List of Baja California Peninsula hurricanes
Paths of all hurricanes to hit the peninsula from 1949-2000
The list of Baja California hurricanes includes all of the tropical cyclones that impacted the Baja California Peninsula, which includes the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. In the period 1951 to 2000, Baja California had one hurricane and three tropical storms make landfall. During the same period, Baja California Sur witnessed nineteen hurricanes and thirty tropical storms. During the same time period, the region got hit by two major hurricanes (Hurricane Oliva in 1967 and Hurricane Kiko in 1989).[1] The most expensive storm in the area is Hurricane Odile in 2014 and the deadliest is Hurricane Liza in 1976.
List of tropical cyclones
Pre-1949
- Sometime in between June and October 1884: a tropical cyclone of unknown intensity made landfall in the peninsula.[2]
- July 1902: A tropical cyclone made landfall in Baja California.[3]
- August 1915: A tropical cyclone impacted the northern part of Baja California.[3]
- September 13, 1918: Twenty-five deaths and heavy damage in La Paz and elsewhere were a result of a tropical cyclone of unknown intensity making landfall on this date.[4][5]
- August 1921: A tropical cyclone impacted the central part of the Baja California peninsula.[3]
- September 1921: A tropical cyclone's remnants tracked across the Baja California Peninsula.[3]
- September 1921: The remnants of a tropical cyclone dissipated moved inland after dissipating on this date.[3]
- August 1935: A tropical cyclone made landfall in southern Baja California and tracked northwards.[3]
- September 1939: In the early part of this month, the first of three tropical cyclones to impact the peninsula this year hit the northern part of the area.[3]
- September 1939: In the middle of the month a tropical cyclone made landfall and promptly dissipated.[3]
- September 1939: The third tropical cyclone to impact the peninsula this month hit part of Baja California Sur and dissipated onshore. Its remnants moved northderp.[3]
- September 1941: A hurricane made landfall on the peninsula causing extensive devastation and 15 deaths.[3]
- September 1945: A tropical cyclone paralleled the Pacific coast of the peninsula just offshore before dissipating.[3]
- September 1946: A tropical storm made landfall in the northern part of the Baja California Peninsula on an unknown date in this month.[3]
- September 11, 1949: A hurricane made landfall on the peninsula.[6]
1950s
- August 29, 1951: A tropical storm made landfall in the northern part of the peninsula.[7]
- July 17, 1954: A hurricane made landfall on the peninsula.[8]
- October 5, 1957: A hurricane made landfall on the peninsula.[9]
- September 11, 1958: A tropical storm made landfall and passed north-northwest over the peninsula.[10]
- October 4, 1958: A hurricane made landfall at the southern tip of the peninsula.[11]
- September 9, 1959: A hurricane made landfall and traveled up the peninsula.[12]
1960s
- September 6, 1962: Tropical Storm Bernice made landfall on the peninsula.[13]
- September 23–24, 1962: Tropical Storm Claudia skirted the Pacific coast of the northern part of the peninsula before making landfall.[14]
- October 4, 1962: Hurricane Doreen passed close to the southern tip of the peninsula before crossing the Gulf of California and making landfall.[15]
- September 18, 1963: Tropical Depression Jen-Kath made landfall in northern Baja California, just south of the U.S.-Mexico border after weakening from a tropical storm.[16]
- September 6, 1965: Tropical Depression Emily made landfall in the northern part of the peninsula days after passing close by as a hurricane.[17]
- September 15, 1966: Tropical Storm Helga made landfall on the peninsula well after weakening from a hurricane.[18]
- September 28, 1966: Tropical Storm Kirsten made landfall on the peninsula.[19]
- August 31, 1967: Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the southern tip of the peninsula, which it traveled up.[20] Katrina did heavy damage, sinking 60 ships and leaving 2500 homeless after it partially destroyed the city of San Felipe.[21]
- October 14, 1967: Hurricane Olivia becomes the first of only one of three major hurricanes to make landfall on Baja California. No damage figures exist from Olivia, due to the scarce population of the area it struck. However, a total of 61 lives were lost.[22]
- October 2, 1968: Hurricane Pauline made landfall on the peninsula and crossed it. Four or five people died when a sailboat was sunk in Magdalena Bay.[23]
