Lilium longiflorum

Lilium longiflorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Lilium
Species: L. longiflorum
Binomial name
Lilium longiflorum
Thunb.

Lilium longiflorum (Japanese: テッポウユリ, Teppouyuri), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to the Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Lilium formosana, a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past. It is a stem rooting lily, growing up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) high. It bears a number of trumpet shaped, white, fragrant, and outward facing flowers.

Features

Plants tend to grow from about 50 centimetres (20 in) to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) have long oval leaves, and the vein enters the horizontal direction. In April–June, the plant's flowering season, it produces pure white flowers on top of the stem. the stem has a cylindrical shape, with a diameter of about 5 centimetres (2.0 in). The plant is also a hermaphrodite.

Cultivation

A variety of it, L. longiflorum var. eximium, native to the Ryukyu Islands, is taller and more vigorous. It is extensively cultivated for cut flowers. It has irregular blooming periods in nature, and this is exploited in cultivation, allowing it to be forced for flowering at particular periods, such as Easter. However, it can be induced to flower over a much wider period. This variety is sometimes called the Bermuda lily because it has been much cultivated in Bermuda.

Pesticides

Ninety-five percent of all Easter lily bulbs used in the United States and Canada are grown on coastal bottom lands in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Production of Easter lily bulbs has been controversial because pesticides used to grow the lilies are polluting streams that feed the estuary of the Smith River, California's healthiest and most important river for salmon and steelhead. In 2014 the California North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board found "acute (and) chronic reproductive toxicity" in three of the four primary creeks that feed the Smith River estuary. The Water Board also found 10 pesticides in the surface waters, seven of which have been used on Easter lily fields. One local group, Siskiyou Land Conservancy, has been working since 2004 to reduce pesticide use in the lower Smith River. Research by Siskiyou Land Conservancy found that Easter lily growers use 300,000 pounds annually of highly toxic pesticides. Two of these pesticides — metam sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene, both carcinogens and both deadly to aquatic species — are used in pounds-per-acre amounts that are greater than anywhere else in California.[1]

Impacts of Pesticides on Smith River Salmonids

The National Marine Fisheries Service has determined that Smith River coho salmon are at a “high extinction risk,” and that “the high pesticide use associated with agriculture in the Smith River Plain adjacent to streams and drainages that enter the Smith River Estuary may be affecting the survival of coho salmon.”[2] Pesticides can kill salmon directly, and can diminish their populations over time by damaging their olfactory sense, by reducing food sources, by damaging eggs, and by altering the salmon's ability to avoid predators and seek cold water.[3] Coho salmon are listed at "threatened" under the state and federal Endangered Species Acts.[4]

History

From the 1890s to the early 1920s, there was a thriving export trade of bulbs from Bermuda to New York. A disease affected the Bermuda lilies: this was identified by Lawrence Ogilvie. In 1903, USDA Agricultural Research Services (ARS) started to distribute disease free plant materials and seeds. The agency also started a breeding program, and released one of the first dwarf cultivars for potted-plant production in 1929.[5] Prior to USDA's effort, lily bulbs in general were largely imported from Japan before the 1940s. The supply of bulbs was suddenly cut off after the attack on Pearl Harbor and Easter lilies became extremely valuable in the United States.

Use in Eastertide

Lilium longiflorum is known as the Easter lily because in Christianity, it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ, which is celebrated during Eastertide.[6][7] The "lily has always been highly regarded in the Church", as Jesus Himself referenced the flower, saying "Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these" (Luke 12:27).[8] Moreover, according to pious legend, "after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed".[9][10] In many Christian denominations, the chancel of the church is adorned with the Easter lily during the Paschal season.[11][12] A poem of the early 1900s titled Easter Lilies by S.R. Allen, delineates this custom:

Somewhere while the Easter lilies
Swing their perfumed censers white,
Softened rays of sunlight falling
In lines aslant, and warm, and bright,
Shall gild the altar, nave and chancel;
Rest with tender roseate ray
On the font, enwreathed with lilies
For baptismal rites today.
Another pilgrim on the journey
From the cradle to the tomb,
Shall receive a name and blessing
While the Easter lilies bloom.

— Mrs. S.R. Allen[13]

Chemistry

The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides.[14] It also contains bitter principles such as 3,6′-diferuloylsucrose.[15]

Notes

  1. ↑ “Acute (and) Chronic Reproductive Toxicity” Discovered at Smith River Estuary http://siskiyouland.org/2014/10/01/acute-and-chronic-reproductive-toxicity-discovered-at-smith-river-estuary/
  2. ↑ http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/recovery_planning/salmon_steelhead/domains/southern_oregon_northern_california/SONCC%20Final%20Sept%202014/sonccfinal_ch15_smithriver.pdf
  3. ↑ http://www.krisweb.com/stream/pesticide_fisheffects.htm
  4. ↑ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/criticalhabitat/cohosalmon.pdf
  5. ↑ "A Brief History of Easter Lilies and the Role of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center" (PDF). USDA-ARS.
  6. ↑ Collins, Cynthia (19 April 2014). "Easter Lily Tradition and History". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.
  7. ↑ Schell, Stanley (1916). Easter Celebrations. Werner & Company. p. 84. We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.
  8. ↑ Soares, Theodore Gerald (1907). The Week of Our Lord's Passion. Hope Publishing Company. p. 210. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The lily has always been highly regarding in the Church. Jesus said "Consider the lilies." The white lily is the symbol of purity. There is a peculiar fitness in the choice of this flower as an Easter emblem. Its bulb is hidden in the earth, and waits the coming of the Easter season to spring forth and blossom. Beautiful in itself it is still more beautiful in its sacred significance.
  9. ↑ Hafer, Todd (2006). Easter A to Z. Hallmark Cards, Incorporated. p. 17. ISBN 9781595301079. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Easter lilies are, perhaps, the most famous holiday flowers of all time. Sometime after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed and became very sad about what was happening to Him.
  10. ↑ Swenson, Allan A. (2002). Flowers of the Bible: And How to Grow Them. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 182. ISBN 9780806523149. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Christian tradition also says that lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ's agony.
  11. ↑ Luther League Review: 1936-1937. Luther League of America. 1936. There were Easter lilies everywhere, on the platform in Sunday School, and the church was full of them, around the organ, along the chancel rail, inside the chancel, the whole front of the church seemed full of them.
  12. ↑ Franklin, Estelle Eva (1906). Home Science Magazine. Lore of the Lily: Beautiful Traditions That are Associated With the Easter Flower-Its Universality (Home Science Publishing Company). p. 550. The Easter lily, the emblem of the Christian church for centuries, is probably more largely used for decoration of altar and shrine throughout the civilized world, in the festival of the Resurrection, than all other flowers combined.
  13. ↑ Ludwig, O. C.; S.R. Allen (1906). Pictures and Poems of Arkansas. Easter Lilies (Sketch Book Publishing Co.). p. 103. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  14. ↑ Munafo JP, Gianfagna TJ (2011). "Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS". J Agric Food Chem 59 (3): 995–1004. doi:10.1021/jf1036454. PMID 21235207.
  15. ↑ Phenolic glycosides from Lilium longiflorum. Yukihiro Shoyama, Koji Hatano, Itsuo Nishioka and Takashi Yamagishi, Phytochemistry, 1987, Volume 26, Issue 11, Pages 2965–2968, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84572-0

Further reading

External links