Lax Kw'alaams
Lax-Kw'alaams (/ləkwəˈlɑːms/),[1] usually called Port Simpson, is an Indigenous village community in British Columbia, Canada, not far from the city of Prince Rupert. Located on Port Simpson Indian Reserve No. 1[2] it is the home of the "Nine Tribes" of the lower Skeena River, which are nine of the fourteen tribes of the Tsimshian nation. The Nine Tribes are: Giluts'aaw, Ginadoiks, Ginaxangiik, Gispaxlo'ots, Gitando, Gitlaan, Gits'iis, Gitwilgyoots, and Gitzaxłaał.
Lax-Kw'alaams derives from Laxłgu'alaams, also formerly spelled Lach Goo Alams, which means "place of the wild roses,"[3] It is an ancient camping spot of the Gispaxlo'ots tribe and in 1834 became the site of a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) trading post called Fort Simpson, then Port Simpson. The name Fort Simpson derived from Capt. Aemilius Simpson, superintendent of the HBC's Marine Department, who had established the first, short lived, Fort Simpson, on the nearby Nass River, in 1830 with Peter Skene Ogden. One of the primary reasons for the establishment of Fort Simpson was to undermine American dominance of the Maritime Fur Trade. The first HBC factor at the new Fort Simpson was Dr. John Frederick Kennedy, who married the daughter of the Gispaxlo'ots chief Ligeex as part of the diplomacy which established the fort on Gispaxlo'ots territory. Kennedy served at Fort Simpson until 1856.
In 1857 an Anglican lay missionary named William Duncan brought Christianity to Lax Kw'alaams, but, feeling that he was competing in vain with the dissipated fort atmosphere for Tsimshian souls, he eventually relocated over 800 of his flock to Metlakatla, at Metlakatla Pass just to the south. There was no further missionary presence at Lax Kw'alaams until the arrival of the Rev. Thomas Crosby of the Methodist church in 1874. The community is still predominantly Methodist (i.e. United Church of Canada). Crosby's wife, Emma Crosby, founded the Crosby Girls' Home in the community in the 1880s. It became part of B.C.'s residential school system in 1893 and was closed in 1948.
It was in Port Simpson in 1931 that the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia was founded as the province's first Native-run rights organization. Its four founders included the Tsimshian ethnologist William Beynon and Hereditary Chief William Jeffrey.
Duncan estimated the population of Lax Kw'alaams in 1857 as 2,300, living in 140 houses. Approximately 500 died in a smallpox epidemic shortly after Duncan's departure. Today Lax Kw'alaams is the largest of the seven Tsimshian village communities in Canada. Its population in 1983 was 882. As of 2009 the Lax-kw'alaams First Nation has 3,219 members.[4]
The legal and political interests of the people of Lax Kw'alaams vis à vis the provincial and federal governments are represented by the Allied Tsimshian Tribes Association, which represents the hereditary chiefs of the Nine Tribes.
Prominent people of Lax Kw'alaams descent
- Frederick Alexcee, artist
- William Beynon, hereditary chief and ethnologist
- Alfred Dudoward, hereditary chief
- Bill Helin, artist
- Chief William Jeffrey, hereditary chief, carver and activist
- Paul Legaic, a series of men, who, in the late 19th century held the title of Ligeex
- Odille Morison, linguist and artifact collector
- Rev. William Henry Pierce, missionary and memoirist
- Terry Starr, artist
- Henry W. Tate, oral historian
- Arthur Wellington Clah, hereditary chief and diarist
- Calvin Helin, author and lawyer
- Kerry Moraes, Television Broadcast Executive
Bibliography
- Bolt, Clarence (1992) Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian: Small Shoes for Feet Too Large. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Garfield, Viola (1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society." University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–340.
- Hare, Jan, and Jean Barman (2006) Good Intentions Gone Awry: Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission on the Northwest Coast. Afterword by Caroline Dudoward. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Inglis, Gordon B., et al. (1990) "Tsimshians of British Columbia since 1900." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 285–293. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
- Large, R. Geddes (1957; reprinted, 1981) The Skeena: River of Destiny. Sidney, B.C.: Gray's Publishing.
- Meilleur, Helen (2001) A Pour of Rain: Stories from a West Coast Fort. Vancouver: Raincoast Books.
- Neylan, Susan (2001) The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Calvin Helin - Tsimshian Lax Kw'alaams (2008) "Dancing with dependency" (2010) "Out of proverty through self-reliance"
References
- ↑ "Guide to Pronunciation of B.C. First Nations". British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ↑ BC Names/GeoBC entry "Port Simpson 1 (Indian reserve)"
- ↑ BC Names entry "Lax Kwa'alaams (community)"
- ↑ "St. Mary's". Government of Canada. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
External links
- "First Nation Community of Lax Kw 'alaams - official web site". Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- Photos
- "Lax Kw'alaams". BC Geographical Names.