1970s
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Hurricane Liza is one of Mexico's deadliest hurricanes
- September 5, 1970: Tropical Depression Norma dissipated just offshore, with its moisture being drawn into an extratropical system further to the north.[24]
- September 30, 1971: Tropical Depression Olivia made landfall on the peninsula.[25]
- October 6, 1972: Tropical Storm Joanne made landfall in the northern part of the peninsula, causing localized flooding.[26]
- September 25, 1973: Hurricane Irah made landfall on the peninsula. Damage was limited to power lines and flooding.[27]
- September 10, 1976: Tropical Storm Kathleen came close to the Point Eugenia peninsula before making landfall just south of Ensenada that same day as it accelerated northwards. No damage was reported.[28]
- October 1, 1976: Hurricane Liza passed close to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Liza's heavy rains caused a flash flood that burst a dyke near La Paz. The resulting torrent of water did heavy damage and killed at least 435,[28] and probably more than 630 people.[21]
- August 15, 1977: Hurricane Doreen briefly made landfall as it skirted the Pacific coast of the peninsula.[29]
1980s
1989's Hurricane Kiko
- August 30, 1981: Tropical Depression Irwin made landfall on the peninsula.[1]
- September 20, 1981: Tropical storm Knut brushes the southeastern part of the peninsula.[1]
- October 1981: Tropical Storm Lidia caused flash flooding and extremely heavy rains over the southeastern portion of the peninsula.[30]
- September 29, 1982: Hurricane Paul briefly passed over the extreme southern tip of the peninsula. No damage or casualties were reported.[31]
- Late September-Early October 1983: Moisture partially related to Tropical Storm Octave caused widespread rainfall. A total of 12 in (300 mm) was reported in Altar, along the extreme northern part of the peninsula, while lighter totals between 1–3 in (25–75 mm) were reported along the southern portion of the peninsula.[32]
- Late June 1984: Hurricane Cristina brought high clouds to the area for a few days.[33]
- July 1984: Hurricane Fausto brought additional cloudiness and showers to southern Baja California Sur for four days.[33]
- September 26, 1984: Tropical Storm Norbert made landfall on the peninsula and rapidly weakens. No damage or casualties were reported.[34]
- October 3, 1984: Weakening Tropical Depression Polo made landfall in the extreme southern part of the Baja California Peninsula.[1]
- Late September 1985: Hurricane Terry at one point in time was predicted to make landfall in central Baja California and threaten San Diego;[35] however, this did not occur.[36]
- Early October 1985: Hurricane Waldo bypasses the Baja California Peninsula;[36] however, moderate rain was recorded along the southern part of the Baja California peninsula.[37]
- September 22, 1986: Hurricane Newton made landfall in Cabo San Lucas. No deaths were reported.[38]
- October 1, 1986: Hurricane Paine brushed Cabo San Lucas. Heavy precipitation fell in the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula, and upwards of 7 inches (18 cm) fell across its path.[39] Strong winds knocked down trees and caused disruptions to city services.[40]
- Early October 1986: Hurricane Roslyn drops light rainfall in extreme southern Baja California Sur despite remaining far offshore.[41]
- September 20, 1987: Hurricane Norma dissipated a mere 93 mi (150 km) south of the Baja California Peninsula.[1] There were no reports of damage or flooding from the storm; the area Norma stuck was sparsely populated.[42]
- October 1–2, 1987: Tropical Storm Pilar produced the heaviest rain in one location since 1971.[42]
- August 27, 1989: Hurricane Kiko made landfall on the Gulf of California side of the peninsula.[43] It caused heavy damage but no deaths.[43][44] However, high winds, gusting over 109 mph (175 km/h), brought down numerous trees and power lines.[45]
- October 5, 1989: Tropical Storm Raymond made landfall on the peninsula.[46] Since Raymond was moving rapidly, only minor impacts were recorded in Mexico.[47]
1990s
1993's 1993's Tropical Storm Hilary over the peninsula
- Late June 1990: The remnants of Hurricane Boris brought heavy rains to the peninsula.[48][49][50] No direct damages or casualties were reported from Boris.[51]
- October 2, 1990: Tropical Storm Rachel made landfall on southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. No reports of either deaths or damage were received.[52] However, the highest rainfall total from the system in the entire nation totaled to 9.85 in (250 mm) at Santa Anita near the southern tip of Baja California Sur.[53]
