List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
The following is a list of African-American United States presidential and vice-presidential nominees and candidates for nomination. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed are those African Americans who achieved ballot access for the national election in at least one state. They may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the major parties, or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
Not included in the first two tables are African Americans who lost campaigns in nominating conventions or primary elections for their party's nomination (or who have not yet completed that process), write-in candidates, potential candidates (suggested by media, objects of draft movements, etc.), or fictional candidates.
The third table includes African Americans who ran for their party's presidential nomination but who were not nominated, as well as those who are currently pursuing their party's presidential nomination (when applicable).
Barack Obama became the first African-American candidate to be nominated by a major party, and the first to win, for either president or vice president when he became the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 2008 election and was elected. He was re-elected in the 2012 election.
U.S. Presidential candidates: Party nominees
Denotes winning candidate.
Candidates receiving electoral votes
Year | Name | Party | Running Mate | Electoral Votes | Total Electoral Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Democratic Party | Biden, JoeJoe Biden | 365 | 538 |
2012 | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Democratic Party | Biden, JoeJoe Biden | 332 | 538 |
Candidates receiving popular votes
Year | Name | Party | Running Mate | Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1904 | Taylor, George EdwinGeorge Edwin Taylor[1] | National Liberty Party | Payne, W.C.W.C. Payne | scattering[2] |
1960 | King, ClennonClennon King | Independent Afro-American Party | Carter, ReginaldReginald Carter | 1,485 |
1964 | DeBerry, CliftonClifton DeBerry | Socialist Workers Party | Shaw, EdEd Shaw | 32,706 |
1968 | Cleaver, EldridgeEldridge Cleaver | Peace and Freedom Party | Various candidates | 36,623[3] |
1968 | Gregory, DickDick Gregory | Freedom and Peace Party | Various candidates | 47,097 |
1968 | Mitchell, CharleneCharlene Mitchell | Communist Party | Zagarell, MichaelMichael Zagarell | 1,076 |
1976 | Wright, MargaretMargaret Wright | People's Party | Spock, BenjaminBenjamin Spock | 49,013 |
1980 | DeBerry, CliftonClifton DeBerry | Socialist Workers Party | Zimmermann, MatildeMatilde Zimmermann | 38,738 |
1980 | Pulley, AndrewAndrew Pulley | Socialist Workers Party | Zimmermann, MatildeMatilde Zimmermann | 6,264[4] |
1984 | Holmes, LarryLarry Holmes | Workers World Party | La Riva, GloriaGloria La Riva | 17,985 |
1984 | Serrette, Dennis L.Dennis L. Serrette | New Alliance Party | Ross, NancyNancy Ross | 46,853 |
1984 | Winn, EdwardEdward Winn | Socialist Equality Party | Halyard, HelenHelen Halyard | 10,801 |
1988 | Fulani, LenoraLenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Dattner, JoyceJoyce Dattner | 217,219 |
1988 | Holmes, LarryLarry Holmes | Workers World Party | La Riva, GloriaGloria La Riva | 7,846 |
1988 | Warren, JamesJames Warren | Socialist Workers Party | Mickells, KathleenKathleen Mickells | 15,602 |
1988 | Winn, EdwardEdward Winn | Socialist Equality Party | Halyard, HelenHelen Halyard | 18,693 |
1992 | Daniels, RonaldRonald Daniels | Peace and Freedom Party | Tupahache, AsibaAsiba Tupahache | 27,949 |
1992 | Fulani, LenoraLenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Muñoz, Maria ElizabethMaria Elizabeth Muñoz | 73,714 |
1992 | Halyard, HelenHelen Halyard | Workers League | Mazelis, FredFred Mazelis | 3,050 |
1992 | Masters, IsabellIsabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Masters, WalterWalter Masters | 327 |
1992 | Warren, JamesJames Warren | Socialist Workers Party | Various candidates | 23,533 |
1996 | Harris, JamesJames Harris | Socialist Workers Party | Garza, LauraLaura Garza | 8,476 |
1996 | Moorehead, MonicaMonica Moorehead | Workers World Party | La Riva, GloriaGloria La Riva | 29,083 |
