List of First Ladies of the United States

First Lady of the
United States
Incumbent
Michelle Obama
since January 20, 2009
Style Mrs. Obama
Residence White House
Inaugural holder Martha Washington
Formation April 30, 1789
Website First Ladies

The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[1] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been forty-six First Ladies and forty-seven First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president; his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's first inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife, Michelle Obama, became the forty-sixth official First Lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.

There are five living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Nancy Reagan, widow of Ronald Reagan; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Thomas Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson;[2][3] Rachel Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson;[4][5] Hannah Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren;[6][7] and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur.[8][9] One woman who was not married to a President but who is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies' Library.

In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[10] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[11]

List of First Ladies

This list included all persons who served as First Ladies, regardless of whether they were married to the incumbent President or not, as well as persons who are officially considered First Ladies by the First Ladies' Library but who died before being able to serve in that role. First Ladies who were not married to the incumbent appear in light grey boxes, while official First Ladies who did not serve in that role appear in dark grey boxes. The numbering follows the First Ladies' Library listing, which includes presidents' wives that predeceased their husband's entering office. First Ladies not recognized by First Ladies' Library listing are marked with a footnote, and First Ladies officially recognized by the First Ladies' Library listing who never served in that capacity are marked with a footnote.

#
 Image
 First Lady
 Birth Marriage
 President
(Husband, unless noted)		 Tenure began
 Age at tenure start Tenure ended Length of retirement
 Death Lifespan
1 Martha Washington
(née Dandridge)[12][13]
 June 2, 1731 6 January 1759 George Washington 1789 57 years, 332 days 1797 1,904 days May 22, 1802 25,921 days (70 years, 354 days)
2 Abigail Adams
(née Smith)[14][15]
 November 11, 1744 25 October 1764 John Adams 1797 52 years, 113 days 1801 6,447 days October 28, 1818 27,013 days (73 years, 351 days)
3 Martha Skelton Jefferson
[2][3]
(née Wayles)		 October 30, 1748 1 January 1772 Thomas Jefferson footnote — — — September 6, 1782 12,364 days (33 years, 311 days)
footnote Martha Jefferson Randolph
[2][3]
 September 27, 1772 —
[n 1]		 Thomas Jefferson*
(Father)		 1801 28 years, 158 days 1809 10,082 days October 10, 1836 23,388 days (64 years, 13 days)
4 Dolley Madison
(née Payne)[16][17]		 May 20, 1768 14 September 1794 James Madison 1809 40 years, 288 days 1817 11,818 days July 12, 1849 29,637 days (81 years, 53 days)
5 Elizabeth Monroe
(née Kortright)[18][19]		 June 30, 1768 16 February 1786 James Monroe 1817 48 years, 247 days 1825 2,029 days September 23, 1830 22,729 days (62 years, 85 days)
6 Louisa Adams
(née Johnson)[20][21]		 February 12, 1775 26 July 1797 John Quincy Adams 1825 50 years, 20 days 1829 9,934 days May 15, 1852 28,216 days (77 years, 93 days)
7 Rachel Robards Jackson
[4][5]
(née Donelson)		 June 15, 1767 7 January 1794 Andrew Jackson footnote — — — December 22, 1828 22,501 days (61 years, 221 days)
footnote Emily Donelson
[4][5]		 June 1, 1807 —
[n 2]		 Andrew Jackson
(Uncle)		 1829 21 years, 276 days 1836 — December 19, 1836 10,794 days (29 years, 201 days)
footnote Sarah Jackson
(née Yorke)[4][5]		 July 16, 1803 —
[n 3]		 Andrew Jackson
(Father-in-law)		 1834 31 years, 133 days 1837 18,434 days August 23, 1887 30,719 days (84 years, 38 days)
8 Hannah Van Buren
[6][7]
(née Hoes)		 March 8, 1783 21 February 1807 Martin Van Buren footnote — — — February 5, 1819 13,117 days (35 years, 334 days)
footnote Angelica Van Buren
(née Singleton)[6][7]