- August 23, 1992: Hurricane Lester made landfall near Punta Abrejeos as it rapidly crossed the peninsula. There were no reported deaths, but some damage was reported.[54]
- July 8, 1993: Tropical Depression Calvin made landfall on the peninsula east-southeast of La Paz. No damage or deaths were reported on the peninsula.[55]
- August 25–26, 1993: Tropical Storm Hilary made two landfalls on the peninsula. No deaths or damage were reported.[56]
- August 11, 1995: Hurricane Flossie passed close to the peninsula. Two people drowned in Cabo San Lucas.[57]
- September 4, 1995: Strong winds, rains, and storm surge from Hurricane Henriette left 800 homeless and caused heavy road damage to the southern part of Baja California Sur. No deaths were reported.[58]
- September 14–15, 1995: Hurricane Ismael passed up the Gulf of California. A total of 57 fishermen were killed, some of whom may have been from or near the peninsula.[59]
- September 13, 1996: Hurricane Fausto made landfall near Todos Santos on the peninsula. The only death was of a vacationer from San Diego who was electrocuted by a downed power line in Cabo San Lucas.[60] Damage elsewhere was appreciable, with downed power lines, smashed windows and significant disruption throughout the peninsula.[60]
- Early August 1997: Hurricane Guillermo produced high waves, up to 12 feet (3.7 m) high. These rough ocean conditions flooded homes situated along the coast. Two people were killed from after being swept out to sea.[61]
- September 25, 1997: Hurricane Nora made landfall near Punta Eugenia. Nora killed two people when one person was electrocuted in Mexicali and a diver was drowned near San Quintín.[62]
- September 2, 1998: Tropical Storm Isis made landfall near San José del Cabo. Throughout the Gulf of California region, 18 people were killed and 769 houses were destroyed.[63]
- October 20, 1998: Hurricane Madeline dissipated about 120 mi (190 km) to the southeast of La Paz, however no deaths or damages were reported.[63]
- September 7, 1999: Tropical Storm Greg made landfall near Cabo San Lucas. No damage or casualties were reported.[64]
2000s
Hurricane John south of the Baja California Peninsula
- August 14–15, 2000: Tropical Storm Ileana briefly threatened the southern areas of the peninsula before suddenly turning out to sea. Large waves caused by the storm likely impacted the coast of that area. No damage or deaths were reported.[65]
- September, 2000: Moisture from Tropical Storm Norman produces light rainfall across the peninsula.[66]
- September 15–17, 2000: The outer rainbands of Tropical Storm Miriam brought 7.68 in (195 mm) at Los Cobos.[67] Throughout the country, total damages from the storm amounted to $7.2 million (MXN; $558,000 2000 USD, $764 thousand 2015 USD).[68] On October 24, a national disaster declaration was signed for areas affected by Tropical Storm Miriam in the state.[69]
- September 30, 2001: Tropical Storm Juliette made landfall near San Carlos. It caused damage and heavy rainfall throughout the peninsula; Cabo San Lucas was "clobbered", with it being cut off from the rest of Mexico for several days. Juliette caused two deaths in or near the peninsula.[70] A maximum of 39.8 in (1,010 mm) fell in Caudaño,[71] the highest known total ever recorded from a tropical cyclone in the state.[72]
- September 19, 2002: Tropical Storm Iselle briefly threatened Baja California on September 19, before dissipating about 55 mi (90 km) offshore the next day.[73]
- August 25, 2003: Hurricane Ignacio made landfall on the peninsula. Heavy rains caused a flood that swept two rescue workers to their deaths.[74]
- September 22, 2003: Hurricane Marty made landfall near San Jose del Cabo. A total of 4000 houses were destroyed with disruption to boats in the area.[75] The hurricane was responsible for significant flooding and storm surges,[76] Five deaths were reported and[75] 6,000 people were affected. Total damage from the storm was $100 million.[77]
- Early September 2004: Outer rainbands from Hurricane Howard produced heavy rainfall.[78][79]
- September 19, 2004: Tropical Depression Javier made landfall on the peninsula.[80] Flooding rains damaged portions of a highway.[81][82]
- July 19, 2005: Tropical Storm Eugene came within range of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Tropical storm watches were issued for the area around Cabo San Lucas for most of the day, but the storm moved away without affecting land.[83]
