Libertadores

This article is about the historical figures. For the South American football competition, see Copa Libertadores.
The Guayaquil conference(1822) between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America.

Libertadores (Spanish: [liβertaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [libeʁtaˈdoɾis], "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors, who were so far the only Spanish/Portuguese peoples recorded in the South American history.[1]

They were largely bourgeois, criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).

Liberators identified as among the most prominent by historians are:

List of libertadores

Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Took part in Contributed to the independence of Refs
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
(1753-1811)		 Grito de Dolores Mexico [2]
José de San Martín
(1778-1850)		 Crossing of the Andes Argentina, Chile and Peru [3]
Simón Bolívar
(1783-1830)		 Admirable Campaign Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia [4]
José María Morelos
(1765-1815)		 Batalla de Cuautla and Wrote Sentimientos de la Nación Mexico [5]
Ramón Castilla
(1797-1867)		 Peruvian War of Independence Peru [6]
Andrés de Santa Cruz
(1764-1850)		 Battle of Pichincha Bolivia and Peru [6]
José Gervasio Artigas
(1764-1850)		 Uruguay [6]
Manuel Belgrano
(1770-1820)		 Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia [7]
Thomas Cochrane
(1775-1860)		 Brazil, Chile [8]
Agustín de Iturbide
(1783-1824)		 Designed of Plan de Iguala and a Flag of Mexico Mexico [8]
Francisco de Miranda
(1750-1816)		 Venezuela [9]
Mariano Moreno
(1778-1811)		 Argentina [10]
Bernardo O'Higgins
(1778-1842)		 Chile and Peru [11][12]
Pedro I of Brazil
(1798-1834)		 Brazil [13]
Antonio José de Sucre
(1795-1830)		 Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela [14]

Legacy

The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.

Liberators' names were used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Pigna, p. 9
  2. ↑ Lansing, pp. 15-39
  3. ↑ Pigna, pp. 195-272
  4. ↑ Pigna, pp. 135-192
  5. ↑ Lansing, pp. 39-59
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lansing, p. 121
  7. ↑ Pigna, p. 55-91
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  9. ↑ Pigna, pp. 13-52
  10. ↑ Lansing, pp. 119
  11. ↑ page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  12. ↑ Pigna, pp. 93-133
  13. ↑ page 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  14. ↑ Lansing, pp. 219

External links

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