Lincoln LS

Lincoln LS
Overview
Manufacturer	Ford Motor Company
Production	1999–2006
Model years	2000–2006
Assembly	Wixom Assembly Plant, Wixom, Michigan, United States
Body and chassis
Class	mid-size luxury sedan entry-level luxury car
Body style	4-door luxury sedan
Layout	FR layout
Platform	Ford DEW98 platform
Related	Ford Thunderbird Jaguar S-Type Jaguar XF
Powertrain
Engine	3.0 L Jaguar AJ V6 (gasoline) 3.9 L Jaguar AJ V8 (gasoline)
Transmission	2000–2002 Getrag 221 5-speed manual 2000–2002 Ford 5R55N 5-speed automatic 2003–2006 Ford 5R55S 5-speed automatic w/ SelectShift
Dimensions
Wheelbase	114.5 in (2908 mm)
Length	2000–2005: 193.9 in (4,925 mm) 2006: 194.3 in (4,935 mm)
Width	73.2 in (1,859 mm)
Height	2000–2002: 57.2 in (1,453 mm) 2003–2006: 56.1 in (1,425 mm)
Curb weight	3692 lb (1675 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor	Lincoln Continental (mid-size) Lincoln Mark VIII
Successor	Lincoln Zephyr

The Lincoln LS is a mid-size, rear-wheel drive executive sedan which was available from Ford's Lincoln Motor Company division. For its production run from 1999 until 2006, it was based on the Ford DEW98 platform, which was shared with the Jaguar S-Type and Ford Thunderbird. LS versions were originally to be called LS6 and LS8^[1][2] depending on engine choice, but those designations were replaced with "LS V6" and "LS V8" after Toyota's Lexus division became concerned about the potential for naming confusion with its Lexus LS.^[3] Along with the related Jaguar S-Type, it is the first entry-level luxury car offered by a Ford brand since the Merkur Scorpio and XR4Ti ended production in 1989.

The LS was introduced in June 1999 as a 2000 model year vehicle. It was the first Lincoln in decades to offer an optional manual transmission (V6 model only). With its available V8 power, rear wheel drive and 50/50 weight distribution, the LS was an attractive alternative to European sports sedans.^[4]

Prices for the LS from the 2000 to 2004 model years ranged from just over $30,000 for a base V6 model in 1999, to around $45,000 for fully equipped Special Edition V8 LSE trims in 2004. The LSE Trim added a new revised front and rear fascia, all red taillights, rounded foglights, a new front grille. By 2006, prices ranged from $39,945 for a base model to $49,100 for a top-of-the-line LS. The increase in base price was caused by the elimination of the entry-level LS V6, which in turn moved the now V8-only LS from the entry-level luxury segment to the mid-level luxury segment.

Production of the LS ended on April 3, 2006. All Lincoln LS models were manufactured at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant which was idled in 2007, as part of The Way Forward. About 262,900 LS models were built. Of those, only 2331 were manual V6s.^[5]

2000–2002

In 1999 the LS debuted as Lincoln's first rear-wheel drive sport luxury sedan for the 2000 model year, under influence from the newly established Premier Automotive Group. The LS was devised to appeal to a younger generation of luxury car buyers not common to Lincoln as well as to those who would have normally chosen auto manufacturers such as BMW or Mercedes-Benz for a luxury sport sedan. Though related to the Jaguar S-Type, which was introduced the same year, the LS was distinctive in style and content due to the fact that the S-Type and LS each had their own design teams. In designing the LS to be competitive in its segment, Helmuth Schrader, the LS' German-born chief designer, said of the car, "In a segment defined and dominated by BMW and Mercedes, the car had to have a functional, no-nonsense look. This redefines the Lincoln brand, but we still had to make sure it was recognizable as a member of the same family as the Town Car, Continental, and especially the Navigator."^[6] Heeding this insight, the LS featured an understated, well-proportioned exterior design with squared rectangular fog lights. The body was tightly sculpted with short front and rear overhangs to emphasize an athletic appearance while well-rounded wheel housings were intentionally made small to suggest that the car's wheels were larger than their actual size. The greenhouse of the LS offered spacious headroom and was accentuated by a smoothly arched roofline. Completing the exterior were subtle chrome accents on the front and rear fascias and Lincoln's signature waterfall grille.

Relative to the exterior, the interior of the LS bore a stronger resemblance to its S-Type cousin with a similar dashboard layout, gauges, and controls. This said, the interior of the LS was simple, straightforward, and comfortable. Large gauges were designed to convey sportiness while other controls, such as audio and climate controls, were positioned in the car's center stack for convenience to both the driver and the front passenger. The steering wheel could be wood- and leather-wrapped while wood accents continued around the interior on the door panels and dashboard area. Leather seating surfaces were standard and the front power bucket seats were bolstered for a firm feel like the LS' European competitors. Other standard interior features included power windows, power door locks with keyless entry, power heated mirrors, automatic headlights, air conditioning with automatic climate control, cruise control, and an AM/FM cassette radio. Some of the available options included a six-disc in-dash CD changer (only accessible through the glove box initially; changed on later models), a power moonroof, and a universal garage door opener.