- September 30-October 3, 2005: Hurricane Otis approached close to the peninsula. Flooding was the only impact.[84]
- July 27–28, 2006: Tropical Storm Emilia passed close to the peninsula, causing isolated reports of gale-force winds and minor flooding and damage.[85]
- September 2, 2006: Hurricane John made landfall on the peninsula. Winds and rain caused heavy damage throughout the peninsula. John killed five people.[86] Damage in Mexico amounted to $663 million (2006 MXN, $60.8 million 2006 USD).[87]
- October 23–25, 2006: Tropical Storm Paul passed close to the peninsula. High surf caused two deaths.[88]
- July 2007: As a weakening tropical storm, Tropical Storm Dalila produced rough seas and heavy rains over parts of Baja California Sur.[89]
- September, 2007: Hurricane Henriette caused a person to drown in surf south of the peninsula.[90] Henriette made landfall just east of Cabo San Lucas with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[91]
- September 2007: The remnants of Hurricane Ivo produced rain without any major impact.[78][79]
- August 25, 2008: Tropical Storm Julio made landfall on the peninsula, causing flooding that killed one person.[92]
- September 11, 2008: Tropical Depression Lowell made landfall on the peninsula.[93] No damage was reported.
- October 11, 2008: Hurricane Norbert became the strongest hurricane to hit the western side of the Peninsula. Two towns were nearly completely damaged, with heavy flooding and storm surge reported.[94] The worst damage occurred in the municipality of Comondú where 16,000 residents reported damage to their homes.[95]
- September 2, 2009: Hurricane Jimena tied Norbert's short-lived record as one of the most intense hurricanes to make landfall on the Pacific side of the peninsula.[96] Prior to the arrival of Jimena, civil defense authorities in Los Cabos announced that they would have to evacuate 20,000 families from their homes.[97] The storm later caused widespread flooding and damage, and killed one person.[96] Damage from the storm amounted to MXN$800 million (US$59.8 million).[98] A total of 35,000 were reported to have been left homeless.[99]
- Early October 2009: The remnants of Tropical Storm Olaf caused rain on the peninsula.[100]
- October 14, 2009: Tropical Storm Patricia threatened the southern tip of the peninsula, without causing any appreciable impact.[101]
- October 18 and 19, 2009: Waves from Hurricane Rick killed two people on the peninsula.[102]
2010s
- September 20, 2010: Tropical Storm Georgette made landfall near San Jose del Cabo [103]
- July 2011: Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were briefly posted for the coasts of Baja California Sur during Hurricane Dora.[104] The watch was discontinued two days later.[105]
- Mid-August 2012: 400 people were evacuated in Los Cabos due to flooding from Tropical Storm Hector.[106] 100 people were left homeless.[107]
- September 3, 2012: Moisture from short-lived Tropical Storm John brought some rain and wind to the region.[108]
- September 18, 2012: The remnants of Tropical Storm Kristy prompted wind warnings for the area.[109]
- September 24–26, 2012: Moisture from Hurricane Miriam affected the Baja California Peninsula.[110][111]
- September 28, 2012: Tropical Storm Norman brought extremely heavy rains to the southern portion of the peninsula.[112] At least 24 cars were swept away.[113]
- October 15–18, 2012: Hurricane Paul approached the region as a major hurricane.[1] Paul brought landslides and flooding to the Baja California Peninsula.[114] Damage to roads was estimated at MX$200 million (US$15.5 million). Approximately 580 families reported property damage in relation to Hurricane Paul; many homes across the region were left without electricity and running water.[115]
- September 13, 2014: Hurricane Odile was the most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall over the Baja California peninsula in the satellite era. The storm caused five deaths on Baja, and ten deaths were recorded elsewhere. Damages were around MX$14 billion (US$1.05 billion).[116]
Listed by month
Most tropical cyclone impacts occurred in the month of September. This coincides with the statistical peak in the eastern north Pacific hurricane season, which occurs in early September or late August.[117] Although hurricane season in the eastern north Pacific officially runs from May 15 to November 30,[118] no known tropical cyclones have impacted the peninsula in May, November, or outside the season.