 February 13, 1818 —
[n 4]		 Martin Van Buren
(Father-in-law)		 1839 20 years, 322 days 1841 13,449 days December 29, 1877 21,869 days (59 years, 319 days)
9 Anna Harrison
(née Symmes)[22][23]		 July 25, 1775 22 November 1795 William Henry Harrison 1841[n 5] 65 years, 222 days 1841 8,362 days February 25, 1864 32,356 days (88 years, 215 days)
10 Letitia Tyler
(née Christian)[24][25]		 November 12, 1790 29 March 1813 John Tyler 1841 50 years, 143 days 1842 — September 10, 1842 18,929 days (51 years, 302 days)
footnote Priscilla Tyler
(née Cooper)[24][25]
 June 14, 1816 —
[n 6]		 John Tyler
(Father-in-law)		 1842 26 years, 88 days 1844 16,622 days December 29, 1889 26,861 days (73 years, 198 days)
11 Julia Tyler
(née Gardiner)[26][27]		 May 17, 1820 26 June 1844 John Tyler 1844[n 7] 24 years, 53 days 1845 16,199 days July 10, 1889 25,269 days (69 years, 54 days)
12 Sarah Polk
(née Childress)[28][29]
 September 4, 1803 1 January 1824 James K. Polk 1845 41 years, 181 days 1849 15,503 days August 14, 1891 32,121 days (87 years, 344 days)
13 Margaret Taylor
(née Smith)[30][31]		 September 21, 1788 21 June 1810 Zachary Taylor 1849 60 years, 164 days 1850 767 days August 14, 1852 23,337 days (63 years, 328 days)
14 Abigail Fillmore
(née Powers)[32][33]		 March 13, 1798 5 February 1826 Millard Fillmore 1850 52 years, 118 days 1853 26 days March 30, 1853 20,105 days (55 years, 17 days)
15 Jane Means Pierce
(née Appleton)[34][35]		 March 12, 1806 19 November 1834 Franklin Pierce 1853 46 years, 357 days 1857 2,464 days December 2, 1863 21,084 days (57 years, 265 days)
16 Harriet Lane
(later Johnston)[36][37]
 May 9, 1830 —
[n 8]		 James Buchanan
(Uncle)		 1857 26 years, 299 days 1861 15,460 days July 3, 1903 26,717 days (73 years, 55 days)
17 Mary Lincoln
(née Todd)[38][39]
 December 13, 1818 4 November 1842 Abraham Lincoln 1861 42 years, 81 days 1865 6,301 days July 16, 1882 23,226 days (63 years, 215 days)
18 Eliza Johnson
(née McCardle)[40][41]		 October 4, 1810 17 May 1827 Andrew Johnson 1865 54 years, 193 days 1869 2,508 days January 15, 1876 23,844 days (65 years, 103 days)
19 Julia Boggs Grant
(née Dent)[42][43]		 January 26, 1826 22 August 1848 Ulysses S. Grant 1869 43 years, 37 days 1877 9,415 days December 14, 1902 28,080 days (76 years, 322 days)
20 Lucy Hayes
(née Webb)[44][45]
 August 28, 1831 30 December 1852 Rutherford B. Hayes 1877 45 years, 188 days 1881 3,035 days June 25, 1889 21,121 days (57 years, 301 days)
21 Lucretia Garfield
(née Rudolph)[46][47]		 April 19, 1832 11 November 1858 James A. Garfield 1881 48 years, 319 days 1881 13,324 days March 14, 1918 31,374 days (85 years, 329 days)
22 Ellen Arthur[8][9]
(née Herndon)		 August 30, 1837 25 October 1859 Chester A. Arthur footnote — — — January 12, 1880 15,475 days (42 years, 135 days)
footnote Mary McElroy
(née Arthur)[8][9]		 July 5, 1841 —
[n 9]		 Chester A. Arthur
(Brother)		 1881 40 years, 76 days 1885 11,632 days January 8, 1917 27,580 days (75 years, 187 days)
footnote Rose Cleveland
[48][49]

