Linwood Pendleton

Linwood Pendleton (born July 20, 1964) is an American environmental economist and a Senior Scholar of Ocean and Coastal Policy at Duke University's Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. Pendleton served as the Director of Ocean and Coastal Policy for the Nicholas Institute from 2009-2013, he now focuses his time on international initiatives including projects focused on marine ecosystem services, ocean acidification, blue carbon, and deep sea management. Pendleton was the Acting Chief Economist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from 2011-2013. Pendleton is also an Adjunct Associate Professor at the Duke University Marine Laboratory at the Nicholas School of the Environment. After a first stay in 2014 as a LabexMER visiting professor in Brest, he was recruited in October 2014 as the LabexMER International Chair of Excellence for Marine Ecosystem Services within the Centre for the Law and Economics of the Sea (AMURE) at the European Institute for Marine Studies (IUEM - University of Western Brittany).

Biography

Pendleton was born in Richmond, Virginia.

Before joining Duke University's Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions in September 2009 as the Director of Ocean and Coastal Policy, Pendleton was senior fellow and director of economic research at The Ocean Foundation in Washington, D.C., and director of the Coastal Ocean Values Center in North Sandwich, New Hampshire.^[1] Prior to that, he held the position of associate professor of environmental science and engineering at UCLA, assistant professor of economics and finance at the University of Wyoming, and assistant professor of economics at the University of Southern California.^[2] In addition to master's degrees in Public Administration from Harvard University and Ecology from Princeton University, Pendleton received a doctoral degree in Forestry and Environmental Studies from Yale University in 1997.^[3] Pendleton has served on (and currently serves on) several government and scholarly advisory boards and committees, including the California Marine Life Protection Act Initiative, where he served on the statewide Science Advisory Team and Central Coast Subteam.^[2]

He is a lifetime Switzer Environmental Leadership Fellow^[4] and was awarded the H. David Nahai Award for Research Excellence in Water Quality in 2006.^[5]

He has also appeared on TV shows such as The History Channel's Modern Marvels as an aquaculture consultant^[6][7] and CBS News as a public health expert.^[8][9]

Scholarly contributions

Pendleton's work is focused in the field of marine and coastal economics where he studies the effects of environmental change on the economics of ocean and coastal use.

In 2002, Pendleton published a report titled “A Preliminary Study of the Value of Coastal Tourism in Rincon, Puerto Rico” assessing the percentage of Rincon's income that has coastal tourism as its source.^[10] Pendleton stated that "should the quality of the coastal and ocean resources of the area become impaired, it is likely that a large portion of Rincon's economy will be lost" and estimated the annual income generated by tourism related to coastal and ocean resources to be greater than $51.9 million.^[10][11] The information from this 2002 report has been cited as instrumental to the designation of the Tres Palmas Marine Reserve (in 2008) as a marine protected area, resulting in the protection of “one of the last remaining elkhorn coral reefs in the Caribbean” and the continued status of Rincon as a “surfing epicenter”.^[11]

Pendleton worked with NOAA in 2005 on the National Ocean Economics Program (NOEP) as a nonmarket research specialist.^[12] The goal of this program was to determine the value of ocean and coastal resources to give coastal managers a “better understanding of the value of an area’s resources and how important they are to local and national economies.”^[12]

In the United States Pendleton has studied water quality off the beaches of Southern California,^[13] looking at the “economic contributions” of beaches and the impact that water quality has on that “contribution” including the “costs associated with pollution of coastal waters and the economic benefits associated with cleaning them.”^[14] His studies have included an investigation (in 2006) of the costs of health care and time missed from work by beachgoers due to illness related to low water quality at several South California beaches.^[2]

Also in Southern California, Pendleton’s research on behalf of the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Foundation played a role in instituting the Marine Life Protection Act, creating marine reserves off Westward Beach, Point Dume and Paradise Cove (in 2009). Pendleton’s study surveyed California residents about their visits to the coast and determined that “more than 90 percent of visits to the Southern California coast are for ‘non consumptive’ activities such as scuba diving, tide-pooling and surfing, and that such ‘non-take’ activities bring more money to coastal economies than ‘consumptive activities’ like fishing.”^[15] Data collected related to the impact visits to the coast have on coastal economies showed that consumptive visits brought $2.5 million to these economies while non-consumptive visits were the source of an almost $115 million.^[15]

During his time at The Ocean Foundation’s Coastal Ocean Values Center in 2008, Pendleton coauthored and edited a book published titled “The Economic and Market Value of Coasts and Estuaries: What’s At Stake?” which presented the findings of a study assessing “the economic value of the nation’s coastal areas in excess of hundreds of billions of dollars”.^[16] The study also found that although estuaries and coasts cover a small percentage of the total land area of United States (only 13%) they are home to 43% of the United States’ population and produce 49% of the its economic output.^[16] In discussion of the findings of the study, Pendleton said “We are only now coming to grips with the enormity of the economic value and potential from sustainable uses of our coastal resources, and more importantly, the potential economic losses we suffer each year because of underinvestment in coastal protection and restoration.”^[16]