|
|
Deadly systems
As many tropical cyclones impact the peninsula, sometimes when rather intense, deaths frequently occur.
| Name | Year | Number of deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Liza | 1976 | 435-600+ |
| Unnamed | 1918 | 25 |
| Unnamed | 1941 | 15 |
| Marty | 2003 | 5 |
| John | 2006 | 5 |
| Odile | 2014 | 5 |
| Pauline | 1968 | 4-5 |
| Flossie | 1995 | 2 |
| Nora | 1997 | 2 |
| Juliette | 2001 | 2 |
| Ignacio | 2003 | 2 |
| Paul | 2006 | 2 |
| Rick | 2009 | 2 |
| Fausto | 1996 | 1 |
| Henriette | 2007 | 1 |
| Julio | 2008 | 1 |
| Jimena | 2009 | 1 |
| Ismael | 1995 | 0-57 |
| Isis | 1998 | 0-18 |
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches
If a tropical cyclone threatens to bring tropical storm or hurricane conditions to areas in the Baja California Peninsula, the government issues tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the threatened areas. The watches and warnings will be issued in coastal area between internationally recognized points known as breakpoints. The Baja California peninsula has twenty-two breakpoints, running from the United States-Mexico border, south along the Pacific coast to Cabo San Lucas, and north along the Gulf of California coast to Calamajue.[119] However, tropical cyclones can still bring dangerous conditions such as flooding to areas not covered by warnings and watches.
See also
- List of California hurricanes
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- List of Pacific hurricane seasons
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (July 7, 2014). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2013". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved July 10, 2014. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ↑ Stephen Visher (June 1922). "Tropical Cyclones in the northeast Pacific, between Hawaii and Mexico" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Bloomington, Indiana: American Meteorological Society. pp. 295–97. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Jack Williams (2005-05-17). "Background: California’s tropical storms". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ Willis Edwin Hurd (February 1929). "Tropical cyclones of the eastern north Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 45–49. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ F. G. Tingley (December 1918). "Tropical cyclone of September 14–17, in the Pacific Ocean just west of Mexico" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 568–70. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane #4-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm #6-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane #3-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane #10-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm #10-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane #11-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane #10-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm BERNICE-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm CLAUDIA-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane DOREEN-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ TeleAtlas. "Tropical Storm Jen-Kath (1963)". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane EMILY-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane HELGA-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm KIRSTEN-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "Hurricane KATRINA-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Keith C. Heidorn (August 2003). "Pacific hurricanes: the forgotten storm". The Weather Doctor Almanac 2003. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ http://community.livejournal.com/w_coast_weather/701707.html
- ↑ William J. Denney (March 1969). "The eastern Pacific hurricane season of 1968" (pdf). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 207–24. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ William J. Denny (April 1971). "Eastern Pacific hurricane season of 1970" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 286–301. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- ↑ "Hurricane OLIVIA-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- ↑ Robert A. Baum (April 1973). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1972" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 239–49. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- ↑ Robert A. Baum (April 1974). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1973" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 296–306. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Emil B. Gunther (April 1977). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 508–22. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- ↑ "Hurricane DOREEN-Storm track". Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ↑ Roth, David M. "Tropical Storm Lidia - October 5–8, 1981". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
- ↑ E.B. Gunther; R.L. Cross; R.A. Wagoner (May 1983). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1982" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 1080–101. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Roth, David. "Remains of Octave". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Garcia, Perez; A.V. Douglas (July 24, 1989). "On the Satus cover". Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery 83 (5–6): 219–234. doi:10.1159/000090433. PMID 16374074. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- ↑ E.B. Gunther; R.L. Cross (August 1985). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1984" (pdf). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 1393–1410. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Nancy, Reed (September 20, 1985). "Sunny Skies Due Back—at Least Today". L.A. Times. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 E.B. Gunther and R.L. Cross (September 1986). "East North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1985" 1936. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1931:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
