT LIMITED Unknown Yes
.biz business Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken. NeuStar Yes[8] Yes
.black those who like the colour black[43] — Afilias Yes Yes
.blackfriday Black Friday, retail — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.blog Blogs — Unknown Yes
.blue those who like the colour blue[44] — Afilias Yes Yes
.boo ghosts and spooky business — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.boutique specialized businesses — Donuts[donuts 7] Yes Yes
.build construction industry —[45] Yes Yes
.builders construction workers — Donuts[donuts 8] Yes Yes
.business businesses — Donuts[donuts 9] Yes Yes
.buzz marketing and social networking — DOTSTRATEGY Yes Yes
.cab cabs and taxi companies — Donuts[donuts 10] Yes Yes
.camera camera-related businesses — Donuts[donuts 11] Yes Yes
.camp camps and camping — Donuts[donuts 12] Yes Yes
.cancerresearch Organisations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research [46] — Australian Cancer Research Foundation Unknown Yes
.capital financial firms — Donuts[donuts 13] Yes Yes
.cards general — Donuts[donuts 14] Yes Yes
.care healthcare industry — Donuts[donuts 15] Yes Yes
.career — dotCareer LLC Yes Yes
.careers Employment — Donuts[donuts 16] Yes Yes
.cash financial — Donuts[donuts 17] Yes Yes
.catering Food service — Donuts[donuts 18] Yes Yes
.center general — Donuts[donuts 19] Yes Yes
.ceo CEOs —[47] CEOTLD Pty Ltd Unknown Yes
.channel — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.cheap Resellers — Donuts[donuts 20] Yes Yes
.christmas Christmas — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.church churches — Donuts[donuts 21] Yes Yes
.city general — Donuts[donuts 22] Yes Yes
.claims retail, auctions — Donuts[donuts 23] Yes Yes
.cleaning Cleaning services — Donuts[donuts 24] Yes Yes
.click — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.clinic healthcare clinics — Donuts[donuts 25] Yes Yes
.clothing Apparel — Donuts[donuts 26] Yes Yes
.club groups, organizations, assemblies —[48] .CLUB DOMAINS initially only Spanish, added later: Chinese, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish[49] Yes
.coach travel (flights and motor coaches) — Donuts Yes Yes
.codes computer and/or encryption code enthusiasts — Donuts[donuts 27] Yes Yes
.coffee cafés and coffee aficionados — Donuts[donuts 28] Yes Yes
.college Educational — XYZ.com Yes Yes
.community social groups, neighborhoods — Donuts[donuts 29] Yes Yes
.company business associations — Donuts[donuts 30] Yes Yes
.computer Technology — Donuts[donuts 31] Yes Yes
.condos Real estate — Donuts[donuts 32] Yes Yes
.construction Construction industry — Donuts[donuts 33] Yes Yes
.consulting hired advisors — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.contractors Remodeling and independent businesses — Donuts[donuts 34] Yes Yes
.cooking sharing recipes — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.cool General interests — Donuts[donuts 35] Yes Yes
.country general — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.credit Financial institutions — Donuts[donuts 36] Yes Yes
.creditcard Financial institutions — Donuts[donuts 37] Yes Yes
.cricket cricket — Famous Four Media[ffm 1] Unknown Yes
.cruises cruise businesses and travel — Donuts[donuts 38] Yes Yes
.dad families — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.dance Dance studios and companies — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.dating Online dating — Donuts[donuts 39] Yes Yes
.day general — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.deals online shopping and couponing — Donuts[donuts 40] Yes Yes
.degree general — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.delivery general — Donuts[donuts 41] Yes Yes
.democrat Democratic Party politics — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.dental dentists — Donuts[donuts 42] Yes Yes
.dentist dentists — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.diamonds diamond and jewelry industry — Donuts[donuts 43] Yes Yes
.diet — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.digital general — Donuts[donuts 44] Yes Yes
.direct general — Donuts[donuts 45] Unknown Yes
.directory general directory — Donuts[donuts 46] Yes Yes
.discount general — Donuts[donuts 47] Yes Yes
.domains domain registries — Donuts[donuts 48] Yes Yes
.eat restaurants and [foodie]s — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.education educational institutes — Donuts[donuts 49] Yes Yes
.email email — Donuts[donuts 50] Yes Yes
.energy energy industry and marketing — Donuts[donuts 51] Yes Yes
.engineer engineers and engineering firms — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.engineering engineering firms — Donuts[donuts 52] Yes Yes
.equipment equipment-related businesses — Donuts[donuts 53] Yes Yes
.esq lawyers, law firms, legal professionals To be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys[50] Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.estate real estate businesses — Donuts[donuts 54] Yes Yes
.events happenings — Donuts[donuts 55]Yes Yes
.exchange generic trade — Donuts[donuts 56] Yes Yes
.expert generic expertise — Donuts[donuts 57] Yes Yes
.exposed general interest — Donuts[donuts 58] Yes Yes
.fail general — Donuts[donuts 59] Yes Yes
.farm farms and agriculture — Donuts[donuts 60] Yes Yes
.fashion clothing industry — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.feedback — Top Level Spectrum Unknown Yes
.finance financial — Donuts[donuts 61] Yes Yes
.financial financial — Donuts[donuts 62] Yes Yes
.fish fishing businesses, sports, and interests — Donuts[donuts 63] Yes Yes
.fishing fishing businesses, sports, and interests — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.fitness Fitness and exercise — Donuts[donuts 64] Yes Yes
.flights airline businesses and travel — Donuts[donuts 65] Yes Yes
.florist florists — Donuts[donuts 66] Yes Yes
.flowers florists and gardens — Uniregistry Yes Yes
.fly travel To be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers[51] Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.foo web development —[52] Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.forsale online retail — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.foundation charitable organizations — Donuts[donuts 67] Yes Yes