Also during his time at The Coastal Ocean Values Center Pendleton collaborated on a reference guide titled “Coral Reefs, Mangroves and Seagrass Economic Values: A Global Compilation” (2008) which compiled statistics on the economic value of marine resources with the goal of providing that information to managers and planners of marine and coastal development to promote sustainable development of coastal and marine areas.^[17] Regarding the contents and purpose of the guide, Pendleton said “This guide will give planners and conservationists scientific evidence of the economic importance of the other values provided by coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grasses.”^[17]

In 2010, Pendleton's work focused on rethinking the operation, maintenance, and management funding of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.^[18] As part of this work he undertook an expedition aboard his personal vessel, Indicator, travelling up the Waterway from the Duke Marine Lab in Beaufort, NC to the Chesapeake Bay in July 2010.^[19] At the end of the expedition, Pendleton convened a policy lab in Washington, DC to bring together stakeholders interested in the Waterway’s future such as governmental agency officials, commercial and recreational Waterway users, environmental scientists and economists.^[18] The policy lab was convened at the request of Congressman Mike McIntyre and was planned as the first of a series of three meetings to discuss the Waterway.^[18] Pendleton’s purpose in planning an expedition prior to the policy lab was to gain a “sea level perspective” of the challenges the waterway faced stating: “I don’t think you can speak credibly about managing the waterway without spending time on it. When you’re at the helm, it’s a completely different story.”^[18]

Pendleton's current policy initiatives at the Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University include work with the United Nations Environment Program’s Green Economy Project, UNEP GRID Arendal’s High Level Steering Committee on Deep Sea Mineral Resources in the Pacific, and Blue Carbon Economics.^[20]

As the LabexMer International Chair of Excellence for Marine Ecosystem Services Pendleton is gathering a new research team which goal is to develop the use of ecosystem services theoretical framework and data to improve the management of coastal and marine areas.^[21] This includes the following projects:

• Using Impact Analysis and the Vulnerability Framework to understand the impact of Ocean Acidification on human communities ;
• Applying an Ecosystem Services Approach to Marine Management (VALMER) ;
• Blue Forests and Blue Carbon (Global Environmental Facility program) ;
• Extra-Local Ecosystem Services (Mapping Ocean Wealth Program) ;
• Combining Earth Observations and Ecosystem Data to Monitor the Impact of Protected Areas on Ecosystem Services (European Commission's H2020 program).

Literature

Pendleton is the editor or co-author of 2 books and several peer-reviewed scientific papers, several of which are referenced below.
Books:

• 2008, The Economic and Market Value of America’s Coasts and Estuaries: What’s at Stake (editor and author) ISBN 978-0-615-26734-0
• 2001, with Grafton, Q. and H. Nelson, A Dictionary of Environmental Economics, Science, and Policy ISBN 1-84376-318-4

Selected marine and coastal articles:

