Lazy initialization
In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed.
This is typically accomplished by maintaining a flag indicating whether the process has taken place . Each time the desired object is summoned, the flag is tested. If it is ready, it is returned. If not, it is initialized on the spot. In multithreaded code, access to the flag must be synchronized to guard against a race condition.
See lazy evaluation for a general treatment of this idea. In heavily imperative languages this pattern carries hidden dangers, as does any programming habit that relies on shared state.
The "lazy factory"
In a software design pattern view, lazy initialization is often used together with a factory method pattern. This combines three ideas:
- Using a factory method to get instances of a class (factory method pattern)
- Store the instances in a map, so you get the same instance the next time you ask for an instance with same parameter (multiton pattern)
- Using lazy initialization to instantiate the object the first time it is requested (lazy initialization pattern)
Examples
Actionscript 3
The following is an example of a class with Lazy initialization implemented in Actionscript:
package examples.lazyinstantiation { public class Fruit { private var _typeName:String; private static var instancesByTypeName:Dictionary = new Dictionary(); public function Fruit(typeName:String):void { this._typeName = typeName; } public function get typeName():String { return _typeName; } public static function getFruitByTypeName(typeName:String):Fruit { return instancesByTypeName[typeName] ||= new Fruit(typeName); } public static function printCurrentTypes():void { for each (var fruit:Fruit in instancesByTypeName) { // iterates through each value trace(fruit.typeName); } } } }
Basic Usage:
package { import examples.lazyinstantiation; public class Main { public function Main():void { Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Apple"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); } } }
C
In C, lazy evaluation would normally be implemented inside a single function, or a single source file, using static variables.
In a function:
#include<string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stddef.h> #include<stdio.h> struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *f; for (f=fruit_list; f; f=f->next) if (0==strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } /* Example code */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc<2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i=1; i<argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } return 0; }
Using a single source file instead allows the state to be shared between multiple functions, while still hiding it from non-related functions.
fruit.h:
#ifndef _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ #define _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name); void print_fruit_list(FILE *file); #endif /* _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ */
fruit.c:
#include<string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stddef.h> #include<stdio.h> #include"fruit.h" static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { struct fruit *f; for (f=fruit_list; f; f=f->next) if (0==strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } void print_fruit_list(FILE *file) { struct fruit *f; for (f=fruit_list; f; f=f->next) fprintf(file, "%4d %s\n", f->number, f->name); }
main.c:
#include<stdlib.h> #include<stdio.h> #include"fruit.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc<2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i=1; i<argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } printf("The following fruits have been generated:\n"); print_fruit_list(stdout); return 0; }
C#
In .NET 4.0 Microsoft has included a Lazy
class that can be used to do lazy loading.
Below is some dummy code that does lazy loading of Class Fruit
Lazy<Fruit> lazyFruit = new Lazy<Fruit>(); Fruit fruit = lazyFruit.Value;
Here is a dummy example in C#.
The Fruit
class itself doesn't do anything here, The class variable _typesDictionary
is a Dictionary/Map used to store Fruit
instances by typeName
.
using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Fruit { private string _typeName; private static Dictionary<string, Fruit> _typesDictionary = new Dictionary<string, Fruit>(); private Fruit(String typeName) { this._typeName = typeName; } public static Fruit GetFruitByTypeName(string type) { Fruit fruit; if (!_typesDictionary.TryGetValue(type, out fruit)) { // Lazy initialization fruit = new Fruit(type); _typesDictionary.Add(type, fruit); } return fruit; } public static void ShowAll() { if (_typesDictionary.Count > 0) { Console.WriteLine("Number of instances made = {0}", _typesDictionary.Count); foreach (KeyValuePair<string, Fruit> kvp in _typesDictionary) { Console.WriteLine(kvp.Key); } Console.WriteLine(); } } public Fruit() { // required so the sample compiles } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.ShowAll(); Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Apple"); Fruit.ShowAll(); // returns pre-existing instance from first // time Fruit with "Banana" was created Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.ShowAll(); Console.ReadLine(); } }
A fairly straightforward 'fill-in-the-blanks' example of a Lazy Initialization design pattern, except that this uses an enumeration for the type