- ↑ David M. Roth. "Hurricane Waldo" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ↑ E.B. Gunther and R.L. Cross (1986). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1986". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
- ↑ David M. Roth (2007). "Hurricane Paine — September 26 October 4, 1986". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
- ↑ Staff Writer (1986-10-03). "Hurricane Paine Sweeps Into Mexico". Akron Beach Journal. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ↑ David M. Roth (2007). "Hurricane Roslyn — October 18–26, 1986". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 R.L. Cross (1988). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1987". Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center, Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 116. doi:10.1175/1520-0493.116.10.2106.1. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Max Mayfield. "Preliminary Report Hurricane Kiko" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Eleonora Romero Vadillo (April 2003). "MODELACIÓN NUMÉRICA DE ONDAS DE TORMENTA EN LA BAHĺA DE LA PAZ Y CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR" (PDF) (in Spanish with English abstract). Archived from the original on 2007-03-31. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Associated Press (August 28, 1989). "Hurricane Kiko Hits Baja California". The News. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- ↑ Max Mayfield (1989-11-18). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Raymond" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ "Monthly Weather Review: Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1989" (PDF). 1990. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
- ↑ Mayfield, Max (1990). "Hurricane Boris Preliminary Report, Page 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ↑ Avila, Lixion (1990). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion: Tropical Depression Two-E". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ↑ Roth, David (August 12, 2008). "Hurricane Boris – June 4–11, 1990". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ↑ Mayfield, Max (1990). "Hurricane Boris Preliminary Report, Page 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ↑ Max Mayfield (n.d.). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Rachel" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Roth, David (April 26, 2007). "Tropical Storm Rachel – September 30 – October 3, 1990". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ↑ Hal Gerrish; Ed Rappaport (1993-11-06). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Lester" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Ed Rappaport (1993-08-02). "Preliminart Report Hurricane Calvin" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Edward Rappaport (1993-09-27). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Hilary" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Edward Rappaport (1995-12-04). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Flossie". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-11-28). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Henriette". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Daniel Bitrán Bitrán (2001). "Caracterásticas del Impacto Socioeconómico de los Principales Desastres Ocurridos en México en el Período 1980-99" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Miles B. Lawrence (1996-10-12). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Fausto". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Cabo Bob (2007). "Hurricanes in Cabo San Lucas". Unknown. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
- ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (1997-10-30). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Nora". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Richard J. Pasch (1999-05-13). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Isis". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Lixion A. Avila (1999-10-17). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Greg". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
- ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2000-10-30). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Ileana". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
- ↑ David M. Roth. "Tropical Storm Norman - September 16-24, 2000" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ↑ Roth, David (January 27, 2007). "Tropical Storm Miriam – September 14–18, 2000". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ↑ Bitrán, Daniel; Espinosa, Martín/Morales, Héctor/Salinas, Marco/Conde, María/Ramírez, Lucía/Quintana, Krishna/Colsa, Lorena (November 2001). "Impacto socioeconómico de los principales desastres ocurridos en a la República Mexicana en el año 2000" (in Spanish). CENAPRED. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ↑ Secretary of the Interior (October 24, 2000). "Official Journal for Tuesday October 24, 2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
- ↑ Miles B. Lawrence, Michelle M.Mainelli (2001-11-30). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Juliette". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
- ↑ David M. Roth (2001). "Hurricane Juliette - September 25-October 3, 2001". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ↑ David M. Roth (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Maxima Per Mexican State". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2001-11-30). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Isele". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
- ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (2003-12-08). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Ignacio". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 James L. Franklin (2004-01-22). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Marty". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ "1er. Foro Regional sobre Protección Civil y Protección Civil y Desastres Naturales" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2006-07-04.