• 2014, Barbier, E. Moreno-Mateos, D., Rogers, A., Aronoson, J. Pendleton, L. Danovaro, R., Henry, L., Morato, T., Ardron, J. and C. van Dover. "Ecology: Protect the Deep Sea". In Nature.
• 2014, 2. Börger, T., Beaumont, N., Pendleton, L., Boyle, K. Cooper, P. Fletcher, S. Haab, T., Hanemann, M. Hooper, T., Hussain, S., Portela, R., Stithou, M., Stockhill, J. Taylor, T. and M. Austen. "Incorporating Ecosystem Services in Marine Planning: The Role of Valuation". In Marine Policy.
• 2013, 3. Aminzadeh, S., Pendleton, L., Bothwell, S., Pickle, A. and A. Boehm. "U.S. Coastal and Estuarine Stormwater Management Approaches". In Choices.
• 2013, Van Dover, C., Aronson, J., Pendleton, L. et al. "Ecological Restoration in the Deep Sea: Desiderata". In Marine Policy.
• 2013, Pendleton L. et al. "Considering Coastal Carbon in Existing U.S. Federal Statutes and Policies".In Coastal Management Journal.
• 2013, Pendleton L. et al. "Growing the U.S. Economy in the Face of Weather and Climate Extremes: A Call for Better Data". Eos, Journal of the American Geophysical Union. Volume 94, Issue 25, pages 225–226.
• 2012, Pendleton L. "Amicus Curiae Brief of Dr. Linwood Pendleton Regarding Economic Impacts of Storm Water Runoff in Support of Respondents". Supreme Court of the United States: Los Angeles County Flood District v. Natural Resources Defense Council.
• 2012, Murray, B. et al. "Coastal Blue Carbon and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". NI-PB 12-01, Nicholas Institute of Environmental Solutions.
• 2012, Pendleton, L. et al. "Estimating Global “Blue Carbon” Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems". Volume 7, No. 9. PLOS ONE.
• 2012, Pendleton, L. et al. "Considering "Coastal Carbon" in Existing U.S. Federal Statutes and Policies". Nicholas Institute of Environmental Solutions.
• 2012, International Seabed Authority, et al. "Environmental Management Needs for Exploration and Exploitation of Deep Sea Minerals" ISA TECHNICAL STUDY: No.10.International Seabed Authority
• 2012, Gopnik, M. et al. "Coming to the table: Early stakeholder engagement in marine spatial planning". Volume 36, Issue 5. Marine Policy
• 2012, Beaudoin, Y. & Pendleton, L. "Why Value the Oceans?". UNEP-GRID Arendal and Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2012 United Nations Environment Programme, et al."Green Economy in a Blue World". UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
• 2011, Pendleton, L. et al. "Estimating the potential economic impacts of climate change on Southern California beaches". Volume 109, Issue 1. Climatic Change.
• 2011, Shaw, R. et al. "The impact of climate change on California’s ecosystem services". Volume 109, Issue 1. Climatic Change.
• 2011, Gordan, D. et al. "Financing Options for Blue Carbon: Opportunities and Lessons from the REDD+ Experience". NI R 11-11 Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2011, International Seabed Authority, et al. "Environmental Management of Deep-Sea Chemosynthetic Ecosystems: Justification of and Considerations for a Spatially-Based Approach". ISA Technical Study No. 9.
• 2011, Sifleet, A. et al. "State of the Science on Coastal Blue Carbon: A Summary for Policy Makers". NI R 11-06 Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2011, Murray, B., et al. "Green Payments for Blue Carbon: Economic Incentives for Protecting Threatened Coastal Habitats". NI R 11-04 C.
• 2011, Pendleton, L. et al "Size Matters: The Economic Value of Beach Erosion and Nourishment in Southern California". Volume 30, Issue 2. Contemporary Economic Policy.
• 2010, Pendleton, L. & Giles, S. "Measuring and Monitoring the Economic Effects of Restoration: Recommendations from a Blue Ribbon Panel". Volume 32, Issue 5. National Wetlands Newsletter.
• 2010, Pendleton, L. "Rethinking the Funding and Management of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway: Policy Lab 1 Executive Summary". Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2010, Murray, B. et al "Payments for Blue Carbon: Potential for Protecting Threatened Coastal Habitats". NI PB 10-05 Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2010, Pendleton, L. et al. "Marine Protection in the Gulf of Mexico: Current Policy, Future Options, and Ecosystem Outcomes". NI PB 10-04 Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2010, Pendleton, L. "Measuring and Monitoring the Economic Effects of Habitat Restoration: A Summary of a NOAA Blue Ribbon Panel". Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2009, Cantral, L. et al. "Principles for Marine Spatial Planning: Outcomes of the Ocean Industries MSP Policy Labs". Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2009, Pendleton, L. & Orbach, M. "Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in North Carolina". NI PB 09-15 Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions.
• 2008, Pendleton, L. "The Economics of Using Ocean Observing Systems to Improve Beach Closure Policy". Volume 36, No. 2. Coastal Management Journal.
• 2008, Pendleton, L. Are We Collecting the Right Economic Data for Conservation Needs? Indicators of Human Uses of Ecosystems in Economics and Conservation in the Tropics: A Strategic Dialogue, Resources for the Future.
• 2007, Pendleton, L. et al. Is the Non-Market Literature Adequate to Support Coastal and Marine Management? Volume 50, Issues 5-6, Pages 363-378.
• 2006, Given, S., Pendleton, L. and A. Boehm. Public Health Costs of Contaminated Coastal Waters: A Case Study of Gastroenteritis at Southern California Beaches. Volume 40, No. 16, Pages 4851 -4858.
• 2006, Pendleton, L and J. Kildow. The Non-Market Value of California’s Beaches. Shore and Beach (Journal of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association), Volume 74, No. 2, Pages 34-37.
• 2004, T. Emerson and L. Pendleton. Income, Environmental Disamenity, and Toxic Releases. Economic Inquiry.
• 2001, Pendleton, L. Managing Beach Amenities to Reduce Exposure to Coastal Hazards: Stormwater. Coastal Management Journal, Volume 29, Pages 239-252.
• 2001, Pendleton, L., Martin, N. and D.G. Webster. Public Perceptions of Environmental Quality: A Survey Study of Beach Use and Perceptions in Los Angeles County. Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 42, Pages 1155-1160.
• 2001, Murray, C., Sohngen, B. and L. Pendleton. 2001. Valuing Water Quality Advisories and Beach Amenities in the Great Lakes. Water Resources Research Volume 37, Pages 2583 – 25
• 1998, Pendleton, L. and R. Mendelsohn. Estimating the Economic Impact of Climate Change on The Freshwater Sportsfisheries of the Northeastern United States. Land Economics Volume 74, Pages 483-497.

References

External links

• Nicholas Institute: Linwood Pendleton’s Bio and Research
• Linwood Pendleton’s Curriculum Vitae