1996 | Masters, IsabellIsabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Masters, Shirley JeanShirley Jean Masters | 752 |
2000 | Harris, JamesJames Harris | Socialist Workers Party | Trowe, MargaretMargaret Trowe | 7,038 |
2000 | Moorehead, MonicaMonica Moorehead | Workers World Party | La Riva, GloriaGloria La Riva | 4,795 |
2000 | Venson, Randall A.Randall A. Venson | Independent | Kelly, GeneGene Kelly | 547 |
2004 | Harris, JamesJames Harris[5] | Socialist Workers Party | Trowe, MargaretMargaret Trowe | 7,102 |
2004 | Parker, JohnJohn Parker | Workers World Party | Gutierrez, TeresaTeresa Gutierrez | 1,646 |
2008 | Harris, JamesJames Harris[5] | Socialist Workers Party | Kennedy, AlysonAlyson Kennedy | 2,424 |
2008 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | America's Independent Party | Rohrbough, BrianBrian Rohrbough | 47,756[6] |
2008 | McKinney, CynthiaCynthia McKinney | Green Party | Clemente, RosaRosa Clemente | 150,061 |
2008 | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Democratic Party | Biden, JoeJoe Biden | 69,498,215 |
2012 | Alexander, StewartStewart Alexander | Socialist Party | Mendoza, AlejandroAlejandro Mendoza | 4,405[7] |
2012 | Barnett, AndreAndre Barnett | Reform Party | Cross, KenKen Cross | 956[7] |
2012 | Harris, JamesJames Harris | Socialist Workers Party | DeLuca, MauraMaura DeLuca | 4,117[7] |
2012 | Lindsay, PetaPeta Lindsay | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Osorio, YariYari Osorio | 7,791[7] |
2012 | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Democratic Party | Biden, JoeJoe Biden | 65,915,796[7] |
U.S. Vice-Presidential candidates: Party nominees
Through the 2012 presidential election, no African-American candidates have received electoral votes for vice president.
Candidates receiving popular votes
Year | Name | Party | Running Mate | Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1872 | Douglass, FrederickFrederick Douglass[8] | Equal Rights Party | Woodhull, VictoriaVictoria Woodhull | Unreported |
1928 | Drew, Simon P.Simon P. Drew | Interracial Independent Party[9] | Coxey, Jacob S.Jacob S. Coxey[10][11] | |
1932 | Ford, James W.James W. Ford | Communist Party | Foster, William Z.William Z. Foster | 102,991 |
1936 | Ford, James W.James W. Ford | Communist Party | Browder, EarlEarl Browder | 80,195 |
1940 | Ford, James W.James W. Ford | Communist Party | Browder, EarlEarl Browder | |
1952 | Bass, CharlottaCharlotta Bass | Progressive Party | Hallinan, VincentVincent Hallinan | 140,023 |
1968 | Boutelle, PaulPaul Boutelle | Socialist Workers Party | Halstead, FredFred Halstead | |
1972 | Hobson, JuliusJulius Hobson | People's Party | Spock, BenjaminBenjamin Spock | 78,759 |
1972 | Tyner, JarvisJarvis Tyner | Communist Party | Hall, GusGus Hall | |
1976 | Reid, Willie MaeWillie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | Camejo, PeterPeter Camejo | 90,986 |
1976 | Tyner, JarvisJarvis Tyner | Communist Party | Hall, GusGus Hall | |
1980 | Davis, AngelaAngela Davis | Communist Party | Hall, GusGus Hall | 43,871 |
1984 | Davis, AngelaAngela Davis | Communist Party | Hall, GusGus Hall | 36,386 |
1984 | Halyard, HelenHelen Halyard[12] | Socialist Equality Party | Winn, EdwardEdward Winn | 10,801 |
1988 | Halyard, HelenHelen Halyard | Socialist Equality Party | Winn, EdwardEdward Winn | 18,693 |
1992 | Reid, Willie MaeWillie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | Warren, James "Mac"James "Mac" Warren | |
1996 | Masters, Shirley JeanShirley Jean Masters | Looking Back Party | Masters, IsabellIsabell Masters | 752 |
2000 | Foster, Ezola B.Ezola B. Foster | Reform Party | Buchanan, PatPat Buchanan | 449,225 |
2004 | Hawkins, ArrinArrin Hawkins | Socialist Workers Party | Calero, RógerRóger Calero | 3,689 |
2004 | Lawrence, JimJim Lawrence | Socialist Equality Party | Van Auken, BillBill Van Auken | 1,857 |
2008 | Alexander, StewartStewart Alexander | Socialist Party | Moore, BrianBrian Moore | 7,315 |
2008 | Puryear, EugeneEugene Puryear | Party for Socialism and Liberation | La Riva, GloriaGloria La Riva | 7,478 |
U.S. President: Other candidates for party nomination
Candidates who failed to receive their party's nomination (or who are currently campaigning for their party's nomination). Candidates who won the nomination belong in the above tables only.
