Leucanthemum vulgare

Leucanthemum vulgare
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Leucanthemum
Species: L. vulgare
Binomial name
Leucanthemum vulgare
Lam.
Synonyms[1]
  • Bellis major Garsault nom. inval.
  • Chamaemelum leucanthemum (L.) E.H.L.Krause
  • Chrysanthemum dentatum Gilib. nom. inval.
  • Chrysanthemum ircutianum Turcz.
  • Chrysanthemum lanceolatum Pers.
  • Chrysanthemum lanceolatum Vest
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
  • Chrysanthemum montanum Willd. nom. illeg.
  • Chrysanthemum praecox (M.Bieb.) DC.
  • Chrysanthemum pratense Salisb.
  • Chrysanthemum sylvestre Willd.
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (Lam.) Gaterau
  • Leucanthemum ageratifolium Pau
  • Leucanthemum eliasii (Sennen & Pau) Sennen & Pau
  • Leucanthemum lanceolatum DC.
  • Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb. nom. illeg.
  • Leucanthemum praecox (Horvatić) Villard
  • Matricaria leucanthemum (L.) Desr.
  • Matricaria leucanthemum (L.) Scop.
  • Pontia heterophylla (Willd.) Bubani
  • Pontia vulgaris Bubani
  • Pyrethrum leucanthemum (L.) Franch.
  • Tanacetum leucanthemum (L.) Sch.Bip.

Leucanthemum vulgare, the ox-eye daisy[2] or oxeye daisy,[3] is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand. It is one of a number of Asteraceae family plants to be called a "daisy", and has the vernacular names common daisy, dog daisy, moon daisy and oxe-eye daisy.

Leucanthemum vulgare is a typical grassland perennial wildflower, growing in a variety of plant communities including meadows and fields, under scrub and open-canopy forests, and in disturbed areas.[4]

Leucanthemum is from the Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, "white") and ἄνθος (ánthos, "flower").

Description

Leucanthemum vulgare is a perennial herb one to three feet high by 1 foot (0.30 m) wide.[5] The stem is mostly unbranched and sprouts laterally from a creeping rhizomatous rootstock.[6]

The leaves are dark green on both sides. The basal and middle leaves are petiolate, obovate to spoon-shaped, and serrate to dentate. The upper leaves are shorter, sessile, and borne along the stem.

Leucanthemum vulgare blooms from late spring to autumn. The small flower head, not larger than 5 centimetres (2.0 in), consists of about 20 white ray florets that surround a yellow disc, growing on the end of 1 to 3 ft (30 to 91 cm) tall stems. The plant produces an abundant number of flat seeds, without pappus, that remain viable in the soil for 2 to 3 years. It also spreads vegetatively by rhizomes.[6]

Uses

Food

The unopened flower buds can be marinated and used in a similar way to capers.[7]

Cultivation

Leucanthemum vulgare is widely cultivated and available as a perennial flowering ornamental plant for gardens and designed meadow landscapes. It thrives in a wide range of conditions and can grow in sun to partial shade, and prefers damp soils. There are cultivars, such as 'May Queen' which begins blooming in early spring.

Invasive species

Leucanthemum vulgare became an introduced species via gardens into natural areas in parts of the Canada,[2] United States, Australia, and New Zealand, where it is now a common weed.[8] In some habitats it is an invasive species forming dense colonies displacing native plants and modifying existing communities, and is classified as a noxious weed.[4][9][10]

It is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments[4] and is a problem in pastures where beef and dairy cattle graze, as usually they will not eat it, thus enabling it to spread.[11]

Ox-eye daisy is a host for several viral diseases affecting crops.[6]

Allergies

Allergies to daises do occur, usually causing contact dermatitis.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 T. Dickinson, D. Metsger, J. Bull & R. Dickinson (2004). ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. p. 175.
  3. ↑ "BSBI List 2007" (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Ox-Eye Daisy - Chrysanthemum leucanthemum". cirrusimage.com.
  5. ↑ "Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) - Information on Ox-eye Daisy - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 http://www.cirrusimage.com/flower_ox-eye_daisy.htm
  7. ↑ "Forbes Wild Food". wildfoods.ca.
  8. ↑ http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=5937
  9. ↑ "Plants Profile for Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy)". usda.gov.
  10. ↑ "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for LEUCANTHEMUM vulgare". berkeley.edu.
  11. ↑ http://weeds.massey.ac.nz/weeds.asp?pid=105
  12. ↑ Lynette A. Gordon (1999). "Compositae dermatitis". Australasian Journal of Dermatology 40 (3): 123–130. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00341.x. PMID 10439521.

Further reading

See also

External links

Wikiversity has bloom time data for Leucanthemum vulgare on the Bloom Clock
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leucanthemum vulgare.