//IVSR: LazyInitialization design pattern namespace IVSR.DesignPatterns.LazyInitialization { public class LazyFactoryObject { //internal collection of items //IDictionaery makes sure they are unique private IDictionary<LazyObjectType, LazyObject> _LazyObjectList = new Dictionary<LazyObjectType, LazyObject>(); //enum for passing name of type required //avoids passing strings and is part of type ahead public enum LazyObjectType { None, Small, Big, Bigger, Huge } //standard type of object that will be constructed public struct LazyObject { public LazyObjectType Name; public IList<int> Result; } //takes type and create 'expensive' list private IList<int> Result(LazyObjectType name) { IList<int> result = null; switch (name) { case LazyObjectType.Small: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 100); break; case LazyObjectType.Big: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 1000); break; case LazyObjectType.Bigger: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 10000); break; case LazyObjectType.Huge: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 100000); break; case LazyObjectType.None: result = null; break; default: result = null; break; } return result; } //not an expensive item to create, but you get the point //delays creation of some expensive object until needed private IList<int> CreateSomeExpensiveList(int start, int end) { IList<int> result = new List<int>(); for (int counter = 0; counter < (end - start); counter++) { result.Add(start + counter); } return result; } public LazyFactoryObject() { //empty constructor } public LazyObject GetLazyFactoryObject(LazyObjectType name) { //yes, i know it is illiterate and inaccurate LazyObject noGoodSomeOne; //retrieves LazyObjectType from list via out, else creates one and adds it to list if (!_LazyObjectList.TryGetValue(name, out noGoodSomeOne)) { noGoodSomeOne = new LazyObject(); noGoodSomeOne.Name = name; noGoodSomeOne.Result = this.Result(name); _LazyObjectList.Add(name, noGoodSomeOne); } return noGoodSomeOne; } } }
C++
Here is an example in C++.
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <map> using namespace std; class Fruit { public: static Fruit* getFruit(const string& type); static void printCurrentTypes(); private: static map<string,Fruit*> types; string type; // note: constructor private forcing one to use static getFruit() Fruit(const string& t) : type( t ) {} }; //definition needed for using any static member variable map<string,Fruit*> Fruit::types; /* * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a * certain type. Instantiates new ones as needed. * precondition: type. Any string that describes a fruit type, e.g. "apple" * postcondition: The Fruit instance associated with that type. */ Fruit* Fruit::getFruit(const string& type) { map<string,Fruit*>::iterator it = types.find(type); // try to find an existing instance; if not found std::map will return types.end() Fruit *f; if (it == types.end()) { // if no instance with the proper type was found, make one f = new Fruit(type); // lazy initialization part types[type] = f; // adding the newly created Fruit to the types map for later lookup } else { //if already had an instance f = it->second; //The return value will be the found fruit } return f; } /* * For example purposes to see pattern in action */ void Fruit::printCurrentTypes() { if (!types.empty()) { cout << "Number of instances made = " << types.size() << endl; for (map<string,Fruit*>::iterator iter = types.begin(); iter != types.end(); ++iter) { cout << (*iter).first << endl; } cout << endl; } } int main(void) { Fruit::getFruit("Banana"); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); Fruit::getFruit("Apple"); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); // returns pre-existing instance from first // time Fruit with "Banana" was created Fruit::getFruit("Banana"); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); return 0; } /* OUTPUT: Number of instances made = 1 Banana Number of instances made = 2 Apple Banana Number of instances made = 2 Apple Banana */
Java
Here is an example in Java.
import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Map.Entry; public enum FRUIT_TYPE { NONE, APPLE, BANANA, } class Program { /** * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) { Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FRUIT_TYPE.BANANA); Fruit.showAll(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FRUIT_TYPE.APPLE); Fruit.showAll(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FRUIT_TYPE.BANANA); Fruit.showAll(); } } public class Fruit { private static Map<FRUIT_TYPE, Fruit> types = new HashMap<>(); /** * Using a private constructor to force the use of the factory method. * @param type */ private Fruit(FRUIT_TYPE type) { } /** * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a certain * type. Instantiates new ones as needed. * @param type Any allowed fruit type, e.g. APPLE * @return The Fruit instance associated with that type. */ public static Fruit getFruitByTypeName(FRUIT_TYPE type) { Fruit fruit; // This has concurrency issues. Here the read to types is not synchronized, // so types.put and types.containsKey might be called at the same time. // Don't be surprised if the data is corrupted. if (!types.containsKey(type)) { // Lazy initialisation fruit = new Fruit(type); types.put(type, fruit); } else { // OK, it's available currently fruit = types.get(type); } return fruit; } /** * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a certain * type. Instantiates new ones as needed. Uses double-checked locking * pattern for using in highly concurrent environments. * @param type Any allowed fruit type, e.g. APPLE * @return The Fruit instance associated with that type. */ public static Fruit getFruitByTypeNameHighConcurrentVersion(FRUIT_TYPE type) { if (!types.containsKey(type)) { synchronized (types) { // Check again, after having acquired the lock to make sure // the instance was not created meanwhile by another thread if (!types.containsKey(type)) { // Lazy initialisation types.put(type, new Fruit(type)); } } } return types.get(type); } /** * Displays all entered fruits. */ public static void showAll() { if (types.size() > 0) { System.out.println("Number of instances made = " + types.size()); for (Entry<FRUIT_TYPE, Fruit> entry : types.entrySet()) { System.out.println( Constants.firstLetterToUpper(entry.getKey().toString())); } System.out.println(); } } }
Output
Number of instances made = 1 Banana Number of instances made = 2 Banana Apple Number of instances made = 2 Banana Apple
JavaScript
Here is an example in JavaScript.