.fund financial — Donuts[donuts 68] Yes Yes
.furniture furniture businesses — Donuts[donuts 69] Yes Yes
.gallery photo and art galleries — Donuts[donuts 70] Yes Yes
.garden gardening — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.gift gift-giving — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.gifts gift-giving — Donuts[donuts 71] Yes Yes
.gives charities and gift-giving — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.glass window sales and repairs — Donuts[donuts 72] Yes Yes
.global general — Dot GLOBAL Yes Yes
.gop Republican Party politics — Republican State Leadership Committee Spanish[53] Yes
.graphics graphics — Donuts[donuts 73] Yes Yes
.green the environmentally-focused "As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way which negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."[54] Afilias Unknown Yes
.gripe opinion sites — Donuts[donuts 74] Yes Yes
.guide help sites — Donuts[donuts 75] Yes Yes
.guitars Guitars — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.guru generic expertise — Donuts[donuts 76] initially French, Spanish, added later: Chinese, German[55] Yes
.healthcare healthcare industry — Donuts[donuts 77] Unknown Yes
.help help sites — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.here generic geographic — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.hiphop Hip hop culture — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.hiv AIDS and HIV — dotHIV Unknown Yes
.holdings real estate or financial business — Donuts[donuts 78] Yes Yes
.holiday holiday gift industry — Donuts[donuts 79] Yes Yes
.homes — Dominion Enterprises Unknown Yes
.horse horse-related businesses and interest — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.host network companies — Radix Registry Unknown Yes
.hosting — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.house real estate and construction businesses — Donuts[donuts 80] Yes Yes
.how how-to guides — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.info information — Afilias German[8] Yes
.ing Verbal suffix: e.g. "jump.ing". — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.ink creative printing or tattooing[56] — Top Level Design Yes Yes
.institute[57] — Donuts[donuts 81] Yes Yes
.insure Insurance companies — Donuts[donuts 82] Yes Yes
.international international entities — Donuts[donuts 83] Yes Yes
.investments financial — Donuts[donuts 84] Yes Yes
.jobs Employment For websites with job opportunities and job listings.[58] Employ Media No No
.kim people named Kim
Kim is a common first name in the US and is also the most common Korean surname. 		— Afilias Unknown Yes
.kitchen food industry and remodeling — Donuts[donuts 85] Yes Yes
.land real estate — Donuts[donuts 86] Yes Yes
.lawyer lawyers and legal organizations — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.legal lawyers and legal organizations — Donuts Yes Yes
.lease financing — Donuts[donuts 87] Yes Yes
.lgbt the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community "Registrants are prohibited from using the .LGBT domain in a manner that is harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, or hateful with respect to the LGBT community."[59] Afilias Unknown Yes
.life general — Donuts[donuts 88] Yes Yes
.lighting lighting — Donuts[donuts 89] Yes Yes
.limited general — Donuts[donuts 90] Yes Yes
.limo limousine businesses — Donuts[donuts 91] Yes Yes
.link connecting to information[60] — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.loans Banks and lenders — Donuts[donuts 92] Yes Yes
.lotto — Afilias Unknown Yes
.luxe — Minds + Machines[n 3] Unknown Yes
.luxury businesses catering to the wealthy — Luxury Partners Yes Yes
.management business management — Donuts[donuts 93] Yes Yes
.market marketing services and retailers — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.marketing marketing services — Donuts[donuts 94] Yes Yes
.media general media interests — Donuts[donuts 95] Yes Yes
.meet social gatherings, meeting new people — Afilias Unknown Yes
.meme Internet memes — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.memorial memorial sites — Donuts Yes Yes
.menu restaurants — Wedding TLD2 Yes Yes
.mobi mobile devices Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. Afilias Yes No
.moe Japanese otaku culture
The word "moe" (Japanese: 萌え, pronounced as "moh-ay") is a slang word rooted deep in the Japanese Otaku culture. It has often been used to mean a particular type of "adorable" or "cute" towards fictional characters, people, animals, etc.[61] 		— Interlink Yes Yes
.money financial — Donuts Yes Yes
.mortgage mortgage lenders — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.motorcycles motorcycles — DERMotorcycles Unknown Yes
.mov Digital video — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.museum museums Must be verified as a legitimate museum. Museum Domain Management Association Latin script[8] Yes
.name individuals, by name Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter. Verisign Yes[8] Yes
.navy defense contractors — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.network general — Donuts[donuts 96] Yes Yes
.new general — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.ngo Non-governmental organizations.
Sold packaged with .ong. 		Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR. See the eligibility requirements. Public Interest Registry Unknown Yes
.ninja general expertise — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.ong Non-governmental organizations.
Sold packaged with .ngo. 		Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR. See the eligibility requirements. Public Interest Registry Unknown Yes
.onl short for "online" — I-REGISTRY Unknown Yes
.ooo general — Infibeam No Yes
.organic organic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc. Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.[62] Afilias Unknown Yes
.partners businesses — Donuts[donuts 97] Yes Yes
.parts manufacturing and consumer auto — Donuts[donuts 98] Yes Yes
.party nightclubs and social gatherings — Famous Four Media[ffm 2] Unknown Yes
