Lay analysis

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Important figures Alfred Adler Michael Balint Wilfred Bion Josef Breuer Nancy Chodorow Max Eitingon Erik Erikson Ronald Fairbairn Paul Federn Otto Fenichel Sándor Ferenczi Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Harry Guntrip Karen Horney Edith Jacobson Ernest Jones Carl Jung Heinz Kohut Melanie Klein Jacques Lacan Ronald Laing Margaret Mahler Jacques-Alain Miller Sandor Rado Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich Joan Riviere Isidor Sadger Ernst Simmel Sabina Spielrein James Strachey Harry Stack Sullivan Susan Sutherland Isaacs Donald Winnicott
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A lay analysis is a psychoanalysis performed by someone who is not a physician; that person was designated a lay analyst.

In The Question of Lay Analysis (1927), Freud defended the right of those trained in psychoanalysis to practice therapy irrespective of any medical degree:^[1] he would strive tirelessly to maintain the independence of the psychoanalytic movement from what he saw as a medical monopoly for the rest of his life.^[2]

Freud and non-medical analysts

From the outset, Freud welcomed lay (non-medical) people into as practitioners of psychoanalysis:^[3] Otto Rank and Theodor Reik were two such notable analysts. In Freud's view, psychoanalysis was a full-fledged professional field and could have its own standards independent of medicine. Indeed, in 1913 he wrote "The practice of psychoanalysis has far less need for medical training than for educational preparation in psychology and free human insight. The majority of physicians are not equipped for the work of psychoanalysis".^[4]

Thus Freud saw psychoanalysis as "a profession of lay curers of souls who need not be doctors and should not be priests"; and this new usage of "lay" (to include non-physicians) is the origin of the term, "lay analysis."^[5] Such prominent psychoanalytic figures as Anna Freud, Erik H. Erikson, and Ernst Kris were non-medics.^[6]

When in the 1920s Reik became embroiled in legal challenges over his right to practice psychoanalysis, Freud rose ardently to his defence, writing Lay Analysis in support of his position; and adding privately that "the struggle for lay analysis must be fought through some time or another. Better now than later. As long as I live, I shall balk at having psychoanalysis swallowed by medicine".^[7]

Opposition to Freud

However, embroiled in a struggle for psychoanalytic respectability, the plurality of Freud's followers were not at one with him on this issue, and opposition was especially contentious in the United States.^[8] The issue remained heated until World War II^[9] - a split with the American Association only being prevented in the 1920s when a compromise allowed lay analysts to work with children alone in New York.^[10]

However in 1938, the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) formally began limiting membership of the association to physicians who had first trained as psychiatrists and subsequently undergone a training analysis at a (then European) psychoanalytic institute. The move has been described as initiating an official cleavage with the rest of the IPA which would not be settled until 1987.^[11]

During that period, many in the States believed, in Janet Malcolm's words, that "American psychoanalysis is a great cut above psychoanalysis elsewhere in the world...the laxness and sloppiness of English, European, and South American analysis. There are other people, naturally, who...[debate] whether too much wasn't lost by this strategy - whether too many good people who are unwilling to go through medical training aren't being lost to analysis".^[12] The policy was somewhat softened by the readiness of the APsaA to grant waivers over the decades to a number of individuals: these included, for example, Erik Erikson and David Rapaport.^[13] There was also the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis which Reik founded in 1946 specifically to train non-physicians.^[14]

However only when lawsuits were brought in the 1980s alleging "restraint of trade"'^[15] was the official American position finally altered, and the question of lay analysis resolved - as Freud himself always advocated.

References

Further reading

• Freud, Sigmund (1927). Nachwort zur Frage der Laienanalyse (1926e). Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 13: 326-332; GW, 14: 287-296; Postscript: The question of lay analysis. SE, 20: 251-258.
• Freud, Sigmund (1969), Strachey, James (translator); Gay, Peter, eds., The question of lay analysis: conversations with an impartial person, Phila.: W. W. Norton & Company. Pp. 112, ISBN 0-393-00503-8 
• Rycroft, Charles (1995), A critical dictionary of psychoanalysis, 2nd edition, London: Penguin Books. Pp. xxx, 214, ISBN 0-14-051310-8 
• Wallerstein, Robert S. (1998), Lay Analysis: Life Inside the Controversy, Routledge. Pp. 511, ISBN 0-88163-285-6 

<Lieberman, E. J., Acts of Will: The Life and Work of Otto Rank. 1985; French ed. 1993; German ed. 1997.