As mentioned above, the Lincoln LS shared a platform and equipment with the Jaguar S-Type. The DEW98 platform that the cars were based on was a rigid chassis that featured independent double wishbone (short-long arm; SLA) front and rear suspensions for excellent handling and ride quality. Enhancing ride quality further as well as increasing interior space was the LS' large 114.5-inch (2,910 mm) wheelbase. Four-wheel antilock disc brakes were standard while Ford's AdvanceTrac traction control system was available as an option for improved driving control. A number of suspension components as well as the hood, decklid, and front fenders used aluminum to save weight. The LS came with standard 16 inch alloy wheels while 17 inch wheels were available through an optional sport package. The sport package for only an extra $1000.00, would give you stiffer suspension, 17" rims and a "slap shift" selecter. The battery of the LS was positioned in the spare tire well inside the car's trunk because there was too little room for it in the engine bay. However, moving the heavy battery and its interconnecting cables to the rear of the vehicle contributed to its near-50/50 weight distribution.

The base LS was powered by an all-aluminum 3.0 L DOHC V6 that was a variant of the Jaguar AJ-V6 engine. Optional in the LS was an all-aluminum 3.9 L DOHC V8, a shorter stroke variant of the Jaguar 4.0 L AJ-26 V8. The V8 was not offered as a manual because the Getrag could not handle the torque produced. Both engines required premium-grade gasoline for optimum performance. Ford's 5R55S 5-speed automatic transmission with an optional manual shift ability called SelectShift was standard with either engine while a Getrag 221 5-speed manual transmission was available for V6-equipped LS models through an optional sport package. Automatic transmission-equipped LS' featured a 3.58:1 rear axle ratio while manual transmission-equipped versions came with a 3.07:1 rear axle ratio. The available manual transmission made the LS the first Lincoln since the 1951 Cosmopolitan to have this option. In spite of this, Lincoln stopped production of the manual transmission model LS after 2002 due to low sales figures; only 2,331 were produced. Road tests by Motor Trend and Car and Driver found that a V8-equipped LS could accelerate from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) in the low seven second range while V6 models were up to two seconds slower in the same test.

The LS was named Motor Trend's Car of the Year for 2000, and was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award as well.

Early 2000 LS models included a full-size spare tire. This was changed (starting in February 2000) to a space-saving spare tire, to reduce weight in order to keep the car in the midsize class per government specifications. However, the spare tire well in all LS models still has space for a full-size spare.

The powertrain control module in 2000-2002 automatic transmission models with the SelectShift option originally would not allow the car to start in first gear when shifting manually (the car started in 2nd gear). It would quickly shift to first gear however if the throttle was depressed more than 60%. Second-gear starts were programmed in order to meet fuel economy regulations as required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This was changed in 2003 when the regulations were amended and first-gear starts were permitted.

In 2002, the LSE (Limited Special Edition) package was introduced in V6 and V8 versions, with a revised fascia including round fog lamp openings and a special metallic grille treatment, and with enlarged lower body rocker panels, special wheels, and twin-dual exhaust tailpipes. Also for 2002, V6-equipped LS models gained 10 hp (7.5 kW) and 10 lb·ft (14 N·m) of torque.

Years	Model	Engine	Power	Torque	Fuel Economy, City/Hwy	Transmission
2000–2001	LS V6	2,967 cc (3 L; 181 cu in) Jaguar AJ V6	210 hp (157 kW) @ 6500 rpm	205 lb·ft (278 N·m) @ 4750 rpm	18 mpg-US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg-imp) / 25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp)	Getrag 221 manual & 5R55N automatic
2002	LS V6	2,967 cc (3 L; 181 cu in) Jaguar AJ V6	220 hp (164 kW) @ 6400 rpm	215 lb·ft (292 N·m) @ 4800 rpm	18 mpg-US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg-imp) / 25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp)	Getrag 221 manual & 5R55N automatic
2000–2002	LS V8	3,934 cc (3.9 L; 240.1 cu in) Jaguar AJ-V8	252 hp (188 kW) @ 6100 rpm	267 lb·ft (362 N·m) @ 4300 rpm	17 mpg-US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg-imp) / 23 mpg-US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg-imp)	5R55N automatic