.pharmacy pharmacies "All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."[63] National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Unknown Yes
.photo photography and photo-sharing — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.photography photography and photo-sharing — Donuts[donuts 99] Yes Yes
.photos photography and photo-sharing — Donuts[donuts 100] Yes Yes
.physio physical therapists Must be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.[64][65] PhysBiz Unknown Yes
.pics photography and photo-sharing — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.pictures photography and photo-sharing — Donuts[donuts 101] Yes Yes
.pink those who like the colour pink — Afilias Yes Yes
.pizza pizza parlors — Donuts[donuts 102] Yes Yes
.place general — Donuts[donuts 103] Yes Yes
.plumbing plumbing businesses — Donuts[donuts 104] Yes Yes
.poker Poker players and sites — Afilias[n 4] Unknown Yes
.porn adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. Yes No
.post postal services The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[66] Universal Postal Union No[67] Yes
.press publishing and journalism — Radix Registry Unknown Yes
.pro professions Currently, .pro is reserved for licensed or certified professionals worldwide. A professional seeking to register a .pro domain must provide their registrar with the appropriate credentials. Registry Services Corporation No No
.productions studio/art businesses — Donuts[donuts 105] Yes Yes
.prof Professors, teachers and learning — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.properties real estate — Donuts[donuts 106] Yes Yes
.property real estate — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.qpon coupons — dotCOOL Unknown Yes
.recipes recipes and cooking — Donuts[donuts 107] Yes Yes
.red those who like the colour red[68]
Also Spanish variant of .net
Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'. 		— Afilias Yes Yes
.rehab Rehab centers and support sites — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.ren Renren users Restricted TLD[69] Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co. Unknown Yes
.rentals short-term ownership — Donuts[donuts 108] Yes Yes
.repair general repair/maintenance businesses — Donuts[donuts 109]Yes Yes
.report business services — Donuts[donuts 110] Yes Yes
.republican Republican Party politics — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.rest Restaurants and related industry — Punto 2012 Yes Yes
.reviews Public reviews — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.rich businesses catering to the wealthy — I-REGISTRY Unknown Yes
.rip memorial sites[70] — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.rocks general — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.rodeo Rodeo interest — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.rsvp Invitations and replies — Google[n 2] Unknown Yes
.science science-related sites — dot Science Unknown Yes
.services business services — Donuts[donuts 111] Yes Yes
.sexy adult entertainment — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.shoes shoes — Donuts[donuts 112] Yes Yes
.singles online dating — Donuts[donuts 113] Yes Yes
.social general interest — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.software computer software — Rightside Group[n 1] Unknown Yes
.solar solar-power — Donuts[donuts 114] Yes Yes
.solutions business services — Donuts[donuts 115] Yes Yes
.space as a creative space — Radix Registry Unknown Yes
.supplies manufacturing industries — Donuts[donuts 116] Yes Yes
.supply manufacturing industries — Donuts[donuts 117] Yes Yes
.support help pages — Donuts[donuts 118] initially only French, Spanish, added later: Chinese, German[71] Yes
.surf surfing — Minds + Machines[n 3] Unknown Yes
.surgery healthcare industry — Donuts[donuts 119] Yes Yes
.systems technology — Donuts[donuts 120] Yes Yes
.tattoo tattoo aficionados — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.tax financial — Donuts Yes Yes
.technology technology — Donuts Yes Yes
.tel Internet communication services A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System. Yes[72] No
.tips general help topics — Donuts Yes Yes
.tires tire manufacturers — Donuts Yes Yes
.today general — Donuts Yes Yes
.tools manufacturing industries — Donuts Yes Yes
.top general — Jiangsu Bangning Unknown Yes
.town generic geographic — Donuts Yes Yes
.toys toy businesses — Donuts Yes Yes
.trade businesses — Yes Yes
.training training and how-tos — Donuts Yes Yes
.travel travel and tourism industry related sites Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity. No No
.university young adults, university life — Donuts Yes Yes
.vacations travel — Donuts Yes Yes
.vet veterans and veterinarians — Yes Yes
.villas real estate and/or travel businesses — Donuts Yes Yes
.vision eye-care businesses — Donuts Yes Yes
.vodka Vodka-related businesses and interest — Yes Yes
.vote democratic elections and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[73] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[74] Afilias Unknown Yes
.voting polling sites — Latin and Cyrillic scripts[8] Yes
.voyage travel — Donuts Yes Yes
.wang general
Wǎng is a pinyin of 网 (web).[75]
Wang is also a common surname in mainland China. 		— Yes[76] Yes
.watch Watches — Donuts Yes Yes
.webcam Web cam shows and video sharing — Yes Yes
.website general — Radix Registry Unknown Yes
.wed engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with prohibitive third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[77]
And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[78] 		No Yes
.wedding wedding-oriented businesses — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.whoswho general An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications. Who's Who Registry Yes Yes
.wiki wikis
"An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation" 		— Yes Yes
.work general — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.works general — Donuts Yes Yes
.world general — Donuts Yes Yes
.wtf general — Donuts Yes Yes
.xxx adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. Yes No
.xyz general — XYZ.com Yes[79] Yes
.yoga yoga — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.zone general — Donuts Yes Yes