- ↑ "Hurricane Marty". Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Jim Tolbert (September 5, 2004). "Rainy Weather Knocks Out Sport fishing for La Playita Pangas". The Baja Catch. Retrieved March 1, 2004.
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Michael W. Douglas (2006). "18th Conference on Climate Variability and Change" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2004-11-15). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Javier". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ "Hurricane Javier". BajaInsider.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ "Cyclone Javier threatens Mexican Pacific (translated version)". Univision.com. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
- ↑ Richard Pasch (April 26, 2005). "Tropicla Storm Eugene: Tropical Cyclone Report". Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ↑ Jack Beven (2006-01-16). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Otis" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2006-11-29). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Emilia (EP062006)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ Richard J. Pasch (2006-11-16). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane John (EP112006)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ Fabiola Martinez (2006). "Seis muertos y 2 desaparecidos por las lluvias en Durango y Tamaulipas" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2006-09-23.
- ↑ Jamie R. Rhome; Robert J. Berg (2006-11-20). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Paul (EP172006)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ Associated Press (July 26, 2007). "Weakened Tropical Storm Dalila dumps rain, kicks up surf along Mexico's coast". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ↑ Richard D. Knabb (2007-11-23). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Henriette" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- ↑ NHC (2007-09-04). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary September". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ↑ Richard J. Pasch (2009-02-10). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Julio" (pdf). National Hurricane Center. pp. 2, 3. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ Robbie Berg (2008-12-02). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Lowell" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ James Franklin (2009-01-07). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Norbert" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. pp. 2, 3. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ Gladys Rodríguez Navarro (October 16, 2008). "Suman más de 188 mdp daños por Norbert en BCS" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 John L. Beven (2010-01-29). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Jimena" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–3, 5. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ Staff writer (2009-08-31). "Huracán 'Jimena' alcanza categoría 5" (in Spanish). Esmas.com. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ↑ Gladys Rodríguez (September 8, 2009). ""Jimena" deja daños al agro por 560 mdp" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ↑ "Hurricane Jimena". Baja Insider. 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ↑ Eric S. Blake (2010-06-11). "Tropical Storm Report Tropical Storm Olaf" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ Christopher Landsea & Richard Pasch (2009-11-10). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Patricia" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1,3.
- ↑ John Cangialosi & Lixion Avila (2009-12-03). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Rick" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ↑ Michael J. Brennan (November 4, 2010). "Tropical Storm Georgette Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
- ↑ Pasch, Richard (22 July 2011). "Hurricane Dora Advisory Number 15". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ↑ Beven, Jack (23 July 2011). "Tropical Storm Dora Intermediate Advisory Number 20A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ↑ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/864785.html
- ↑ http://fotos.eluniversal.com.mx/coleccion/muestra_fotogaleria.html?idgal=13539
- ↑ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/868052.html
- ↑ http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/lox/
- ↑ http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados-y-df/131418/miriam-provoca-lluvias-en-peninsula-de-baja-california
- ↑ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/872997.html
- ↑ "TROPICAL STORM "NORMAN", NEXT TO Sinaloa.". Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico). September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ↑ "Sinaloa:150 families evfacuted". El Universal. September 29, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ↑ Gladys Rodriguez (October 15, 2012). "BCS monitored rivers to the presence of Hurricane Paul". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ↑ Haydee Ramirez (October 2012). "Paul damage report" (in Spanish). Terra Mexico. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
- ↑ Daniel P. Brown (September 15, 2014). Hurricane Odile Discussion Number 21. National Hurricane Center (Report) (Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved September 15, 2014.
- ↑ Neal Dorst. "Subject: G1) When is hurricane season ?". Frequently Asked Questions. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Climaotology". Tropical Prediction Center. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ↑ "Hurricane and Tropical Storm Watch/Warning Breakpoints". National Hurricane Center. 2006-08-08. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