 June 13, 1846 —
[n 10]		 Grover Cleveland
(Brother)		 1885 38 years, 264 days 1886 11,860 days November 22, 1918 26,459 days (72 years, 162 days)
23 Frances Cleveland
(née Folsom, later Preston)[48][49]		 July 21, 1864 2 June 1886 Grover Cleveland 1886 21 years, 316 days 1889 1,461 days October 29, 1947 30,414 days (83 years, 100 days)
24 Caroline Harrison
(née Scott)[50][51]		 October 1, 1832 20 October 1853 Benjamin Harrison 1889 56 years, 154 days 1892 — October 25, 1892 21,939 days (60 years, 24 days)
footnote Mary McKee
(née Harrison)[50][51]		 April 3, 1858 —
[n 11]		 Benjamin Harrison
(Father)		 1892 34 years, 205 days 1893 13,751 days October 28, 1930 26,505 days (72 years, 208 days)
25 Frances Cleveland
(née Folsom, later Preston)[48][49]
 July 21, 1864 2 June 1886 Grover Cleveland 1893 28 years, 226 days 1897 18,500 days October 29, 1947 30,414 days (83 years, 100 days)
26 Ida McKinley
(née Saxton)[52][53]
 June 8, 1847 25 January 1871 William McKinley 1897 49 years, 269 days 1901 2,080 days May 26, 1907 21,901 days (59 years, 352 days)
27 Edith Roosevelt
(née Carow )[54][55]		 August 6, 1861 2 December 1886 Theodore Roosevelt 1901 40 years, 39 days 1909 14,455 days September 30, 1948 31,831 days (87 years, 55 days)
28 Helen Louise Taft
(née Herron)[56][57]		 June 2, 1861 19 June 1886 William Howard Taft 1909 47 years, 275 days 1913 11,036 days May 22, 1943 29,938 days (81 years, 354 days)
29 Ellen Wilson
(née Axson)[58][59]		 May 15, 1860 24 June 1885 Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1913 52 years, 293 days 1914 — August 6, 1914 19,805 days (54 years, 83 days)
footnote Margaret Woodrow Wilson
[58][59]
 April 16, 1886 —
[n 12]		 Thomas Woodrow Wilson
(Father)		 1914 28 years, 112 days 1915 10,283 days February 12, 1944 21,120 days (57 years, 302 days)
30 Edith Wilson
(née Bolling, widowed Galt)[60][61]
 October 15, 1872 18 December 1915 Woodrow Wilson 1915 43 years, 64 days 1921 14,909 days December 28, 1961 32,580 days (89 years, 74 days)
31 Florence Harding
(née Kling)[62][63]		 August 15, 1860 8 July 1891 Warren G. Harding 1921 60 years, 201 days 1923 477 days November 21, 1924 23,473 days (64 years, 98 days)
32 Grace Anna Coolidge
(née Goodhue)[64][65]		 January 3, 1879 4 October 1905 Calvin Coolidge 1923 44 years, 211 days 1929 10,353 days July 8, 1957 28,675 days (78 years, 186 days)
33 Lou Hoover
(née Henry)[66][67]		 March 29, 1874 10 February 1899 Herbert Hoover 1929 54 years, 340 days 1933 3,961 days January 7, 1944 25,485 days (69 years, 284 days)
34 Eleanor Roosevelt
[68][69]		 October 11, 1884 17 March 1905 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 48 years, 144 days 1945 6,418 days November 7, 1962 28,515 days (78 years, 27 days)
35 Elizabeth "Bess" Truman
(née Wallace)[70][71]		 February 13, 1885 28 June 1919 Harry S. Truman 1945 60 years, 58 days 1953 10,863 days October 18, 1982 35,675 days (97 years, 247 days)
36 Mamie Eisenhower
(née Doud)[72][73]		 November 14, 1896 1 July 1916 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 56 years, 67 days 1961 6,859 days November 1, 1979 30,301 days (82 years, 352 days)
37 Jacqueline Kennedy
(née Bouvier, later Onassis)[74][75]		 July 28, 1929 12 September 1953 John F. Kennedy 1961 31 years, 176 days 1963 11,136 days May 19, 1994 23,671 days (64 years, 295 days)
38 Lady Bird Johnson
(née Taylor)[76][77]		 December 22, 1912 17 November 1934 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 50 years, 335 days 1969 14,051 days July 11, 2007 34,534 days (94 years, 201 days)
39 Thelma "Pat" Nixon
(née Ryan)[78][79]		 March 16, 1912 21 June 1940 Richard Nixon 1969 56 years, 310 days 1974 6,892 days June 22, 1993 29,683 days (81 years, 98 days)
40 Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Ford
(née Bloomer)[80][81]		 April 8, 1918 15 October 1948 Gerald Ford 1974 56 years, 123 days 1977 12,587 days July 8, 2011 34,059 days (93 years, 91 days)
41 Eleanor Rosalynn Carter
(née Smith)[82][83]		 August 18, 1927 7 July 1946 Jimmy Carter 1977 49 years, 155 days 1981 12,519 days 32,033 days (87 years, 256 days)
42 Nancy Reagan
(née Robbins, adopted Davis)[84][85]		 July 6, 1921 4 March 1952 Ronald Reagan 1981 59 years, 198 days 1989 9,597 days 34,267 days (93 years, 299 days)
43 Barbara Bush
(née Pierce)[86][87]		 June 8, 1925 6 January 1945 George H. W. Bush 1989 63 years, 226 days 1993 8,136 days 32,834 days (89 years, 327 days)
44 Hillary Clinton
(née Rodham)[88][89]
 October 26, 1947 11 October 1975 Bill Clinton 1993 45 years, 86 days 2001 5,214 days 24,659 days (67 years, 187 days)
45 Laura Bush
(née Welch)[90][91]		 November 4, 1946 5 November 1977 George W. Bush 2001 54 years, 77 days 2009 2,292 days 25,015 days (68 years, 178 days)
46 Michelle Obama
(née Robinson)[92][93]		 January 17, 1964 3 October 1992[94] Barack Obama 2009 45 years, 3 days Incumbent 18,732 days (51 years, 104 days)