French

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.maison "house" — Donuts[donuts 121] Chinese, French, German, Spanish[80] Yes

Spanish

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado "lawyer" To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[81] Minds + Machines[n 3] Unknown Yes
.gratis "free" — Donuts[donuts 122] Yes Yes
.futbol soccer — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.juegos "games" — Uniregistry Yes[40] Yes
.soy "I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives 		— Google[n 2] Latin script, Japanese[82] Yes
.tienda "shop", "store" — Donuts Spanish Yes
.uno "one", for websites targeting Latino consumers — Spanish Yes
.viajes "travel" — Donuts Spanish Yes

German

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.haus "house" — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.immobilien "real estate" — Rightside Group[n 1] German[8] Yes
.jetzt "now" — New TLD Company Yes Yes
.kaufen "buy" — Rightside Group[n 1] German[8] Yes
.reise "travel" Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[83] dotreise Latin script[8] Yes
.reisen "traveling" — Donuts[donuts 123] German[8] Yes
.schule "school" — Donuts[donuts 124] Yes Yes
.versicherung "insurance" — Latin script[8] Yes

Hindi

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desi Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia
See also Desi 		— Desi Networks Unknown Yes
.shiksha Hindi for "education". — Afilias Unknown Yes

Translingual

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa "house" — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.immo French, German, and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" — Donuts[donuts 125] Yes Yes
.moda "fashion" — Rightside Group[n 1] Spanish[8] Yes
.voto "vote", for election and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[84] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[85] Afilias Unknown Yes

Corporate Identifiers

Name Entity Type Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bar bars and pubs — Punto 2012 Yes Yes
.coop Cooperatives The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles. DotCooperation No No
.enterprises business associations — Donuts[donuts 126] Yes Yes
.industries industrial businesses — Donuts[donuts 127] Yes Yes
.institute Established business associations — Donuts[donuts 128] Yes Yes
.ltda companies in South America Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Columbia, Chile, and Ecuador.[86] InterNetX Unknown Yes
.pub bars and pubs — Rightside Group[n 1] Yes Yes
.realtor realtors To be restricted to members of the National Association of Realtors and the Canadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.[87] Real Estate Domains Unknown Yes
.reit Real estate investment trusts Restricted to REITs, as determined by national law.[88] National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts Unknown Yes
.rest restaurants — Punto 2012 Yes[89] Yes
.restaurant restaurants — Donuts[donuts 129] Yes Yes
.sarl Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company — Donuts[donuts 130] Yes Yes
.ventures funding for start-ups — Donuts Yes Yes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
  4. ↑ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
  1. ↑ Operating as dotCricket
  2. ↑ Operating as Blue Sky Registry
  1. ↑ Operating as Half Oaks, LLC
  2. ↑ Operating as Knob Town, LLC
  3. ↑ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
  4. ↑ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
  5. ↑ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
  6. ↑ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
  7. ↑ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
  8. ↑ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
  9. ↑ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
  10. ↑ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
  11. ↑ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
  12. ↑ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
  13. ↑ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
  14. ↑ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
  15. ↑ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
  16. ↑ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
  17. ↑ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
  18. ↑ Operating as New Falls, LLC
  19. ↑ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
  20. ↑ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
  21. ↑ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
  22. ↑ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
  23. ↑ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
  24. ↑ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
  25. ↑ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
  26. ↑ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
  27. ↑ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
  28. ↑ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
  29. ↑ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
  30. ↑ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
  31. ↑ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
  32. ↑ Operating as Pine House, LLC
  33. ↑ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
  34. ↑ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
  35. ↑ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
  36. ↑ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
  37. ↑ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
  38. ↑ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
  39. ↑ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
  40. ↑ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
  41. ↑ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
  42. ↑ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
  43. ↑ Operating as John Edge, LLC
  44. ↑ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
  45. ↑ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
  46. ↑ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
  47. ↑ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
  48. ↑ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
  49. ↑ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
  50. ↑ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
  51. ↑ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
  52. ↑ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
  53. ↑ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
  54. ↑ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
  55. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
  56. ↑ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
  57. ↑ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
  58. ↑ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
  59. ↑ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
  60. ↑ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
  61. ↑ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
  62. ↑ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
  63. ↑ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
  64. ↑ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
  65. ↑ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
  66. ↑ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
  67. ↑ Operating as John Dale, LLC
  68. ↑ Operating as John Castle, LLC
  69. ↑ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
  70. ↑ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
  71. ↑ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
  72. ↑ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
  73. ↑ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
  74. ↑ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
  75. ↑ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
  76. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
  77. ↑ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
  78. ↑ Operating as John Madison, LLC
  79. ↑ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
  80. ↑ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
  81. ↑ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
  82. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
  83. ↑ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
  84. ↑ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
  85. ↑ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
  86. ↑ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
  87. ↑ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
  88. ↑ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
  89. ↑ Operating as John McCook, LLC
  90. ↑ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
  91. ↑ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
  92. ↑ Operating as June Woods, LLC
  93. ↑ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
  94. ↑ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
  95. ↑ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
  96. ↑ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
  97. ↑ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
  98. ↑ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
  99. ↑ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
  100. ↑ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
  101. ↑ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
  102. ↑ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
  103. ↑ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
  104. ↑ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
  105. ↑ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
  106. ↑ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
  107. ↑ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
  108. ↑ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
  109. ↑ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
  110. ↑ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
  111. ↑ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
  112. ↑ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
  113. ↑ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
  114. ↑ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
  115. ↑ Operating as Silver Cover, LLC
  116. ↑ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
  117. ↑ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
  118. ↑ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
  119. ↑ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
  120. ↑ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
  121. ↑ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
  122. ↑ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC
  123. ↑ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
  124. ↑ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
  125. ↑ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
  126. ↑ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
  127. ↑ Operating as Outer House, LLC
  128. ↑ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
  129. ↑ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
  130. ↑ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC

Internationalized generic top-level domains

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[90] موقع. Arabic Arabic mawqiʿ "site" or "location" Open TLD Yes
xn--ngbc5azd[90] شبكة. Arabic Arabic shabaka "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--mgbab2bd[90] بازار. Persian Arabic bâzâr "market" or "bazaar" Open TLD Yes
xn--q9jyb4c[90] .みんな Japanese Japanese (Hiragana) minna "everyone" Open TLD [91] Yes
xn--3ds443g[90] .在线 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) zàixiàn "online" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[92] 		Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[90] .中文网 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngwén wǎng "(written) Chinese (language) network" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[92] 		Yes
xn--6frz82g[90] .移动 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) yídòng "movement" or "mobile" Open TLD Yes
xn--ses554g[90] .网址 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngzhǐ "network address" or "website" Open TLD Yes
xn--io0a7i[90] .网络 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngluò "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--55qx5d[90] .公司 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gōngsī "business organization" or "company" Open TLD Yes
xn--czru2d[90] .商城 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shāngchéng "mall" Open TLD Yes
xn--nqv7f[90] .机构 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jīgòu "agency" Open TLD Yes
xn--6qq986b3xl[90] .我爱你 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǒ ài nǐ "I love you" Open TLD Yes
xn--czr694b[90] .商标 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) shāngbiāo "trademark" Open TLD Yes
xn--rhqv96g[90] .世界 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shìjiè "world" Open TLD Yes
xn--3bst00m[90] .集团 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jítuán "conglomerate" Open TLD Yes
xn--czr694b[90] .商标 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) shāngbiāo "trademark" Open TLD Yes
xn--d1acj3b[90] .дети Russian Cyrillic (Russian) dyeti "kids" or "children" Open TLD Yes
xn--80asehdb[90] .онлайн Russian Cyrillic (Russian) onlain "online" Open TLD Yes
xn--c1avg[90] .орг Russian Cyrillic (Russian) org "org" or "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aswg[90] .сайт Russian Cyrillic (Russian) sait "site" Open TLD Yes
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[90] .संगठन Hindi Devanagari saṅgaṭhana "organization" Open TLD Yes

Geographic top-level domains

Africa

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.capetown Cape Town, South Africa [93] Unknown Yes
.durban Durban, South Africa [94] Unknown Yes
.joburg Johannesburg, South Africa [95] Unknown Yes

Asia

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.asia Asia-Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Chinese, Japanese, Korean[8] Yes
.krd Kurdistan This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan [96][97] Kurdish Yes
.nagoya Nagoya, Japan [98] Japanese[8] Yes
.okinawa Okinawa, Japan Japanese Yes
.ryukyu Ryukyu Islands, Japan [99] Unknown Yes
.taipei Taipei, Taiwan [100] Unknown Yes
.tatar Tatar peoples and places Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[101] Unknown Yes
.tokyo Tokyo, Japan [102] Yes Yes
.yokohama Yokohama, Japan [103] Japanese Yes

Europe

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace Alsace, France [104] Unknown Yes
.bayern Bavaria, Germany [105] Yes Yes
.berlin Berlin, Germany [106] Latin and Cyrillic scripts[8] Yes
.brussels Brussels, Belgium [107] Latin script[8] Yes
.budapest Budapest, Hungary [108] Unknown Yes
.bzh Brittany, France Breizh in Breton.[109] French[8] Yes
.cat Catalan language and culture This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[110] Catalan[8] Yes
.cologne Cologne, Germany [111] Yes Yes
.cymru Wales [112] Welsh[8] Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[113] Unknown Yes
.frl Friesland, Netherlands [114] Unknown Yes
.gal Galicia, Spain This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[115] Unknown Yes
.gent Ghent, Belgium [116] Unknown Yes
.hamburg Hamburg, Germany Latin script[8] Yes
.irish global Irish community Unknown Yes
.koeln Cologne, Germany [117] Yes Yes
.london London, United Kingdom [118] Yes Yes
.madrid Madrid, Spain [119] Unknown Yes
.moscow Moscow, Russia [120] Yes Yes
.nrw North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany [121] Unknown Yes
.paris Paris, France [122] French[8] Yes
.ruhr Ruhr, Germany [123] German[8] Yes
.saarland Saarland, Germany [124] Unknown Yes
.scot Scotland [125] Unknown Yes
.tirol Tyrol, now split between Austria and Italy [126] Yes[8] Yes
.vlaanderen Flanders, Belgium [127] Latin script[8] Yes
.wales Wales [112] Welsh[8] Yes
.wien Vienna, Austria [128] Latin script[8] Yes