var Fruit = (function() { var types = {}; function Fruit() {}; // count own properties in object function count(obj) { return Object.keys(obj).length; } var _static = { getFruit: function(type) { if (typeof types[type] == 'undefined') { types[type] = new Fruit; } return types[type]; }, printCurrentTypes: function () { console.log('Number of instances made: ' + count(types)); for (var type in types) { console.log(type); } } }; return _static; })(); Fruit.getFruit('Apple'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruit('Banana'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruit('Apple'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes();
Output
Number of instances made: 1 Apple Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana
PHP
Here is an example of lazy initialization in PHP 5:
<?php header('Content-type:text/plain; charset=utf-8'); class Fruit { private $type; private static $types = array(); private function __construct($type) { $this->type = $type; } public static function getFruit($type) { // Lazy initialization takes place here if (!isset(self::$types[$type])) { self::$types[$type] = new Fruit($type); } return self::$types[$type]; } public static function printCurrentTypes() { echo 'Number of instances made: ' . count(self::$types) . "\n"; foreach (array_keys(self::$types) as $key) { echo "$key\n"; } echo "\n"; } } Fruit::getFruit('Apple'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); Fruit::getFruit('Banana'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); Fruit::getFruit('Apple'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); /* OUTPUT: Number of instances made: 1 Apple Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana */ ?>
Python
Here is an example in Python.
class Fruit: def __init__(self, sort): self.sort = sort class Fruits: def __init__(self): self.sorts = {} def get_fruit(self, sort): if sort not in self.sorts: self.sorts[sort] = Fruit(sort) return self.sorts[sort] if __name__ == '__main__': fruits = Fruits() print fruits.get_fruit('Apple') print fruits.get_fruit('Lime')
Ruby
Here is an example in Ruby, of lazily initializing an authentication token from a remote service like Google. The way that @auth_token is cached is also an example of memoization.
require 'net/http' class Blogger def auth_token @auth_token ||= (res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)) && get_token_from_http_response(res) end # get_token_from_http_response, uri and params are defined later in the class end b = Blogger.new b.instance_variable_get(:@auth_token) # returns nil b.auth_token # returns token b.instance_variable_get(:@auth_token) # returns token
Smalltalk
Here is an example in Smalltalk, of a typical accessor method to return the value of a variable using lazy initialization.
height ^height ifNil: [height := 2.0].
The 'non-lazy' alternative is to use an initialization method that is run when the object is created and then use a simpler accessor method to fetch the value.
initialize height := 2.0 height ^height
Note that lazy initialization can also be used in non-object-oriented languages.
Scala
Scala has built-in support for lazy variable initiation. [1]
-
scala> val x = { println("Hello"); 99 }
-
Hello
-
x: Int = 99
-
scala> lazy val y = { println("Hello!!"); 31 }
-
y: Int = <lazy>
-
scala> y
-
Hello!!
-
res2: Int = 31
-
scala> y
-
res3: Int = 31
See also
References
External links
- Article "Java Tip 67: Lazy instantiation - Balancing performance and resource usage" by Philip Bishop and Nigel Warren
- Java code examples
- Use Lazy Initialization to Conserve Resources
- Description from the Portland Pattern Repository
- Lazy Initialization of Application Server Services
- Lazy Inheritance in JavaScript
- Lazy Inheritance in C#