Year | Name | Party | Details | Nomination winner |
---|---|---|---|---|
1848 | Douglass, FrederickFrederick Douglass | Liberty Party | 1 vote at national convention[13] | Smith, GerritGerrit Smith |
1888 | Douglass, FrederickFrederick Douglass | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention | Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison |
1968 | Phillips, Channing E.Channing E. Phillips | Democratic Party | 67.5 votes at national convention | Humphrey, HubertHubert Humphrey |
1972 | Chisholm, ShirleyShirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 152 votes at national convention | McGovern, GeorgeGeorge McGovern |
1972 | Fauntroy, WalterWalter Fauntroy | Democratic Party | 1 vote at national convention; 21,217 votes (71.78%) and winner of Washington, D.C. primary | McGovern, GeorgeGeorge McGovern |
1976 | Jordan, BarbaraBarbara Jordan | Democratic Party | 1 vote at national convention | Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter |
1976 | Fauntroy, WalterWalter Fauntroy | Democratic Party | 10,149 votes (30.49%) (2nd place) in Washington, D.C. primary | Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter |
1984 | Jackson, JesseJesse Jackson | Democratic Party | 466 votes at national convention | Mondale, WalterWalter Mondale |
1988 | Jackson, JesseJesse Jackson | Democratic Party | 1218.5 votes at national convention | Dukakis, MichaelMichael Dukakis |
1992 | Wilder, DouglasDouglas Wilder | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | Clinton, BillBill Clinton |
1992 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention. Keyes was the Republican candidate in the U.S. Senate election in Maryland at the time, and was not actively seeking the presidency in 1992. | Bush, George H.W.George H.W. Bush |
1996 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention | Dole, BobBob Dole |
1996 | Masters, IsabellIsabell Masters | Republican Party | 1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary[14] | Dole, BobBob Dole |
2000 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | Republican Party | 6 votes at national convention | Bush, George W.George W. Bush |
2000 | Rocker, Angel JoyAngel Joy Rocker[15] | Republican Party | 6 votes in Alabama straw poll[16] | Bush, George W.George W. Bush |
2004 | Braun, Carol MoseleyCarol Moseley Braun | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | Kerry, JohnJohn Kerry |
2004 | Sharpton, AlAl Sharpton | Democratic Party | Earned 26 delegates in 5 primaries and caucuses | Kerry, JohnJohn Kerry |
2008 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | Republican Party | Keyes withdrew from Republican Party on April 15, 2008, but remained on the Republican ballot in several states. | McCain, JohnJohn McCain |
2008 | Keyes, AlanAlan Keyes | Constitution Party | 125.7 votes (24.36%) (2nd place) at national convention. | Baldwin, ChuckChuck Baldwin |
2012 | Cain, HermanHerman Cain | Republican Party | Withdrew on December 3, 2011. |
Romney, MittMitt Romney |
U.S. Vice-President: Other candidates for party nomination
Notes
- ↑ Wisconsin Labor Advocate, La Crosse, Wis. : Geo. E. Taylor, 1886-
- ↑ The World Almanac & Encyclopedia. 1908. p. 268. "they received only a few scattering votes of which there is no exact record."
- ↑ Does not include 27,887 votes cast for the party's ticket in California and Utah, where Cleaver's name did not appear on the ballot because he was under 35 years old.
- ↑ Leip, David (2005). "1980 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 In 2004 and 2008, Harris served as a stand-in nominee for the Socialist Workers Party in states where the party's main presidential nominee, Róger Calero, was ineligible because he was not a natural-born citizen.
- ↑ Winger, Richard (2009-01-06). "2008 Presidential Vote (not final)". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Federal Elections 2012 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Federal Election Commission. 2013. p. 5.
- ↑ Douglass did not acknowledge the nomination or participate in the campaign.
- ↑ Walton, Hanes. Invisible politics: Black political behavior. p.92.
- ↑ Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst. Negro Year Book - An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro 1931-1932 p.87.
- ↑ "National Affairs: Fifth Party". Time. June 18, 1928.
- ↑ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
- ↑ "Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention, held at Buffalo, N.Y., June...". 1848. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ↑ http://www.ok.gov/~elections/96rpres.html
- ↑ "White House bid wants serious attention", St. Petersburg Times, March 24, 1999. Accessed 07/08/08.
- ↑ "Republican Party".
- ↑ Walton, Hanes. Invisible politics: Black political behavior. p.92.
- ↑ Wesley, Dr. Charles H. (March 14, 1953). "The Greatest American". The Afro-American. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Ragsdale, Bruce; Joel D. Treese (1990). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989. Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 8.
- ↑ Sears, p. 389
References
- Sears, Thomas James (2001). Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2964-6.
See also
- African American candidates for president of the United States
- List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates
- Jesse Jackson presidential campaign 1984
- Jesse Jackson presidential campaign, 1988
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