North America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.miami Miami, USA [129] Unknown Yes
.nyc New York City, USA [130] Spanish[8] Yes
.quebec Québec, Canada [131] Unknown Yes
.vegas Las Vegas, NV, USA [132] Yes Yes

Oceania

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwi New Zealanders
(a.k.a. kiwis) 		[133] Latin script[8] Yes
.melbourne Melbourne, Australia [134] Unknown Yes
.sydney Sydney, Australia [135] Unknown Yes

South America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.rio Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [136] Unknown Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

DNS name IDN Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a .佛山 Foshan, China Chinese Chinese fóshān [137] Yes Yes
xn--80adxhks .москва Moscow, Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) moskva [138] .moscow Russian[8] Yes

Brand top-level domains

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft [139] Unknown Yes
.android Google (Android) [140] Unknown Yes
.aquarelle Aquarelle.com [141] Unknown Yes
.axa AXA [142] Yes[8] Yes
.bloomberg Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC [143] Unknown Yes
.bmw BMW [144] No Yes
.bnpparibas BNP Paribas [145] Unknown Yes
.cal Google (Google Calendar) [146] Unknown Yes
.caravan Caravan International, Inc. [147] Unknown Yes
.cern CERN [148] Unknown Yes
.chrome Google (Google Chrome) [149] Unknown Yes
.citic CITIC Group [150] No Yes
.crs Federated Co-operatives Limited
(Co-Operative Retailing System) 		[151] Unknown Yes
.cuisinella Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella) [152] Unknown Yes
.dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co. [153] Unknown Yes
.dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft [154] Unknown Yes
.emerck Merck KGaA [155] Unknown Yes
.everbank EverBank [156] Unknown Yes
.firmdale Firmdale Holdings [157] Unknown Yes
.flsmidth FLSmidth A/S [158] Unknown Yes
.frogans OP3FT Solely for use by the Frogans technology[159] Yes[8] Yes
.gbiz Google [160] Unknown Yes
.gle Google [161] Unknown Yes
.globo Grupo Globo [162] No Yes
.gmail Google (Gmail) [163] Unknown Yes
.gmo GMO Internet [164] Unknown Yes
.gmx 1&1 Mail & Media (Global Message Exchange) [165] Unknown Yes
.google Google [166] Unknown Yes
.ibm IBM [167] Unknown Yes
.kred KredTLD [168] Unknown Yes
.lacaixa Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona [169] Unknown Yes
.latrobe La Trobe University [170] Unknown Yes
.lds The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[171] [172] Unknown Yes
.mango MANGO [173] Latin script[8] Yes
.mini BMW (Mini) [174] No Yes
.monash Monash University [175][176] No Yes
.mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[171] [177] Unknown Yes
.neustar Neustar [178] No Yes
.nexus Google (Google Nexus) [179] Unknown Yes
.nhk NHK [180] Unknown Yes
.nra National Rifle Association [181] Unknown Yes
.otsuka Otsuka Holdings [182] Unknown Yes
.ovh OVH [183] French[8] Yes
.piaget Piaget SA [184] Unknown Yes
.pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft
(founder Reinfried Pohl) 		[185] Unknown Yes
.praxi Praxi [186] Unknown Yes
.prod Google (products) [187] Unknown Yes
.sca Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget [188] Unknown Yes
.scb Siam Commercial Bank Thai[8] Yes
.schmidt Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt) [189] Unknown Yes
.sohu Sohu [190] Unknown Yes
.spiegel Spiegel-Verlag [191] Unknown Yes
.suzuki Suzuki Motor Corporation [192] Unknown Yes
.tui TUI AG [193] Unknown Yes
.uol Universo Online Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[194] Unknown Yes
.williamhill William Hill [195] Unknown Yes
.wme William Morris Endeavor Entertainment [196] Unknown Yes
.wtc World Trade Centers Association [197] Unknown Yes
.yandex Yandex [198] Unknown Yes
.youtube Google (YouTube) [199] Unknown Yes

Internationalized brand top-level domains

DNS name IDN TLD Entity Script Transliteration Comments DNSSEC
xn--fiq64b .中信 CITIC Group Chinese zhōngxìn [200] Yes
xn--vermgensberater-ctb .vermögensberater Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [201] Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb .vermögensberatung Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [202] Yes
xn--qcka1pmc .グーグル Google Katakana gūguru [203] Yes
xn--flw351e .谷歌 Google Chinese
(Simplified) 		gǔgē [204] Yes
xn--cg4bki .삼성 Samsung Hangul samseong [205] Yes

Test TLDs

ICANN created a set of top-level Internationalized domain names in October 2007 for the purpose of testing the use of IDNA in the root zone and within those domains. These testing domains were abolished on 31 October 2013.[206] Each of these TLDs encoded a word meaning "test" in the respective language.[207][208]

Each of these domains contained only one site with the word "example" encoded in the respective script and language. These example.test sites were test wikis used by ICANN.