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson died in 1782, nineteen years before Thomas Jefferson became President. Their daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency; when she was unavailable Jefferson called upon Dolley Madison, wife of his Secretary of State, James Madison.[2][3]
  2. ↑ Rachel Jackson died in December, 1828, three months before Andrew Jackson became President. His niece, Emily Donelson, assumed the role of White House hostess until her death on December 19, 1836. Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was also brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess on November 26, 1834. She remained at the White House until Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[4][5]
  3. ↑ Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess alongside the widowed President's niece Emily Donelson. Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[4][5]
  4. ↑ Hannah Van Buren died on February 5, 1819, eighteen years before Martin Van Buren became President. Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Martin's daughter-in-law, assumed the role of White House hostess during his incumbency.[6][7]
  5. ↑ Anna Harrison, President William Henry Harrison's wife, was too sick to travel with William to Washington D.C. for his inauguration, and asked their daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison to accompany him and act as hostess until her proposed arrival in May. William Harrison died after serving only 31 days in office, and Anna never made the trip to the White House.[22][23]
  6. ↑ Letitia Tyler died while her husband, John Tyler, was still in office. Their daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler acted as White House hostess until John Tyler remarried on June 26, 1844.[24][25]
  7. ↑ Julia Tyler married John Tyler on June 26, 1844.[26][27]
  8. ↑ James Buchanan was a life-long bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane served as First Lady.[36][37]
  9. ↑ Ellen Arthur died in 1880. When Chester A. Arthur became President after James A. Garfield died, he asked his sister, Mary Arthur McElroy to be the White House hostess.[8][9]
  10. ↑ Grover Cleveland entered office as a bachelor. His sister Rose Cleveland served as White House hostess until he married Frances Cornelia Folsom on June 2, 1886.[48][49]
  11. ↑ Caroline Harrison died while her husband, Benjamin Harrison, was still in office. Their daughter Mary Harrison McKee acted as White House hostess for the remainder of his incumbency.[50][51]
  12. ↑ Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, was still in office. Their daughter Margaret Woodrow Wilson acted as White House hostess until President Wilson remarried on December 18, 1915.[58][59]

References

  1. ↑ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Biography of Martha Jefferson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Biography of Rachel Jackson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Biography of Ellen Arthur". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  10. ↑ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  11. ↑ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Biography of Martha Washington". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  13. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Biography of Abigail Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  15. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Biography of Dolley Madison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  17. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  19. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Biography of Louisa Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  21. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Biography of Anna Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Biography of Letitia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Biography of Julia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Biography of Sarah Polk". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  29. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  31. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  33. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Biography of Jane Pierce". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  35. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Biography of Harriet Lane". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  39. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  40. ↑ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  41. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Biography of Julia Grant". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  43. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  45. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  47. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "Biography of Frances Cleveland". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Biography of Caroline Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Biography of Ida McKinley". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  53. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  55. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  56. ↑ "Biography of Helen Taft". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  57. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 "Biography of Ellen Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Biography of Edith Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  61. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Biography of Florence Harding". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  63. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  64. ↑ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  65. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Biography of Lou Hoover". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  67. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  68. ↑ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  69. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  70. ↑ "Biography of Bess Truman". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  71. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  72. ↑ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  73. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  74. ↑ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  75. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  76. ↑ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  77. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  78. ↑ "Biography of Pat Nixon". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  79. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  80. ↑ "Biography of Betty Ford". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  81. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  82. ↑ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  83. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  84. ↑ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  85. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  86. ↑ "Biography of Barbara Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  87. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  88. ↑ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  89. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  90. ↑ "Biography of Laura Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  91. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  92. ↑ "Biography of Michelle Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  93. ↑ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  94. ↑ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.

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