2003–2006

The Lincoln LS received its first, and only, major refresh for 2003, coinciding with Lincoln's then-new "Travel Well" ad campaign. The exterior received a slight facelift, with HID headlamps (optional), and a revised trunklid with new taillights. For the powertrains, both available engines received a boost in power and torque as well as slightly improved fuel efficiency. The 3.0 L DOHC V6 that the LS was introduced with now featured continuously variable intake cam timing, improved variable-length intake runners, and electronic "drive-by-wire" throttle control (which replaced the traditional mechanical cable-linked throttle control system used previously). The optional 3.9 L DOHC V8 that the LS was also introduced with received variable exhaust valve timing.^[7] Thanks to its upgraded design, the 3.9 L V8 now produced over 87% of its peak torque output at only 2000 rpm and LS' equipped with the V8 could now accelerate from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) in around 6.5 seconds.^[8] Other notable additions to the LS included an electronic push-button parking brake (similar to that of the BMW E65 7 Series), replacing the traditional center console mounted hand lever (or foot pedal), a touch-screen DVD satellite navigation map system, and an industry-first, 10-speaker THX-certified sound system. Limited Special Edition (LSE) versions were also available in the 2004 and 2005 model years, with unique fascias, unique 17-inch wheels, all-red tail lights, a color-keyed grille, unique floormats, and additional wood paneling in the interior.^[9]

Earlier LS models had a mechanical engine cooling fan that was operated with a hydraulic pump because the electrical charging system did not have sufficient capacity to effectively power an electric fan. Later on, thanks to an improved alternator design, the fan was changed to an electric version for the 2003-2006 models.

The 2003-2006 GPS navigation system uses a DVD player mounted in the trunk (under the package tray) to contain the map data.

For the 2006 model year, the LS received a minor facelift, which resembled the LSE fascia and body treatments used in previous model years. The V6-powered model was dropped from the lineup due to poor sales volume and as a part of Ford's plan to discontinue the LS altogether. As a result of this change in the lineup, the base MSRP for the Lincoln LS increased from roughly $32,000 in 2004 to $39,945, moving the LS from the entry-level luxury segment into the mid-luxury segment.

In spite of Ford's initial success with the LS, a lack of meaningful updates to the car prevented it from staying competitive and, ultimately, caused sales to plummet.^[10] The LS went from a peak of over 51,000 cars sold in 2000 to less than 9,000 sold in 2006.^[11] Given this situation and Ford having no interest in further investments into the LS in favor of other products for Lincoln,^[10] production of the Lincoln LS at the Wixom Assembly Plant was ended in April 2006.^[12] The Wixom plant itself was idled a year later. The de facto replacement for the LS was the front-wheel drive Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ.^[13]

Years	Model	Engine	Power	Torque	Fuel Economy, City/Hwy	Transmission
2003–2005	LS V6	2,967 cc (3.0 L; 181.1 cu in) Jaguar AJ V6	232 hp (173 kW) @ 6750 rpm	220 lb·ft (298 N·m) @ 4500 rpm	20 mpg-US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp) / 26 mpg-US (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg-imp)	5R55S automatic
2003–2006	LS V8	3,934 cc (3.9 L; 240.1 cu in) Jaguar AJ-V8	280 hp (209 kW) @ 6000 rpm	286 lb·ft (388 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	18 mpg-US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg-imp) / 25 mpg-US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg-imp)	5R55S automatic

Safety

The Lincoln LS has received very high marks in occupant protection. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has rated the LS as a "Best Pick" with a perfect score in their frontal offset crash test. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the LS almost perfect scores in its side impact and rollover tests. In fact, CNBC rated the LS as “one of the five safest cars of all time.”

Model naming controversy

Lincoln originally intended to designate LS models as "LS6" and "LS8", depending on the engine size option. Toyota threatened a trademark infringement lawsuit, due to the similar naming scheme used on the Lexus LS, while at the same time, Ford threatened a lawsuit regarding the Toyota T150 concept, arguing that the name was too close to that of the F150. Lincoln settled on designating the cars as "LS V6" and "LS V8" and Toyota changed the name of their pickup truck to the Tundra.

Quality Issues

The Lincoln LS has been rated low in quality as a resale vehicle. It has had extensive issues with engines and transmissions on all V6 and V8 models. In addition, owners have reported that replacement parts are priced extremely high.^[14]

Milestones

• 1999 Lincoln introduces the LS as a 2000 model with a blend of luxury and sport to attract a new generation of buyers to the Lincoln brand
• 2000 Motor Trend magazine names the LS “Car of the Year”
• 2001 LS earns double-five-star frontal safety rating from the federal government
• 2003 More than 500 improvements include a power increase, design changes and interior updates
• 2004 LS earns “Best Pick” safety rating from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
• 2006 LS production ends in April, after 262,900 are built over 7 years.

Sales

Calendar Year	American sales
1999[15]	26,368
2000	51,039
2001[16]	39,787
2002[17]	39,775
2003	33,581
2004[18]	27,066
2005	19,109
2006[19]	8,797

References

External links

Media related to Lincoln LS at Wikimedia Commons

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	Mid-size	Versailles		Continental (Fox)						Continental (D186)							Continental (D186)											Zephyr/MKZ (CD3)							MKZ (CD4)
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Personal luxury car
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