DNS Name IDN Transliteration Language Script URL of the test site
(archived at the Wayback Machine)
xn--kgbechtv إختبار. ik͡htibār Arabic Arabic http://مثال.إختبار
xn--hgbk6aj7f53bba آزمایشی. ậzmạy̰sẖy Persian Perso-Arabic http://مثال.آزمایشی
xn--0zwm56d .测试 cèshì Chinese Simplified Chinese http://例子.测试
xn--g6w251d .測試 cèshì Chinese Traditional Chinese http://例子.測試
xn--80akhbyknj4f .испытание ispytánije Russian Cyrillic http://пример.испытание
xn--11b5bs3a9aj6g .परीक्षा parīkṣā Hindi Devanagari http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा
xn--jxalpdlp .δοκιμή dokimé Greek Greek http://παράδειγμα.δοκιμή
xn--9t4b11yi5a .테스트 teseuteu Korean Hangul http://실례.테스트
xn--deba0ad טעסט. test Yiddish Hebrew http://בײַשפּיל.טעסט
xn--zckzah .テスト tesuto Japanese Katakana[209] http://例え.テスト
xn--hlcj6aya9esc7a .பரிட்சை pariṭcai Tamil Tamil http://உதாரணம்.பரிட்சை

See also

References

  1. ↑ "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  2. ↑ http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/
  3. ↑ Jon Postel (March 1994). "RFC 1591: Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". IETF.
  4. ↑ "Root Zone Database". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy". Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy". Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  7. ↑ "Rules for .au Domains".
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 Sep 2014.
  9. ↑ "DNS Belgium and IPv6" (PDF). economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  10. ↑ "Domínios .br". Registro.br.
  11. ↑ (May 9, 2005) for Portuguese (Brazilian) names: see Anúncio 04/05/2005
  12. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca#Canadian_Presence_Requirements
  13. ↑ "CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names". Nic.cz. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  14. ↑ ".eu and IPv6". EURid. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Milton Mueller (2002), Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 79, ISBN 9780262632980
  16. ↑ Article 1.9 of Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration (Recent Georgian version has some updates not causing this article)
  17. ↑ "Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year". Tech in Asia. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone is not yet published.
  19. ↑ "Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions". Silicon Republic. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  20. ↑ Information Technology Law: Professional Practice Guide, Dublin: Law Society of Ireland, 2004, p. 23
  21. ↑ "ICTA: ky Domain Policies". Icta.ky. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  22. ↑ ".LA - The Official .LA Registry". La. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  23. ↑ "How can I get a .mo domain if I'm not in Macau?". Quora.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. ↑ (Dutch) SIDN registreert 3.000.000ste .nl-domeinnaam (SIDN registers 3 millionth .nl domain name), Official website of SIDN
  25. ↑ http://dnc.org.nz/content/secondleveldomains.html
  26. ↑ "Delegation Record for .PS". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  27. ↑ "Notícias - dns.pt". Dns.pt. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  28. ↑ http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/35/index.html
  29. ↑ "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)".
  30. ↑ "TLD DNSSEC Report". ICANN Research. Retrieved 9 Sep 2014.
  31. ↑ "IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan, Province of China in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  32. ↑ "New rules for the registration of domain names under UY" (PDF). Nic.org.uy. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  33. ↑ http://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review
  35. ↑ "دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية". Dotmasr.eg. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  36. ↑ "Launch of .भारत Domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad". Registry.in. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  37. ↑ "Resources - ICANN". Icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  38. ↑ ".ARCHI Online Visibility for Architects Worldwide". Retrieved 7 Oct 2014.
  39. ↑ ".ARCHI policies". Retrieved 7 Oct 2014.
  40. ↑ https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/bike/bike-amend-1-pdf-09jun14-en.pdf
  41. ↑ ".BIO Domain Name Policies". startingdot.com. Retrieved 20 Nov 2014.
  42. ↑ "Why .BLACK?". Black/why-black. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  43. ↑ "Why .BLUE?". Dotblue.blue. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  44. ↑ ".BUILD domain FAQ's". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.
  45. ↑ .CancerResearch launch Site
  46. ↑ ".CEO Domain Names : .CEO Domains : Register New TLDs". dynadot.com. Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.
  47. ↑ "DotClub FAQ - DotClub". Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  48. ↑ https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/club/club-amend-1-pdf-14aug14-en.pdf
  49. ↑ "application for .ESQ". ICANN. Retrieved 21 Nov 2014.
  50. ↑ §18.b.iv, application for .FLY, ICANN. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  51. ↑ ".foo". Icannwiki.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  52. ↑ "Resources - ICANN". Icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  53. ↑ Acceptable use and anti-abuse policy, nic.green, accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  54. ↑ https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/guru/guru-amend-1-pdf-09jun14-en.pdf
  55. ↑ "Why .ink? - .ink". Nic.ink. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  56. ↑ Regitry agreement for .institute
  57. ↑ "What is .jobs?". Nic.jobs. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  58. ↑ ".LGBT Acceptable Use Policy". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  59. ↑ ".link Official - Uniregistry". Nic.link. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  60. ↑ "The .moe Domain is Here!". Nic.moe. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ↑ ".ORGANIC Eligibility". Retrieved 18 Sep 2014.
  62. ↑ nic.pharmacy, accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  63. ↑ http://nic.physio/
  64. ↑ ".physio Eligibility Policy" (PDF). Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  65. ↑ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies: Criteria for Registration". E17. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  66. ↑ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies:TLD String". E2. Retrieved 2013-01-01. Only ASCII characters will be used
  67. ↑ "Why .RED?". Get.red. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  68. ↑ "New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  69. ↑ "A respectful domain name for remembering loved ones". Retrieved 29 Dec 2014.
  70. ↑ https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/tlds/support/support-amend-1-pdf-09jun14-en.pdf
  71. ↑ Telnic. "IDN.tel". Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  72. ↑ ".VOTE Registration Policy". Retrieved 18 Dec 2014.
  73. ↑ "Registrant FAQs". Retrieved 18 Dec 2014.
  74. ↑ "Zodiac Holdings Limited". En.nic.wang. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  75. ↑ "Daily list of new gTLD domain name registrations". Retrieved 10 Nov 2014.
  76. ↑ "Weirdest new gTLD launch yet? .wed launches with a single registrar". DomainIncite - Domain Name News & Opinion. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  77. ↑ ".WED Third Level Extensions". Atgron, Inc Introduces .WED. A New Top Level Domain for Your Wedding. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  78. ↑ "Resources - ICANN". Icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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  80. ↑ General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains, accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  81. ↑ "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 Dec 2014.
  82. ↑ §5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  83. ↑ ".VOTO Registration Policy". Retrieved 18 Dec 2014.
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  85. ↑ "Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages.
  86. ↑ NAR Announces Launch of .REALTOR Top-Level Domain, realtor.org. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  87. ↑ nic.reit, accessed Dec. 2, 2014.
  88. ↑ "CentralNic Account Manager". Manage.centralnic.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  89. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8 90.9 90.10 90.11 90.12 90.13 90.14 90.15 90.16 90.17 90.18 90.19 90.20 90.21 "Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  90. ↑ "Google Registry – Google". Google.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  91. ↑ 92.0 92.1 "Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  92. ↑ "dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  93. ↑ "dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  94. ↑ "dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  95. ↑ IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  96. ↑ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  97. ↑ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン - GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  98. ↑ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  99. ↑ ".taipei Net Top City". Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  100. ↑ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  101. ↑ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン - GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  102. ↑ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン - GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  103. ↑ IANA — .alsace Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  104. ↑ (German)
  105. ↑ (German) berlin Top-Level-Domain. Nic.berlin. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
  106. ↑ ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  107. ↑ IANA — .budapest Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  108. ↑ (French)
  109. ↑ (Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
  110. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne" (PDF). Dot.cologne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  111. ↑ 112.0 112.1 ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  112. ↑ ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  113. ↑ (Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved on 2014-09-05.
  114. ↑ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  115. ↑ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  116. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne" (PDF). Dot.koeln. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  117. ↑ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  118. ↑ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  119. ↑ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  120. ↑ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Nov. 26, 2014.
  121. ↑ ".PARIS, La nouvelle adresse web de Paris". Retrieved 13 Mar 2015.
  122. ↑ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  123. ↑ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  124. ↑ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  125. ↑ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 Nov 2014.
  126. ↑ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  127. ↑ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  128. ↑ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Nov. 25, 2014.
  129. ↑ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  130. ↑ ".QUEBEC". .QUEBEC. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  131. ↑ "Dot Vegas, Inc.". Dot Vegas, Inc. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  132. ↑ "About". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  133. ↑ Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  134. ↑ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  135. ↑ IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  136. ↑ IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  137. ↑ http://nic.москва/
  138. ↑ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  139. ↑ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  140. ↑ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  141. ↑ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  142. ↑ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  143. ↑ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  144. ↑ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  145. ↑ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  146. ↑ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  147. ↑ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  148. ↑ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  149. ↑ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  150. ↑ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  151. ↑ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  152. ↑ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  153. ↑ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  154. ↑ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 20, 2014.
  155. ↑ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  156. ↑ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  157. ↑ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  158. ↑ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  159. ↑ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  160. ↑ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  161. ↑ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  162. ↑ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  163. ↑ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  164. ↑ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  165. ↑ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  166. ↑ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  167. ↑ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  168. ↑ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 25, 2014.
  169. ↑ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  170. ↑ 171.0 171.1 This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  171. ↑ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  172. ↑ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  173. ↑ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  174. ↑ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  175. ↑ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  176. ↑ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 21, 2014.
  177. ↑ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  178. ↑ IANA — .nexus Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 26, 2014.
  179. ↑ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 26, 2014.
  180. ↑ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 26, 2014.
  181. ↑ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 26, 2014.
  182. ↑ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  183. ↑ "NIC PIAGET". Retrieved 17 Mar 2015.
  184. ↑ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  185. ↑ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  186. ↑ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  187. ↑ ".sca". Retrieved 4 Nov 2014.
  188. ↑ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  189. ↑ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  190. ↑ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  191. ↑ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  192. ↑ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 19, 2014.
  193. ↑ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  194. ↑ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  195. ↑ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  196. ↑ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  197. ↑ "This is .yandex" (PDF). Nic.yandex. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  198. ↑ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 2, 2014.
  199. ↑ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  200. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  201. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Dec. 1, 2014.
  202. ↑ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  203. ↑ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line Nov. 24, 2014.
  204. ↑ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  205. ↑ "ICANN announcement". Icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  206. ↑
  207. ↑ "My Name, My Language, My Internet: IDN Test Goes Live - ICANN launches global test of Internationalized Domain Names". Icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  208. ↑ http://例え.テスト, the domain of test page, contains also Kanji (Chinese character in Japanese: 例) and Hiragana (え). See also Japanese writing system.

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